Iran's Power in Context

Throughout most of its existence the State of Israel had only a handful of friends and allies. However, even during the era of pan-Arabism, when Arab nationalism held sway over the Middle East, eng...

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. ‘Sanctions: History Lessons’, Economist, 19 October 2006. 2. David Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter: Are Humanitarian Costs an Essential Element in the Success of Sanctions? (Oslo: International Peace Research Institute and Norges Rode Kors, 2003), p. 4. 3. See for example Lucy Komisar, Journal of Commerce, 24 September 1991, p. 8A. 4. Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter, p. 21. 5. For one point of view on this issue, see ‘Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future’, Global Policy Forum, 6 August 2002, at http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm. 6. ‘In Slobodan Milosevic's Yugoslavia, Sanctions Virtually Fused the State with the Criminal Class’, Economist, 19 October 2006; see also Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter, p. 12. 7. See ‘Iraq Sanctions’, Executive Summary, section 2. 8. Arne Tostensen and Beate Bull, ‘Are Smart Sanctions Feasible?’, World Politics, vol. 54, April 2002, pp. 373–4. 9. Ibid., pp. 379–80. 10. ‘Iraq Sanctions’, p. 6.4. 11. Kofi Annan, Annual Report on the Work of the Organization (New York: United Nations, 1998), available at http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/Report98. 12. This story is well told in Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006). 13. This section is drawn from the very thorough discussion of Title III in the testimony of Herbert A. Biern, senior associate director, Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation, ‘The Bank Secrecy Act and the USA Patriot Act’, Before the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, 17 November 2004. 14. Ibid. 15. Peter A. Prahar, director of the Office of Africa, Asia and Europe Programs, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Department of State, Statement before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security, Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee, 25 April 2006, p. 12. 16. Steven R. Weisman, ‘The Ripples of Punishing One Bank’, New York Times, 3 July 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/business/worldbusiness/03bank.html. 17. ‘North Korean Accounts to Remain Frozen for Long’, Kommersant, 18 May 2007. 18. Prahar, Statement, p. 12. 19. For a useful discussion of the North Korea case, see Ruediger Frank, ‘The Political Economy of Sanctions against North Korea’, Asian Perspective, vol. 30, no. 3, 2006, pp. 5–36. 20. ‘U.S. Assumes Financial Risks in N. Korea Money Transfer-Lavrov-1’, RIA-Novosti, 20 June 2007. 21. ‘N. Korea Agrees to Start Talks on Closing Nuclear Reactor’, RIA-Novosti, 25 June 2007. 22. For an excellent review of US legislation and the intended investment targets, see Kenneth Katzman, ‘The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)’, Congressional Research Service, Order Code RS20871, US Library of Congress, updated 9 July 2007. 23. Ibid., p. CRS-2. 24. A full description of the sanctions negotiations in the UNSC through 15 May 2007 can be found in Kenneth Katzman, ‘Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses’, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32048, The US Library of Congress, updated 15 May 2007. 25. Elaine Sciolino, ‘Atom Work Expanding in Iran, UN Agency Says’, International Herald Tribune, 31 August 2007. 26. One example of this phenomenon is the ‘Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism’, which was launched by Presidents Bush and Putin at the time of the St Petersburg G8 summit in July 2006. The United States and Russia are co-leaders of this initiative, which has since attracted 51 partner nations. Media Note, ‘Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism: Joint Statement’, Office of the Spokesman, US Department of State, Washington DC, 12 June 2007. Additional informationNotes on contributorsRose GottemoellerRose Gottemoeller is Director of the Carnegie Moscow Center. Before joining the Endowment in October 2000, she was Deputy Under Secretary for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation in the US Department of Energy. Previously, she served as the department's Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation and National Security, and Director of the Office of Nonproliferation and National Security. She has written widely on arms control and non-proliferation topics.

