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Iran–US relations – strained at the best of times since the 1979 Iranian revolution – have never been worse than during the past six years, due to the much more intense interaction between the two ...

OPEC ReviewVolume 16, Issue 2 p. 119-135 The energy supply and demand outlook in the Asia-Pacific region Dr Fereidun Fesharaki, Dr Fereidun Fesharaki Dr Fesharaki is Director and Dr Yamaguchi Research Associate, Resources Programmes, East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, US. This paper is a revised and shortened version of one presented at the Oil and Money Conference in Singapore in May 1991, sponsored by the International Herald Tribune and The Oil Daily Group.Search for more papers by this authorDr Nancy Yamaguchi, Dr Nancy Yamaguchi Dr Fesharaki is Director and Dr Yamaguchi Research Associate, Resources Programmes, East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, US. This paper is a revised and shortened version of one presented at the Oil and Money Conference in Singapore in May 1991, sponsored by the International Herald Tribune and The Oil Daily Group.Search for more papers by this author Dr Fereidun Fesharaki, Dr Fereidun Fesharaki Dr Fesharaki is Director and Dr Yamaguchi Research Associate, Resources Programmes, East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, US. This paper is a revised and shortened version of one presented at the Oil and Money Conference in Singapore in May 1991, sponsored by the International Herald Tribune and The Oil Daily Group.Search for more papers by this authorDr Nancy Yamaguchi, Dr Nancy Yamaguchi Dr Fesharaki is Director and Dr Yamaguchi Research Associate, Resources Programmes, East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, US. This paper is a revised and shortened version of one presented at the Oil and Money Conference in Singapore in May 1991, sponsored by the International Herald Tribune and The Oil Daily Group.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1992.tb00424.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume16, Issue2June 1992Pages 119-135 RelatedInformation

