IOT Security in Complex Systems: Big Data, Quantum Computing and HCI Design for AI Ethics

Human-computer interaction (HCI) design is the modern and advanced research area that is focused on human or user and system or device interactions. HCI is concerned with new and advanced approaches to a system that must be reliable and efficient to the user. HCI design required a longer and critical development process, methods or framework that passes through various evaluation phases. Due to an inadequacy of user-centered and value sensitive design for a system or device, numerous designs and artifacts do not draw attention to the user. On the other hand, user perception of advanced and new devices are not acceptable and perceived, if not reliable or facile to them. HCI comprises several methods, principles, and criteria which are followed during the development of interaction design. Even then, at times the evolved new and advanced interaction artifacts are unable to reach the user attraction. The HCI methodologies promote the researchers as well as designers to form and develop new and advanced innovations whereas, interaction design term plays a significant role in the design process. In this paper, the key concern is to analyze the conventional design method, Activity Theory (AT) and consider the principles of HCI and bring in a conceptual extended AT model to develop the appearance of Human-computer interaction design.

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), smart home products have become integral to modern living environments. Among them, smart speakers represent a core device, acting as both control hubs for interconnected systems and interactive platforms between users and technology. This paper explores the human-computer interaction (HCI) design of smart speakers, emphasizing usability, natural interaction, and adaptive personalization. By analyzing design principles and recent innovations, this study examines how smart speakers enhance daily life while also confronting challenges such as privacy, accessibility, and trust. Drawing on contemporary research and case studies, the paper argues that effective HCI design requires balancing technological capabilities with user-centered needs. Findings highlight three critical dimensions: interaction modalities (voice, gesture, multimodal inputs), adaptive personalization, and ethical considerations of user data. The paper concludes that successful HCI design for smart speakers lies in developing seamless, inclusive, and trustworthy systems that not only respond intelligently but also align with human values.

Digital devices and online services are increasingly embedded within our everyday lives. The growth in usage of these technologies has implications for environmental sustainability due to the energy demand from the underlying Internet infrastructure (e.g. communication networks, data centres). Energy efficiencies in the infrastructure are important, but they are made inconsequential by the sheer growth in the demand for data. We need to transition users’ Internet-connected practices and adapt HumanComputer Interaction (HCI) design in less demanding and more sustainable directions. Yet it’s not clear what the most data demanding devices and online activities are in users’ lives, and how this demand can be intervened with most effectively through HCI design. In this thesis, the issue of Internet demand is explored—uncovering how it is embedded into digital devices, online services and users’ everyday practices. Specifically, I conduct a series of experiments to understand Internet demand on mobile devices and in the home, involving: a large-scale quantitative analysis of 398 mobile devices; and a mixed-methods study involving month-long home router logging and interviews with 20 participants (nine households). Through these studies, I provide an in-depth understanding of how digital activities in users’ lives augment Internet demand (particularly through the practice of watching), and outline the roles for the HCI community and broader stakeholders (policy makers, businesses) in curtailing this demand. I then juxtapose these formative studies with design workshops involving 13 participants; these discover how we can reduce Internet demand in ways that users may accept or even want. From this, I provide specific design recommendations for the HCI community aiming to alleviate the issue of Internet growth for concerns of sustainability, as well as holistically mitigate the negative impacts that digital devices and online services can create in users’ lives.

The emphasis of human-computer interaction (HCI) design on the technology and computer action tends to obscure consideration of the contribution of the computer interface to the service interaction. This chapter suggests that since a majority of commercial information systems support or provide services, the nature and progression of the service encounter should be a key concern of human computer interface designers. The chapter proposes the concept of service-oriented HCI in which HCI design is derived from service design, dialog is driven by customer needs and perceptions, activities that have led up to the service encounter are considered, and the service interaction dialog is aligned with the computer dialog. As part of service-oriented HCI, the chapter illustrates the use of scripting to examine ex-post the role of a computer interaction in a service encounter. It demonstrates that the computer dialog can drive the service interaction in such a way that the quality of the interaction is reduced and customer satisfaction affected. It concludes that the role of the computer system in a service interaction is an area for further research. Furthermore, script analysis may enable the development of human-computer dialogs that meet some of the criteria of service-oriented HCI.