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments Earlier versions of this article were presented at Tobin Project meetings on Sustainable National Security Strategy. Notes 1. Explained further in Jonathan Kirshner, American Power After the Financial Crisis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming.) 2. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Financial Derivatives: Actions Needed to Protect the Financial System,” GAO/GGD-94-133, May 1994, pp. 11, 14–15, 39, 124, 126–7, www.gao.gov/assets/160/154342.pdf; Alan Greenspan, “The Regulation of OTC Derivatives,” testimony before the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, July 24, 1998, www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/1998/19980724.htm; Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence (New York: Penguin Press, 2007): pp. 373–4. 3. Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York, Pantheon, 2010), pp. 89, 91. 4. Greta R. Krippner, Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): pp. 28, 29, 39, 51; Johnson and Kwak, 13 Bankers. 5. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). 6. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). p. 155. 7. Nicholas D. Kristof and David Sanger, “How U.S. Wooed Asia to Let Cash Flow In,” The New York Times, February 16, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/world/how-us-wooed-asia-to-let-cash-flow-in.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 8. “International Capital Markets Charting a Steadier Course,” IMF Survey, September 23, 1996, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/pdf/092396a.pdf. 9. Alan Greenspan, “The Current Asian Crisis,” testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, March 3, 1998; U.S. Treasury, “Deputy Secretary Summers Remarks Before the International Monetary Fund,” press release, March 9, 1998. 10. Sidney Weintraub, “Lessons from the Chile and Singapore Free Trade Agreements,” in Jeffrey Schott, ed., Free Trade Agreements: U.S. Strategies and Priorities, (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 2004): p. 87. 11. G. John Ikenberry and Charles Kupchan, “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,” International Organization 44, no. 3 (June 1990): 283–315. 12. Carl E. Walter and Fraser J. T. Howie, Red Capitalism: The Fragile Foundation of China's Extraordinary Rise, (Singapore: Wiley, 2011): pp. ix–x, 3; Rosemary Foot and Andrew Walter, China, The United States, and Global Order, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011): pp. 117, 120, 123, 265–270; Gregory Chin and Eric Helleiner, “China as a Creditor: A Rising Financial Power?” Journal of International Affairs 62, no. 1 (Fall/Winter 2008): pp. 87 (quote), 92, 97–8, 99. 13. Li Ruogu, “The Financial Crisis and International Monetary System Reform,” China Finance 5, (2010); Li Daokui and Yin Xingzhong, “New Structure of the International Monetary System: Research on the Post-Financial Crisis Era,” Journal of Financial Research 2, (2010). 14. Zhou Xiaochuan, “Reform of the International Monetary System,” People's Bank of China, March 23, 2009; David Barboza, “China Urges New Money Reserve to Replace Dollar,” New York Times, March 24, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/world/asia/24china.html?_r=0; Gregory Chin and Wang Yong “Debating the International Currency System: What's in a Speech?” China Security 6, no. 1 (2010): pp 4, 5, 11, 12, p. 14 (quote); Zhang Yuyan, “Internationalization of the RMB: Endorse or Oppose,” International Economic Review 1, (2010); Zhang Ming, “Reform of the International Monetary System”; Zhang Yuyan and Zhang Jingchun, “International Currency's Costs and Benefits,” World Affairs 21, (2008). 15. Sebsatian Mallaby and Olin Wethington, “The Future of the Yuan: China's Struggle to Internationalize Its Currency,” Foreign Affairs 91, no. 1 (January/February 2012): pp. 136, 137; Jeffrey Frankel, “Historical Precedents for Internationalization of the RMB,” (Council on Foreign Relations, November 2011): p. 13. 16. Ming Zhang, “China's New International Financial Strategy amid the Global Financial Crisis,” China & World Economy 17, no. 5 (2009): pp. 23, 24, 27, 29, 31; Pieter Bottelier, “Future of the Renminbi as an International Currency,” ChinaUsfocus.com, April 29, 2011, http://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/future-of-the-renminbi-as-an-international-currency/. 17. Chen Siqing, “Deeper-level Analysis of the Reasons for the U.S. Financial Crisis and Its Lessons for China's Banking Industry,” Studies of International Finance 12, (2008); Nancy Birdsall and Francis Fukuyama, “The Post-Washington Consensus: Development After the Crisis,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 2 (March/April 2011): p. 3. 