Chapter 1: Governance and Planning of Mega-City Regions: Diverse Processes and Reconstituted State Spaces Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Part I: Multi-Level Governance and Planning in Europe Chapter 2: The Polycentric Metropolis: a Western European Perspective on Mega-City Regions Sir Peter Hall Chapter 3: Innovations in Governance and Planning: Randstad Cooperation Willem Salet Chapter 4: Strategic Planning and Regional Governance in Europe: Recent Trends and Policy Responses Louis Albrechts Part II: Multi-Polity Governance and Planning in Federacy Chapter 5: Novel Spatial Formats: Megaregions and Global Cities Saskia Sassen Chapter 6: America 2050: Towards a Twenty-first Century National Infrastructure Investment Plan for the United States Robert D. Yaro Chapter 7: Mega-City Regional Cooperation in the United States and Western Europe: A Comparative Perspective Linda McCarthy Chapter 8: Regions of Cities: Metropolitan Governance and Planning in Australia John Abbott Chapter 9: The Upper Spencer Gulf Common Purpose Group: A Model of Intra - Regional Cooperation for Economic Development Jim Harvey and Brian Cheers Part III: State-Led Governance and Planning under Transition Chapter 10: Coordinating the Fragmented Mega-City Regions in China: State Reconstruction and Regional Strategic Planning Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Chapter 11: Spatial Planning for Urban Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta Chaolin Gu, Taofang Yu, Xiaoming Zhang, Chun Wang, Min Zhang, Cheng Zhang and Lu Chen John Abbott is a practicing metropolitan planner in South East Queensland, Australia. He was previously the Project Coordinator of the SEQ 2001 and SEQ 2021 regional planning projects. He teaches planning theory and metropolitan planning at the University of Queensland. He has analyzed metropolitan planning processes in South East Queensland, Greater Vancouver, and New York using concepts of planning as managing uncertainty. Louis Albrechts is Professor of Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His research interests include strategic spatial planning, sustainable development, and regional design, and he has published widely on these issues. He is the founder and co-editor of European Planning Studies, a corresponding member of the German Academy for Research and Planning, and a member of the Advisory Board of the global Research Network on Human Settlements. Brain Cheers is Research Professor Emeritus of Community Development and former Director of the Center for Rural and Regional Development at the Whyalla Campus of the University of South Australia. He is also Founding Director of the Northern Australia Research Institute and the Center for Social and Welfare Research at James Cook University. He has published four books, and many monographs and papers on rural and regional issues. Lu Chen is PhD candidate in Economic Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Chaolin Gu is Professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published sixteen books and over 260 articles on urban and regional planning, regional economics, and urban geography in China. He is the principal investigator of a number of projects on China's urban and regional development and planning. He is Vice President of the Chinese Geographical Association, and serves on editorial boards of many journals and academic councils. Sir Peter Hall is Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College London. He has received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for distinction in research, and is an honorary member of the Royal Town Planning Institute, which awarded him its Gold Medal in 2003. He holds fourteen honorary doctorates from universities in the UK, Sweden, and Canada. He received the 2005 Balzan Prize for work on the Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Beginning of the 16th Century. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the European Academy and President of the Town and Country Planning Association. He was knighted in 1998 and in 2003 was named by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Pioneer in the Life of the Nation at a reception in Buckingham Palace. Jim Harvey is Adjunct Professor of the Center for Rural Health and Community Development at the University of South Australia. His most recent publications have been on intra-regional cooperation in urban and regional development. He is currently the Australian Manager of an Australian Aid (AusAid) community development project in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua and New Guinea. Linda McCarthy is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and is also a certified planner. Her research focuses on urban and regional economic development and planning in the United States, Western Europe, and China. Her publications comprise books, book chapters, reports, and articles in peer reviewed journals such as Environment and Planning A, The Professional Geographer, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Journal of Planning Education and Research, and Land Use Policy. Willem Salet is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Amsterdam. He is also the President of the Association of European Schools of Planning. His research specializes in spatial planning and metropolitan governance, urban networks, and decision making in strategic urban projects. He coordinated various research projects on behalf of the European Union, national ministries, the National Scientific Foundation, and other stakeholders in the field of urban studies, and has published widely on regional planning and governance. Saskia Sassen is Robert S.Lynd Professor of Sociology of Department of Sociology and Member of the Committee on Global Thought, at Columbia University. Her most recent books are Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton University Press 2006) and A Sociology of Globalization (W.W.Norton 2007). Her books have been translated into sixteen languages. Her comments have appeared in Guardian, New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Newsweek International, and Financial Times, among others. She serves on several editorial boards and is an advisor to several international bodies. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Cities, and chaired the Information Technology and International Cooperation Committee of the Social Science Research Council (USA). Chun Wang is an urban planner in the Master Planning Department at Beijing Tsinghua Urban Planning and Design Institute. Jiang Xu is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Resource Management, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is a specialist in urban and regional issues, and is currently leading research projects in intercity competition and cooperation, as well as urban and regional governance in China. Dr. Xu has published widely on urban and regional development in leading international journals and is co-author with F. Wu and Anthony G.O. Yeh of Urban Development in Post Reform China: State, Market and Space (Routledge 2007). She was the recipient of the 2008 Research Output Prize of the University of Hong Kong. Robert Yaro is President of Regional Plan Association, America's oldest independent metropolitan policy, research, and advocacy group. He is also Professor of Practice in City and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania. He has taught at Harvard University and the University of Massachusetts. He co-chairs the Empire State Transportation Alliance and the Friends of Moynihan Station, and is Vice President of the Forum for Urban Design. He serves on Mayor Bloomberg's Sustainability Advisory Board, which helped prepare PlaNYC 2030, New York City's new long-range sustainability plan. Anthony Yeh is Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also Chair Professor and Head, Department of Urban Planning and Design, and Director, Center of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, University of Hong Kong. His main areas of specialization are in urban development and planning in Hong Kong and China, and the application ofaGIS in urban and regional planning. At present, he is Secretary-General of the Asian Planning Schools Association and Asia GIS Association. He is on the editorial boards of key international and Chinese journals, and has published over thirty books and monographs, and over 180 academic journal papers and book chapters. He received the 2008 UN-HABITAT Lecture Award for his outstanding and sustained contribution to research, thinking, and practice in the human settlements field. Taofang Yu is Lecturer, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published four books and about fifty articles on urban competition and the mega city-region. Cheng Zhang, is a certified urban planner, and is performing civil service at the Nanjing Urban Planning Bureau. He has published five articles on the mega city-region and the mega-project. Min Zhang is Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Nanjing University. She has published about 30 articles on urbanization, the megalopolis, and the global city-region. Xiaoming Zhang is PhD candidate, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published about six articles on the mega city-region and spatial regionalization.

With the rapid development of the oil and gas pipeline industry, parallel pipelines are increasingly constructed to minimize land use conflicts. Whenever a large diameter, high pressure gas pipeline is designed and constructed in an alignment that is parallel with an existing oil or petroleum products pipeline, pipeline operators focus is on pipeline safety. In the unlikely event that a catastrophic failure of one of the parallel pipelines occurs the minimum safe distance between the two pipelines is a critical factor for protecting the other pipeline facility. In this paper, four aspects which are pipeline construction, the explosion crater impact of high-pressure gas pipeline on adjacent oil pipeline, the particle velocity impact after high-pressure gas pipeline blasting on adjacent oil pipeline and non-joint cathodic protection interference between parallel pipelines, are respectively described in detail. Furthermore, the method of identifying safe distance is also discussed. And based on the study, the reasonable minimum safe distance between Zhongwei-Guiyang gas pipeline and Lanzhou-Chengdu oil pipeline is proposed.