Developing interactive systems is a challenging task that involves concerns related to the human-computer interaction (HCI), such as usability and user experience. Therefore, HCI design is a core issue when developing such systems. It often involves people with different backgrounds (e.g., Arts, Software Engineering, Design), which makes knowledge transfer a challenging issue. Ontologies have been acknowledged as a successful approach to represent domain knowledge and support knowledge-based solutions. Hence, in this work, we propose to explore ontologies to represent structured knowledge and improve knowledge sharing in HCI design. We briefly present the Human-Computer Interaction Design Ontology (HCIDO), a reference ontology that addresses HCI design aspects that connect HCI and Software Engineering concerns. By making knowledge related to the HCI design domain explicit and structured, HCIDO has helped us to develop KTID, a tool that aims to support capturing and sharing useful knowledge to aid in HCI design. Preliminary results indicate that the tool may be particularly useful for novice HCI designers.

Owing to its practical configuration to edge computing and privacy preservation capabilities, federated learning (FL) has been increasingly appealing in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. However, due to the inherent openness of IoT network architectures, FL clients are susceptible to various attacks, resulting in unreliable local model updates. To address this challenge, federated unlearning (FU) emerges as a viable solution, which can erase such unreliable updates from the FL model using the unlearning operation while preserving model accuracy. Existing FU studies have significant potential, but they are not directly applicable to IoT networks because of their high computational costs and limited capacity to defend against prevalent dynamic attacks in mobile network environments. In this work, we propose FedRemover, a novel FU method specifically tailored for deployment in IoT networks. The key insight behind FedRemover is that model updates will exhibit inconsistency when exposed to attacks. Therefore, we devise a real-time malicious client detection scheme by examining the performance consistency of model updates. Upon detecting malicious clients, FedRemover promptly executes the unlearning operation, achieving an unlearned global model within a minimal number of rounds. This makes FedRemover highly efficient and robust against dynamic attacks, enabling it well-suited for practical deployment in IoT networks. Experiments on three standard datasets demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of FedRemover, with an obvious speed-up of 10× and comparable robustness guarantees compared with benchmark algorithms.

Effective regulation of emerging technologies, like the domestic internet of things (IoT) and the underpinning algorithms, requires a range of approaches. In this paper we focus on the use of technology design as a regulatory tool. Within IT law, there has long been recognition that technology design can be used to shape and regulate individual behaviour (Lessig, 2006; Reidenberg, 1998). In this paper, we assert that regulation, as a concept, has broadened sufficiently that designers are now regulators. Accordingly, we need deeper understanding of their epistemological positions to better situate their role within technology regulation. Accordingly, we look at a specific domain of design, human computer interaction (HCI), and three prominent concepts from this community. We present these concepts to reframe regulatory dimensions of domestic IoT showing what HCI designers can offer as regulators, and more broadly, highlighting channels for conceptual alignment of the HCI and IT law communities.Understanding how technologies impact rights of users, and how designers can respond effectively, requires a turn to the context of use. The user centric focus of HCI can provide valuable perspectives on designing effective regulatory strategies. Furthermore, we argue current models of technology regulation in IT law do not give sufficient weight to the lived, contextual experiences of how users interact with technologies in situ.To understand what an HCI led approach can offer IT law and technology regulation, we focus on three prominent concepts: trajectories (Benford et al, 2009), affordances (Norman, 2013) and provenance. We reframe these design concepts within the context of regulation.

In this paper, a method-mix (cultural dimensions, intercultural variables, user interface characteristics and human computer interaction (HCI) dimensions) for intercultural user interface design (IUID) is presented. Based on a hybrid approach covering cultural contexts in human–computer interaction (HCI) design using a model of culturally influenced HCI, this IUID method-mix represents the main constituent of a reasonable toolbox for IUID. The IUID method-mix is exemplified by application examples to demonstrate and discuss its benefit and limitations. The examples elucidate why and how cultural aspects play a role in HCI design and usability/UX engineering. Cultural influence on HCI is described using cultural variables for user interface design. The IUID method-mix serves to inspire HCI engineers in the requirement analysis phase as well as HCI designers in the design phase. The readers are sensitized to the challenges of intercultural usability/UX engineering and intercultural HCI design and will be equipped with relevant methodological knowledge needed to actively derive design recommendations for user interface design for and in their desired cultural contexts. Practitioners can prognosticate the ensuing effort and the expenditure for considering cultural context in intercultural user interface design.