18. Edward Wong and Natasha Singer, “Currency Agreement for Japan and China,” New York Times December 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/business/global/china-and-japan-in-currency-agreement.html; “China and Australia in $31bn Currency Swap,” Financial Times, May 22, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4b6c4ab6-7404-11e1-bcec-00144feab49a.html#axzz2QeB9zdmx; “China and Brazil in $30bn Currency Swap Agreement,” BBC News, June 22 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21949615. 19. Kosuke Takahashi, “Japan and China Bypass US in Direct Currency Trade,” The Asia–Pacific Journal 24, no. 3 (June 11 2012); Chin and Wang, “Debating the International Currency System,” p. 13. 20. The word “relative” is crucial. The most likely scenario is that the dollar will remain the world's most widely used international currency, with its use eroding to something like a “first among equals” status. But even that relative contraction in its international use will have consequences. 21. See Benjamin Cohen, “The Macrofoundations of Monetary Power,” in David M. Andrews, ed., International Monetary Power (Cornell University Press, 2006). 22. Susan Strange, “Finance, Information and Power,” Review of International Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1990): 259–74. 23. In theory, with floating rates, the “hangover” can be ignored and excess currency “mopped up” by depreciation. But in practice, states are very sensitive to sustained depreciations of their currencies, which threaten to snowball out of control. 24. Lewis Johnman, “Defending the Pound: The Economics of the Suez Crisis, 1956”, in Anthony Gorst, Lewis Johnman and W. Scott Lewis (eds.) Post-war Britain, 1945–64: Themes and Perspectives (London: Pinter Publishers, 1989); Howard J. Dooley, “Great Britain's ‘Last Battle’ in the Middle East: Notes on Cabinet Planning during the Suez Crisis of 1956,” International History Review 11, no. 3 (August 1989). 25. Jonathan Kirshner, Appeasing Bankers: Financial Caution on the Road to War, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007). 26. H. Clark Johnson, Gold, France and the Great Depression, 1919–1932, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997); Kenneth Moure, The Gold Standard Illusion: France, The Bank of France, and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Martin Wolfe, The French Franc Between the Wars 1919–1939, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951): pp. 35, 83. 27. Kenneth Moure, Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991): pp. 17–18; 22, 27, 121; Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany Between the World Wars, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984): p. 20; Robert Murray Haig, “The National Budgets of France, 1928–1937,” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 17, no. 4 (1938): pp. 26, 29; Talbot Imlay, Facing the Second World War: Strategy, Politics and Economics in Britain and France 1938–1940, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003): p. 25; Bradford Lee, “Strategy, Arms, and the Collapse of France 1930–40”, in Richard Langhorne (ed.) Diplomacy and Intelligence during the Second World War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985): pp. 59, 63, 64, 65. 28. James Thomas Emmerson, The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy, (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977), p. 78; Stephen Schuker, “France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936,” French Historical Studies 14, no. 3 (Spring 1936), pp. 304, 330, 334, 335. 29. Daniel Drezner, “Bad Debts: Assessing China's Financial Influence in Great Power Politics,” International Security 34, no. 2 (2009). Additional informationNotes on contributorsJonathan KirshnerJonathan Kirshner is Stephen and Barbara Friedman Professor of International Political Economy at Cornell University, 2012–2013 World Politics Visiting Fellow at Princeton University, and author of American Power After the Financial Crisis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming)

Chapter 1: Governance and Planning of Mega-City Regions: Diverse Processes and Reconstituted State Spaces Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Part I: Multi-Level Governance and Planning in Europe Chapter 2: The Polycentric Metropolis: a Western European Perspective on Mega-City Regions Sir Peter Hall Chapter 3: Innovations in Governance and Planning: Randstad Cooperation Willem Salet Chapter 4: Strategic Planning and Regional Governance in Europe: Recent Trends and Policy Responses Louis Albrechts Part II: Multi-Polity Governance and Planning in Federacy Chapter 5: Novel Spatial Formats: Megaregions and Global Cities Saskia Sassen Chapter 6: America 2050: Towards a Twenty-first Century National Infrastructure Investment Plan for the United States Robert D. Yaro Chapter 7: Mega-City Regional