WEB BASED INTELLIGENT IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

The effect of soil moisture and pH levels on the vegetative growth of amaranth were studied in the greenhouse during 1990-91. Three soil pH levels: 4.5, 5.3, and 6.4 and four soil water levels: 3, 6, 12 and 18% (w/w) comprised the treatments of the two studies. The plants grown in pH 6.4 were significantly taller and had greater leaf area than plants grown in pH 5.3 or 4.7 soil. There was a significant decrease in all above ground plant parts with each increase in soil acidity. The top fresh weight of plants grown in 5.6 and 4.7 pH soil were 27% and 73% lower, respectively, than plant grown in 6.4 pH soil. Plant grown in 3% soil water had significantly lower leaf, stem and root fresh weights than other soil water levels. There was no significant difference in the performance of plants grown in 6, 12 or 18% soil water, suggesting that amaranth plant is adapted to a wide range of soil moisture conditions.

The agricultural scenario seems to be one of the most promising application areas for WSN due to the necessity of providing the agricultural production chain in terms of precision and quality. This involves a careful system design, since requirements are very strict, battery life-time maximization, robustness, recovery strategies, network flexibility and re-configurability. This paper implements zigbee based wireless sensor network in agriculture such as monitoring of environmental conditions like weather, soil moisture content, soil temperature, soil fertility, weed detection, water level, monitoring growth of the crop, precision agriculture, automated irrigation facility and storage of agricultural products. The aim of this project is to monitor and maintain the farm from any part of the world through internet. Monitoring is done with the help of wireless sensor networks and all the control process is done with the help of the microcontrollers. Wireless cameras are used to feed live video of the farm to any part of the world. With the help of this project, modern technologies and new ideas can be implemented in the farm sector of our country. A farmer can see the real condition of his farm and also control his farm from any part of the world by logging into farming website. This makes the Indian farmers feel comfortable and reduces the risks involved in irrigation. The idea has the potential to attract entrepreneurs to invest in the agricultural sector.

To assess possible causes of soil and plant iron deficiency and chlorosis in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on calcareous clay loam soils of Karnataka, India, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the availability of iron and calcium at varying levels of CaCO3 and soil water and their influence on pod yield. The CaCO3 levels of the soil achieved by liming were: 5% (C1), 7% (C2), 10% (C3), 15% (C4), and 20% (C5) (on mass basis). Three soil water levels, i.e., 75% (M1), 150% (M2), and 200% (M3) of field capacity, were imposed for one week each at flowering and pegging stages. Amorphous iron oxide-occluded iron, free iron oxide, and water-soluble calcium increased significantly with increasing levels of soil water. The diethyl triamine pentaacetic acid salt (DTPA)-extractable Fe, however, decreased at higher levels of CaCO3 and soil moisture. Conversely, the concentration of bicarbonate ions increased at higher levels of CaCO3 and soil water. The pod yield of groundnut, which was highest under M2C2, decreased at higher levels of CaCO3. This decrease in groundnut yield at higher levels of CaCO3 was attributed to deficiency of available Fe, DTPA-Fe, as caused by the increased concentration of bicarbonate ions.

The IoT (Internet of Things) provides an opportunity for technology to transform many sectors, especially agricultural sectors. In agriculture sector, IoT technologies appear in different application areas like precision agriculture or smart farming, irrigation monitoring, environmental monitoring, cattle animal monitoring and in all other fields of agriculture. The different technologies of IoT, such as radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), sensors and global positioning system (GPS), had been widely used in different agricultural industry process. The advancement IoT technology has been widely applied in agricultural production, process, sales and circulation which brought a number of a great benefit for maintain and monitor agricultural and animal product process easier and automatically, improving the efficiency and speed of operations in their process management. This review paper aimed to review and introduce application of IoT in agriculture, particularly, to encourage the adoption of IoT technologies for Ethiopian agricultural sectors. Indeed, this reviewed paper the key technologies of IoT in agriculture, the general framework model of IoT, IoT based system deployment architecture and potential challenges of applying IoT based agriculture were discussed.