With the gradual popularization and application of network information technologies such as the Internet, the Internet of Things, e-commerce, and social networks, people have accumulated massive amounts of data and information in every field of daily life, and have achieved rapid development in recent years. At the same time, the format of data is also undergoing drastic changes, from the original formatted data to the current data (such as images, videos, etc.). Massive amounts of data are constantly emerging, and people use cloud platforms for data mining, analysis, modeling, and visualization, providing a new, convenient, efficient, and high-quality data service for people's daily lives. In a sense, human society has entered the era of “data speak” - the “big data era”. This paper discusses accounting big data analysis research based on RPA and big data algorithms. First, it introduces accounting big data, RPA and big data algorithms. Finally, it verifies the progressiveness of accounting big data analysis based on RPA and big data algorithms through experimental analysis (the relative error of accounting big data analysis system based on this algorithm is the lowest, as low as 0.01%).

Federated transfer learning-based intrusion detection system in 5G networks

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are being designed to connect billions of sensors/devices for an application-specific environment to provide services and carry out special tasks. It enables the virtual connection of the real-world physical devices with Internet cyberspace. While, there is an exponentially growing trend in the use of IoT technology for diverse applications such as smart agriculture, smart industries, smart hospitals, smart homes, etc., there are pressing design issues which affect the IoT network performance in the long run, for example, replacement of batteries for increasing the lifetime of devices to maintain the network longevity. To tackle this challenge, various wireless powered-based energy transfer paradigms were proposed over time. Backscatter communication (BackCom) is likewise one of the energy-efficient solutions proposed, which can satisfy the stringent green communication aspects of IoT networks. To achieve massive connectivity in BackCom-enabled IoT network, selecting a suitable multiple access scheme is also a crucial part. Most multiple access schemes proposed for BackCom systems are based on frequency or timeslots sharing techniques. Multiple access techniques proposed for BackCom IoT system can reap the gain of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principle. In NOMA, multiple end nodes (ENs) of sensors network is served in the same resource block, thereby, increasing the spectrum efficiency of BackCom IoT system. In this chapter, we discuss the prospects of backscatter technique with application of NOMA for green communication in IoT network.

Internet of Things (IoT) have opened the door to a world of unlimited possibilities for implementations in varied sectors in society, but it also has many challenges. One of those challenges is security and privacy. IoT devices are more susceptible to security threats and attacks. Due to constraints of the IoT devices such as area, power, memory, etc., there is a lack of security solutions that are compatible with IoT devices and applications, which is leading this world of securely connected things to the “internet of insecure things.” A promising solution to this problem is going beyond the standard or classical techniques to implementing the security solutions in the hardware of the IoT device. The integration of emerging technologies in IoT networks, such as machine learning, blockchain, fog/edge/cloud computing, and quantum computing have added more vulnerable points in the network. This paper introduces a comprehensive study on IoT security threats and solutions. Additionally, this survey outlines how emerging technologies such as machine learning and blockchain are integrated in IoT, challenges resulted from this integration, and potential solutions to these challenges. The paper utilizes the 4-layer IoT architecture as a reference to identify security issues with corresponding solutions.

A decentralized framework for device authentication and data security in the next generation internet of medical things

The challenges of designing computer support for education have shifted considerably in recent years, with, e.g., the rapid growth of the Web, online learning and social networking. New human–computer interaction (HCI) design approaches, methods, tools and theories are now required to analyze and understand interactions and learning of online groups. This chapter first reviews a number of issues related to the new software and pedagogy challenges. It then presents the approach of the VMT research project to address these issues by combining support for integrated synchronous and asynchronous collaboration media. The VMT system integrates a lobby, small-group chat rooms, multiple shared work spaces and community wiki pages to foster learning at the individual, small-group and community levels. The use of this system for a college HCI course is reported. The VMT Project illustrates the application of design-based research to system development, the theory of group cognition as a conceptual framework and an adaptation of chat interaction analysis for HCI design.

The status of anthropomorphic research is explored, and the anthropomorphized psychological model—the three-factor theory—is expounded in the paper, which reveals that the generation and development of anthropomorphism are influenced by elicited agent knowledge, effectance motivation and sociality motivation. Meanwhile, the human–computer interaction of anthropomorphized model is established from the perspective of emotionalization, combined with Norman's three-level theory of emotional design and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. User demands are divided into three types, which are matched with the three factors of anthropomorphic process and the three levels of emotional design. A bridge is built between user anthropomorphic process and designer's emotional design in the model, and design recommendations are proposed for each level. Finally, how to reach the appropriate degree to cross the uncanny valley and solve the new problem caused by over-dependence on anthropomorphic products are the future prospect of anthropomorphic research in human–computer interaction design.