Cooperation in the United States and Western Europe: A Comparative Perspective Linda McCarthy Chapter 8: Regions of Cities: Metropolitan Governance and Planning in Australia John Abbott Chapter 9: The Upper Spencer Gulf Common Purpose Group: A Model of Intra - Regional Cooperation for Economic Development Jim Harvey and Brian Cheers Part III: State-Led Governance and Planning under Transition Chapter 10: Coordinating the Fragmented Mega-City Regions in China: State Reconstruction and Regional Strategic Planning Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Chapter 11: Spatial Planning for Urban Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta Chaolin Gu, Taofang Yu, Xiaoming Zhang, Chun Wang, Min Zhang, Cheng Zhang and Lu Chen John Abbott is a practicing metropolitan planner in South East Queensland, Australia. He was previously the Project Coordinator of the SEQ 2001 and SEQ 2021 regional planning projects. He teaches planning theory and metropolitan planning at the University of Queensland. He has analyzed metropolitan planning processes in South East Queensland, Greater Vancouver, and New York using concepts of planning as managing uncertainty. Louis Albrechts is Professor of Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His research interests include strategic spatial planning, sustainable development, and regional design, and he has published widely on these issues. He is the founder and co-editor of European Planning Studies, a corresponding member of the German Academy for Research and Planning, and a member of the Advisory Board of the global Research Network on Human Settlements. Brain Cheers is Research Professor Emeritus of Community Development and former Director of the Center for Rural and Regional Development at the Whyalla Campus of the University of South Australia. He is also Founding Director of the Northern Australia Research Institute and the Center for Social and Welfare Research at James Cook University. He has published four books, and many monographs and papers on rural and regional issues. Lu Chen is PhD candidate in Economic Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Chaolin Gu is Professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published sixteen books and over 260 articles on urban and regional planning, regional economics, and urban geography in China. He is the principal investigator of a number of projects on China's urban and regional development and planning. He is Vice President of the Chinese Geographical Association, and serves on editorial boards of many journals and academic councils. Sir Peter Hall is Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College London. He has received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for distinction in research, and is an honorary member of the Royal Town Planning Institute, which awarded him its Gold Medal in 2003. He holds fourteen honorary doctorates from universities in the UK, Sweden, and Canada. He received the 2005 Balzan Prize for work on the Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Beginning of the 16th Century. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the European Academy and President of the Town and Country Planning Association. He was knighted in 1998 and in 2003 was named by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Pioneer in the Life of the Nation at a reception in Buckingham Palace. Jim Harvey is Adjunct Professor of the Center for Rural Health and Community Development at the University of South Australia. His most recent publications have been on intra-regional cooperation in urban and regional development. He is currently the Australian Manager of an Australian Aid (AusAid) community development project in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua and New Guinea. Linda McCarthy is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and is also a certified planner. Her research focuses on urban and regional economic development and planning in the United States, Western Europe, and China. Her publications comprise books, book chapters, reports, and articles in peer reviewed journals such as Environment and Planning A, The Professional Geographer, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Journal of Planning Education and Research, and Land Use Policy. Willem Salet is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Amsterdam. He is also the President of the Association of European Schools of Planning. His research specializes in spatial planning and metropolitan governance, urban networks, and decision making in strategic urban projects. He coordinated various research projects on behalf of the European Union, national ministries, the National Scientific Foundation, and other stakeholders in the field of urban studies, and has published widely on regional planning and governance. Saskia Sassen is Robert S.Lynd Professor of Sociology of Department of Sociology and Member of the Committee on Global Thought, at Columbia University. Her most recent books are Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton University Press 2006) and A Sociology of Globalization (W.W.Norton 2007). Her books have been translated into sixteen languages. Her comments have appeared in Guardian, New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Newsweek International, and Financial Times, among others. She serves on several editorial boards and is an advisor to several international bodies. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Cities, and chaired the Information Technology and International Cooperation Committee of the Social Science Research Council (USA). Chun Wang is an urban planner in the Master Planning Department at Beijing Tsinghua Urban Planning and Design Institute. Jiang Xu is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Resource Management, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is a specialist in urban and regional issues, and is currently leading research projects in intercity competition and cooperation, as well as urban and regional governance in China. Dr. Xu has published widely on urban and regional development in leading international journals and is co-author with F. Wu and Anthony G.O. Yeh of Urban Development in Post Reform China: State, Market and Space (Routledge 2007). She was the recipient of the 2008 Research Output Prize of the University of Hong Kong. Robert Yaro is President of Regional Plan Association, America's oldest independent metropolitan policy, research, and advocacy group. He is also Professor of Practice in City and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania. He has taught at Harvard University and the University of Massachusetts. He co-chairs the Empire State Transportation Alliance and the Friends of Moynihan Station, and is Vice President of the Forum for Urban Design. He serves on Mayor Bloomberg's Sustainability Advisory Board, which helped prepare PlaNYC 2030, New York City's new long-range sustainability plan. Anthony Yeh is Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also Chair Professor and Head, Department of Urban Planning and Design, and Director, Center of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, University of Hong Kong. His main areas of specialization are in urban development and planning in Hong Kong and China, and the application ofaGIS in urban and regional planning. At present, he is Secretary-General of the Asian Planning Schools Association and Asia GIS Association. He is on the editorial boards of key international and Chinese journals, and has published over thirty books and monographs, and over 180 academic journal papers and book chapters. He received the 2008 UN-HABITAT Lecture Award for his outstanding and sustained contribution to research, thinking, and practice in the human settlements field. Taofang Yu is Lecturer, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published four books and about fifty articles on urban competition and the mega city-region. Cheng Zhang, is a certified urban planner, and is performing civil service at the Nanjing Urban Planning Bureau. He has published five articles on the mega city-region and the mega-project. Min Zhang is Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Nanjing University. She has published about 30 articles on urbanization, the megalopolis, and the global city-region. Xiaoming Zhang is PhD candidate, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published about six articles on the mega city-region and spatial regionalization.

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Etel Solingen, Regional Orders at Century's Dawn: Global and Domestic Influence on Grand Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). Fred Halliday, ‘The Middle East and the Politics of Differential Integration’, in Toby Dodge and Richard Higgott (eds.), Globalization and the Middle East (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002), pp. 36–56. Leon Carl Brown, International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 3–18. Specifically the autonomy of external constraints and internal pressures needed to adapt to the exigencies of the changing power balance in order to minimize costs and maximize benefits. See Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami (eds.), The Foreign Policies of Middle East States (Boulder CO and London: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp. 10–11, 20. Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria (London and Oxford: RIIA, Oxford University Press, 1965). Raymond Hinnebusch, Syria: Revolution from Above (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 52–7; Avner Yaniv, ‘Syria and Israel: The Politics of Escalation’, in Moshe Ma'oz and Avner Yaniv (eds.), Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks (London: Croom-Helm, 1986, pp. 157–78. Hinnebusch, Syria: Revolution from Above, pp. 67–88. Patrick Clawson, Unaffordable Ambitions: Syria's Military Buildup and Economic Crisis (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1989). Patrick Seale, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 226–66, 267–315, 344–9, 366–420; Moshe Ma'oz, Asad: the Sphinx of Damascus: a Political Biography (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1988), pp. 113–24, 135–48; Hinnebusch, Syria: Revolution from Above, pp. 151–5. Bashar's acceptance speech, The Syrian Arab News Agency website, July 21, 2000, ‘http://www:basharassad.org/english.htm’. The Middle East, March 1999, p. 35; Sept. 1999, p. 27. UNCTAD, World Investment Report (New York: UN, 1999); World Bank, The Little Data Book (New York: World Bank, 2001), pp. 9–12. Middle East International, April 6, 2001, pp. 7–8; 13 July 2001, p. 5; David Makovsky ‘Syria's Foreign Policy Challenges US Interests’, Policywatch, No. 513, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Jan. 19, 2001. Patrick Seale, lecture, London, 2001. Rachel Bronson, ‘Syria: Hanging Together or Hanging Separately’, The Washington Quarterly, v. 23, Autumn, 2000; Yotam Feldner, ‘Escalation Games: Syria's Deterrence Policy, Part I: Brinkmanship’, MEMRI. (Middle East Media Research Institute), May 24,2001 www.memri.org; Middle East International, July 13, 2001, pp. 10–11. Middle East International, June 16, 2000, pp. 21–2. Middle East International, July 28, 2000, p. 14; Stratfor.com, ‘Global Intelligence Update’, February 29, 2000. Gary C. Gambill, ‘Syria's Foreign Relations: Iraq’, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, March, 2001, www.meib.org; Ibrahim Hamidi, Daily Star, Dec., 14, 2001. Makovsky, ‘Syria's Foreign Policy Challenges US Interests’; Middle East International, Feb. 9, 2001, p. 12; Yotam Feldner, ‘Escalation Games: Part II: Regional and International Factors Between Washington and Damascus: Iraq’, MEMRI, May 25, 2001. Al-Hayat, Sept., 28, 2001. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, Middle East and North Africa, Jan. 7, 2002. ‘Joining the European Trade Club’, in Oxford Business Group, Emerging Syria 2002, London, 2002, p. 45. Ayman Abdul Nour, ‘Syria: Economic Reform and European Partnership’, unpublished policy paper, Damascus, June 12, 2001. Middle East International, March 23, 2001, pp. 14–15. The EU claims that it is not demanding an end to support prices in agriculture or of subsidies to the public sector. Its insistence is on transparency of trade rules and suppression of charges and barriers that distort import and export prices and flows. However, subsidizing products which could not compete with imports would be very costly for Syria. Skeptics include Michael Mann (1997), ‘Has Globalization ended the rise and rise of the Nation-state?’ Review of International Political Economy, v. 4, n. 3, Autumn, 1997, pp. 472–96; see also Toby Dodge and Richard Higgott, ‘Globalization and its Discontents’, in Dodge and Higgott (eds.), Globalization and the Middle East, pp. 13–35. Enthusiasts include K. Ohmae, The Borderless World (London: Collins, 1990) and The end of the Nation-State (New York: Free Press, 1995).

Calligraphy, poetry and paradoxical power in Wenda Gu's Neon Calligraphy Series

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsRena EffendiBorn in 1977 in Baku, Azerbaijan, Rena Effendi has been photographing since 2001. From the outset, Effendi’s documentary work has focused on the oil industry’s effects on people’s daily lives in Azerbaijan. During six years, she followed a 1,700 km oil pipeline through Georgia and Turkey. Throughout the journey, she collected stories and images, which were published in her first book, Pipe Dreams: A Chronicle of Lives along the Pipeline.Effendi has won several international photography awards including the “Fifty Crows” Documentary Photography Award, the Mario Giacomelli Memorial Fund Award, and a Getty Images Editorial Grant. In 2007, Effendi was chosen by the Photo District News magazine as one of 30 emerging photographers to watch. In 2008, she won the National Geographic “All Roads” photography award. Her work has been exhibited worldwide, in venues as distinct as the “Visa Pour l’Image” Photo journalism Festival in Perpignan, France, the 52nd Venice Biennale in Italy, and the Istanbul Biennial. In 2012, Effendi was selected as a recipient of the Magnum Foundation’s prestigious Emergency Fund Award.Rena Effendi’s work has been widely published in Newsweek, Time, The Financial Times, International Herald Tribune, Marie Claire, L’Uomo Vogue, Courrier International, Le Monde, National Geographic, and others.