HighlightsDeployed a wireless sensor network to track flood irrigation management in ~255 ha production scale rice fieldsUltrasonic sensors were installed in rice fields and water level data were wirelessly transmitted for the growing seasonStudy found significant relationship between automated and manual measurement methodsPotential benefits of using wireless sensor networks are described Abstract. The inclusion of automation in agricultural irrigation may improve crop management by providing organized, site-specific, and real-time information to producers. The objective of this study was to develop a rugged, wireless sensor network (WSN) and infrastructure to retrieve, process, and disseminate sensor data installed in remote rice fields. The study took place during the 2018 rice production season in eastern Arkansas. A working prototype WSN (consisting of 24 sensor nodes) was assembled and field-tested in sixteen production-sized (approximately 16 ha each) irrigated rice fields. Data were collected during the growing season and included water depth and soil water. The WSN retrieved, processed, and disseminated in-situ data from the production fields to a remote computer server. Data were made viewable via a web browser on internet-connected computers and mobile devices. The analysis quantified the benefits, costs, and practical usability of the system to assist with field condition monitoring and irrigation management in production-sized rice farming operations. Water level measurements using the WSN unit were significantly related to the actual measurements in Multiple-inlet rice irrigation (MIRI), Row rice (ROW), and Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation treatments (r = 0.453 to 0.946, p = <0.0001). However, the reliability of this equipment was challenged by field installation and maintenance. Several in-house troubleshooting methods are discussed to ensure accurate usage of this automated system in future deployments. The results of the study indicated the use of the ultrasonic sensor for estimating water level in MIRI, ROW and AWD irrigation to be a viable solution for future WSN development. The functional WSN supported sensors for automated water level and soil water measurements that could, in future, provide real-time knowledge of the field condition, and enhance resource management for the producer. Keywords: Field condition monitoring, Production scale field monitoring, Remote sensor, Wireless sensor, Wireless sensor network.

Sensors are helpful agents in modern agriculture; by sensor networks a real-time monitoring system can be developed. In agriculture, the field conditions like temperature, soil moisture content, water level and pH level of soil can be constantly observed by sensors. Every electronics device is equipped by a fine clock signal generated by the oscillator in the range of MHz to GHz frequency. This chapter discusses the clock signal and their associated properties in detail. The clock signal has a definite period, and half of the period is known as pulse width which changes its value from high to low or low to high. A fine, precise application device requires a clock signal interval as small as 25-600 ps. Different kinds of delays found within the circuit: Propagation delay affects most of the circuits and it is by far the largest contributor of all the other delay kinds.

In drought‐prone environments, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids are considered worthy alternatives to maize for biogas production. The biomass productivity of the three crops was compared by growing them side‐by‐side in a rain‐out shelter under different levels of plant available soil water (PASW) during the growing periods of 2008 to 2010 at Braunschweig, Germany. All crops were established under high levels of soil water. Thereafter, the crops either remained at the wet level (60–80 % PASW) or were subjected to moderate (40–50 % PASW) and severe drought stress (15–25 % PASW). While the above‐ground dry weight (ADW) of sweet sorghum and maize was insignificantly different under well‐watered conditions, sweet sorghum under severe drought stress produced 27 % more ADW than maize. The ADW of sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids significantly lagged behind sweet sorghum at all levels of water supply. The three crops differed markedly in their susceptibility to water shortage. Severe drought stress reduced the ADW of maize by 51 %, but only by 37 % for sweet sorghum and 35 % for sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids. The post‐harvest root dry weight (RDW) in the 0–100 cm soil layer for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids averaged 4.4, 6.1 and 2.9 t ha−1 under wet and 1.9, 5.7 and 2.4 t ha−1 under severe drought stress. Under these most dry conditions, the sorghum crops had relatively higher RDW and root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layers than maize. The subsoil RDW proportion (20–100 vs. 0–20 cm) for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids amounted to 6 %, 10 % and 20 %. The higher ADM of sweet sorghum compared with maize under dry conditions is most likely attributable to the deep root penetration and high proportion of roots in the subsoil, which confers the sorghum crop a high water uptake capacity.

Objectives: This document describes an automatic irrigation system design, using SCADA software and wireless sensor network. Methods/Analysis: The system was made using the drip irrigation system method, and the communication the field and the supervisor system was established using ZigBee devices connected in mesh topology. The SCADA system monitors four variables of the field: temperature, soil moisture content, water and nutrient level and status of the ZigBee device. Findings: The purpose of this paper is not only to contribute knowledge to the development of the Colombian field, through the application of new technologies of irrigation automation of crops, but to motivate research, development and innovation around this topic. Improvements: It is contemplated the use of a web portal where you can monitor the system, thus adding a notification mode. In addition, the use of redundancy to avoid loss of data in the crop, both on the side of data acquisition, and on the side of storage. Keywords: Data Logging, Drip Irrigation, Precision Agriculture, Supervision-Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), ZigBee

Presently, wireless sensor network (WSN) plays important role in engineering, science, agriculture and many other field like surveillance, military applications, smart cars etc. Precision agriculture (PA) is one of the field in which WSN is widely adopted. The aim of the adoption of WSNs in PA is to measure the different environmental parameters such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture, PH value of soil etc., for enhancing the quantity and quality of crops. Further, the WSNs are also helped to reduce the consumptions of the natural resources used in farming. Hence, the aim of this review is to identify the various WSNs technologies adopted for precision agriculture and impact of these technologies to achieve smart agriculture. This review also focuses on the different environmental parameters like irrigation, monitoring, soil properties, temperature for achieving precision agriculture. Further, a detailed study is also carried out on different crops which are covered using WSNs technologies. This review also highlights on the different communication technologies and sensors available for PA. To analyze the impact of the WSNs in agriculture field, several research questions are designed and through this review, we are tried to find the solutions of these research questions.