ABSTRACT: An extensive body of scholarship exists on the complex ways in which various peoples, states, and regions outside core English‐speaking countries are being affected by, and view themselves as being affected by, the global rise of English. However the different ways in which core country elites understand and represent their unique sociolinguistic position vis‐à‐vis the global ascendancy of English has received much less attention. This paper, as does the study whose results it summarizes, pays special attention to what Schiller (2000) has described as “the American situation” with respect to the global hegemony of English. It does so by way of critical interpretation of more than 200 accounts of the global spread of English published from January 1, 1991 to May 1, 2003 in five American‐owned prestige press publications: the Los Angeles Times, the International Herald Tribune, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post. Its overall conclusion is that the prestige press representations examined frame English in terms that largely allow Americans to view the rise of English, and their apparently limited role in this phenomenon, in primarily (though not wholly) uncritical, non‐reflexive, positive, and magnanimous fashion.

Seated at the famous horseshoe table in the United Nations Security Council chamber in New York on 25 October 1962, US Ambassador Adlai Stevenson presented fellow Council members with photographic evidence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba. Unveiling the evidence collected by US intelligence services over the previous weeks and months, Stevenson’s performance produced a supreme and memorable moment of Cold War drama. Some 40 years later, Secretary of State Colin Powell, making the case Review Essay

ABSRTRACT The relations between Taiwan region and the Gulf Arab States are twisting and subtle. The UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 and the suspension of the official relation between Taiwan and Saudi Arabia in 1990 generally divided the relations into three general periods. Because of Taiwan’s sensitive role and the ‘One China Policy,’ the relationship has been constrained, especially after 1990. However, the relationship is still dynamic in the field of trade, civil exchanges, technology transfer, and industrial cooperation. Since the DPP came to power in Taiwan in 2016, the cross-strait relation has reached its lowest point since the Chen Shui-bian era, and the relationship between Taiwan and the Gulf Arab states has encountered new challenges given PRC has been pursuing this region as a strategic fulcrum. Meanwhile, the strategic contraction of the US in the Middle East will bring more uncertainty.

High oil prices have once again led to large external surpluses of oil exporting countries, similar to the 1970s and 1980s. This paper analyzes the extent to which (i) oil exporters use bank deposits to invest these surpluses, and (ii) banks are lending on these funds to emerging market economies. Bank recycling of petro dollars to emerging market economies is found to be almost as important as in the 1970s and 1980s, even though during the current boom, petro dollar bank flows tend to originate in countries like Russia, Libya, or Nigeria rather than in the Middle East. As one consequence, a fall in oil prices could yet again disrupt financing flows to emerging economies. Especially at risk could be countries that rely heavily on bank loans to finance external deficits, many of them in Emerging Europe.

Essay| August 01 1955 The Arab League States Harvey P. Hall Harvey P. Hall Editor, The Middle East Journal HARVEY P. HALL, since leaving government service in 1946, has been Editor of The Middle East Journal and Director of Publications for The Middle East Institute, Washington, D. C. In 1952-1953 he travelled widely in the Middle East while on a special assignment for the Ford Foundation. Before the war he was an instructor at both the American University o f Beirut, Lebanon, and Robert College, Istanbul, Turkey. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1955) 29 (168): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1955.29.168.97 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Harvey P. Hall; The Arab League States. Current History 1 August 1955; 29 (168): 97–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1955.29.168.97 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1955 by The Regents of the University of California1955 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Julia Kennedy Cochran Ed Kennedy's War: V-E Day, Censorship, and the Associated Press. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2012. 201 pp.This highly readable and informative memoir by Ed Kennedy, arguably the Associated Press's top foreign correspondent during World War II, spans a decade during which he covered the rise of fascism in Spain and Italy, war in Greece and the Balkans, and foreign affairs in the Middle East and North Africa, before circling back to the conti- nent where he served as the Associated Press's Paris Bureau Chief.As a member of an elite press corps invited to be the first to receive word of Germany's surrender, he hurdled over military censors and other journalists to have the news reported in the United States, defying military orders to wait. Kennedy's dispatch flooded the wires and resulted in bold headlines featuring his byline. Politics won out when Kennedy was stripped of his foreign reporting credentials. A firestorm of protests by jealous colleagues over the scoop, compounded by Kennedy's refusal to apologize for the leak to his boss, led to his firing by the Associated Press.Most of Kennedy's memoir, written just after the World War II but published for the first time in 2012, recounts in still-fresh and illuminating detail the challenges of reporting foreign affairs from three continents, all headed for another world war. The book's first four chapters carry readers through his early years in Paris, Spain, Italy, and the Balkans; chapters 5 through 7 focus on his years in the Middle East and North Africa; and chapters 8 through 10 cover his return to Italy and France. By any mea- sure, Kennedy was deeply informed on European affairs and an expert foreign affairs reporter by the time the United States entered World War II in 1941. By then, he was responsible for all A.P. reporting from the Middle East and North Africa and had been reporting on war in Europe and conflicts in French colonies for half a decade.A central theme of the book is the perpetual struggle Kennedy waged against the blunt instruments of wartime press credentialing, as well as actual and de facto censor- ship. Once the United States entered the war, the military cultivated reporters it could use to raise morale and function as the public relations arm of the war effort. Censorship blunted reports of the staggering consequences of combat and bombing, military blun- ders and atrocities. To a remarkable extent, reporters capitulated to requests to kill unfavorable news and instead write soft stories that did not require a foreign language, knowledge of war, or use of expert sources. …

This book provides an avenue for Americans in all walks of life to deepen their understanding of Middle Eastern peoples and their attitudes toward the United States and each other. The book creates contexts for readers struggling to understand current conflicts in the region- Iraq, Israel/Palestine as well as the dilemma of the Kurds. It is one of the few books containing an overview of contemporary Middle East culture and politics with balanced views from Jews and Muslims rarely contained in one volume, including: *Transcripts of Bin Laden's videotaped messages *Post-9/11 transcript of the Saudi Arabian ambassador's interview on Meet the Press *A round-up of Arab-American responses with self-criticism by a Muslim and an Israeli scholar Since September 11, 2001, much of the world has turned its attention to the Middle East, mostly with a string of questions. Who were these 19 terrorist hijackers all from the Middle East? Why did they attack the U.S - the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington DC.? What is there about the Middle East, if anything, that would lead these terrorists to believe they were martyrs in a holy war and would be given a special place in heaven? Through Middle Eastern Eyes attempts to answer these questions - and many more. The last five selections in the book deal specifically with 9/11 by presenting the views of Osama bin Laden, the relations to 9/11 throughout the Middle East, the agenda of radical Islamic fundamentalists and the response to this agenda by moderate Muslims. In addition, several other selections in the book deal with the tenets of Islam, its influence on people's daily lives, and the tug of war between traditional and Westernized values in the region. First published almost three decades ago, Through Middle Eastern Eyes attempts to bring to life the Middle East-a seedbed of history and religion, a hotbed of ethnic and religious conflict. Sources range from speeches and historical documents to autobiography, traditional and modern literature, and economic and political analysis.

The well-informed, frequently puzzled by foreign affairs, are sometimes even mystified by problems of the Middle East, an area of unusual volatility, controversy, and seeming unpredictability. Yet that area need not be less knowable than other regions. Actually, the Middle East may well prove to be more intelligible and predictable than most regions.There are, I admit, some genuinely puzzling s pects to the Middle East—one is the military ascendancy of a small and reputedly unmarital people over vast masses of war like people. But after several decades of unremitting hostility to Jewish political assertiveness in the Middle East, it is surely a suspension of rationality to suppose—as most of us seem to—that the atmosphere can be cleared by some semantic formulation.