Effects of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter translocation and WUE in two winter wheat genotypes

Long-term goal of the research is to improve the productivity of paddy crop which is a modification of the SRI (the System of Rice Intensification) of environmentally sound, reducing water use effectively and efficiently (saving water). In that case, the cultivation of which will be applied in the future is that paddy cultivation requires no much water (less than SRI and PTT) and the land from the beginning until the harvest is not stagnant but still moist (because the aeration of soil is pretty good) and oxidation of the soil layer becomes thicker as needed for rice productivity. While the specific objectives of this research is to study the growth of Aerenchyma tissue as a pathway where the release of methane gas from the soil and the growth of rice in the rice fields. This study wanted to obtain an optimal soil conditions, using Complete Randomized Design through vary of water depth level treatment (levels of soil water in pot) in the pot varies. The obtained results of this research are the latest results as different from previous research results. Finally the research obtained some conclusions; 1.) The growth of Aerenchyma in roots of rice plant Batang Piaman was not affected by high of inundation and soil water content in the potting media, 2.) The best rate of assimilation is treatment D (inundation of 10cm from the ground); 3.) the highest total number of seedlings obtained in treatment D (high pool of 10cm from the ground) which is 64.26 rods, far more than the other treatments and descriptions of varieties of rice Batang Piaman itself ie from 14 to 19.4; 4.) Base on the number of seedling growth parameters, high-tech farming with an inundation of 10cm below the soil surface (treatment D) can produce 180% better than conventional cultivation techniques (treatment A) 5.) We applied the latest rice cultivation technology with a high inundation of ±10 cm below the ground surface will provide an optima l effect on the growth of rice plants in field.

Aims: To simulate and construct a solar powered smart irrigation system using Blynk Mobile App. Study Design: Experimental design through simulation studies and internet of things. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria, between July 2021 and March 2022. Methodology: The system was simulated using Proteus ISIS Version 8.6. It consists of two main units that is transmitter and receiver. The transmitter consists of a sensor circuit that senses the soil moisture, humidity and temperature. Then the Node MCU microcontroller collects the data and sent to the Blynk Mobile App (Receiver). The circuit was tested at two different conditions of the soil; Wet soil and Dry soil. Results: Output performance analysis when the water level in soil (Moisture) was high, indicated Temperature value 28.3°C, Humidity 72%, and the Pump was OFF. When the water level in soil was mild, temperature was 60°C, Humidity 68%, and pump was turned ON. The pump is activated to switch ON as far as the water reservoir is having enough water and will switch OFF when the required level of moisture in the soil is achieved. The solar power ensured constant power supply, while the Blynk Mobile App ensured real time data monitoring by the Farmer even when he is far away from the farm. Conclusion: This system is an improve irrigation system that supports low water and electricity consumption as well as efficient monitoring for increase farmers’ output.

Design of solar powered smart water pump for moisture controller in agriculture sector

In substratum of different humidity contents. Aiming at determining the effect of soil's water levels on the parthenolide contents of plants aerial parts, this experiment used feverfew [ Tanacetum parthenium (L. ) Schultz Bip. ], grown in 5-L vases, with substratum kept at 100%, 90%, 70% and 50% field capacity. In the substratum highest water availability levels, plants showed larger height, more leaves, higher total leaf area and higher parthenolide content. In the lowest water availability level, the following decreases were verified: 16% in plants height, 13% in number of leaves, 14% in leaf area and 28% in parthenolide content, and an increase in the proline content. This suggests that higher water levels in soil are more appropriate for producing plants with larger parthenolide content.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a nascent technology that builds upon the recent decadepsilas advances in electrical and mechanical engineering including wireless communications, low-power embedded systems, MEMS-sensor design, network architectures and instrumentation applications. These networks promise a means by which to better monitor and understand environmental monitoring, precision agriculture and public health. The nature of WSNs motivates collaboration among researchers from diverse disciplines to leverage their skills to conduct meaningful experiments. An ongoing innovative education practice has been investigating the effectiveness of WSNs for monitoring environment signals in modern agriculture. Several undergraduate students were recruited as research assistants and given the responsibility of implementing and deploying a complete WSN solution. Using wireless sensor networks as a motivating technology, this paper documents our early experiences developing and deploying a WSN in the field. The novel aspect of this innovative practice was provided with a hands-on experience in which interdisciplinary team work, technical communications and hardware design is emphasized. Future undergraduate research areas are explored with suggestions on how WSN topics can permeate into undergraduate education.