Summary & ConclusionsThe use of composite pipelines has grown in recent years as an alternative to steel pipelines in the offshore oil and gas industry, due their excellent corrosion resistance and high specific strength. Among these developments, thermoplastic composite pipes have seen a recent rise in research and use due to their greater flexibility and impact resistance than traditional thermoset-matrix composites. To understand the performance of these materials in the field, studies have derived experimental, analytical, and theoretical estimates of the mechanical and thermal properties of TCP in dry conditions, but studies in wet or acidic environments are currently restricted to the empirical domain. As a part of ongoing work to predict behavior in these conditions, this study describes a method to predict the degradation of mechanical properties from one form of environmental degradation: diffusion of the transport fluid through the pipe wall. This process forms a gel layer at the interface between the pipe and fluid. The thickness of the gel layer and degree of stiffness reduction within the gel are taken as metrics for pipeline degradation. A test case of a polypropylene/E-glass fiber (PP/G) laminate pipe is presented to show the effects of this degradation on the pressure capacity of the pipe. It was found that as the gel layer thickness approaches that of the innermost ply, the internal pressure capacity is significantly reduced.

Feasibility study for wax deposition imaging in oil pipelines by PGNAA technique

The relationships between capital centralization, imperialism, and war are the subject of new research and a recent appeal for peace published in the Financial Times and Le Monde . Inspired by such contributions, we apply a computer-assisted textual analysis based on a Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers semantic approach to examine publications produced between 1900 and 2025 that investigate the links between ‘capital centralization’ and ‘imperialism’. The review shows that in the network obtained with Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers and elaborated with a block model, the topic communities related to the terms ‘imperialism’ and ‘capital centralization’ show the lowest level of semantic similarity. Thus, while the pioneering contributions extensively investigated the possible links between these two concepts, the relationship between them remained relatively unexplored in the subsequent period. A review of the relatively few works dedicated to this nexus aims here to evaluate the potentially current aspects worthy of further research. JEL codes : C11, D85, E32, E5, G34

This article deals with a key question for the future of journalism: the repercussion which new technologies are having on news quality. The authors compared digital and printed versions of five major European reference newspapers, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Financial Times, Le Monde, Corriere della Sera and El País throughout the first 3 months of 2013. The study provides specific data about the quality indices of each of these versions and confirms that there is a deterioration in news quality online. The average index obtained by the printed version is 6.06 out of 10, against 5.66 for the digital version, a difference of 40 hundredths. Finally, the work compares the 2013 results with those registered in the period 2001–2012 by these newspapers in their printed versions. Printed news quality shows greater stability.

Enbridge’s decision to formalize a Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) program has taken the organization through a journey from an informal/ad hoc practice to a rigorous, standardized, best-practice-based process with selected methodologies and tools being applied to all capital and operation projects in the company. This paper begins with a description of past hazard practices in the oil and gas pipeline industry in relation to the application of a hazard analysis. The oil and gas pipeline industry is governed by PHMSA, NEB, TSB, and provincial OHSA regulations, but is not regulated by OSHA or EPA RMP. Using this regulatory framework as a reference, a standard corporate PHA at Enbridge was developed and implemented. The paper describes the process, the methodologies, and the associated templates and tools. The implementation strategy is also discussed, including training deployment and communication plans. Finally, a road map for continuous improvement describes how to make the process sustainable by closing the current process gaps in relation to best practices and achieving a maturity stage of execution.

We present details of 'Mercury', a high-speed downhole communications system that utilizes the (metallic) wall of a gas or oil pipeline or a drill 'string' as the communications 'channel' to control or monitor equipment or sensors used in the oil industry. Conventional downhole communication systems typically use 'mud pulse' telemetry for 'Measurement While Drilling' (MWD) operations. Current mud pulse telemetry technology offers bandwidths of up to 40 bit/s. However the data rate drops with increasing length of the wellbore and is typically as low as 1.5 bit/s – 3.0 bit/s at a depth of 35,000 ft. – 40,000 ft. The system described, by contrast, offers data rates of several megabits per second over distances of many kilometres and uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) coupled with Wideband Frequency Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA). This paper presents details of our system; results of several trials undertaken on actual gas pipelines in the UK will be presented at the Conference.

Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals: Current Status and Future Projections

Carter Dougherty, As books go online, publishers run for cover, <em> International Herald Tribune </em> , October 8, 2006.

This mixed methods case study on the international newspaper coverage of women in the Tibetan riots in March 2008 analyses to what extent women are represented according to prevailing gender stereotypes in conflict news. The study largely confirms news media’s gender bias, in that news media hides women’s agency. Women are either not included in the studied 62 articles from International Herald Tribune, China Daily, and the Tibet Post International, or represented according to prevailing gender stereotypes, namely as passive feminine objects. Interestingly, Chi-square testing reveals that the Tibet Post International, an online newspaper run by Tibetan exiles, deviated from the general tendency by representing remarkably frequent images of active Tibetan women. Around one-third (32 percent) of the Tibet Post International’s articles included press photos featuring women and the clear majority (88 percent) of these images represented them as active. However, the qualitative part of the study tells that text associated with the newspaper’s images of active Tibetan women reduced these women’s perceived agency. When introducing text into the interpretation of these images, the women in many cases were turned into potential victims. This points out that text-image interaction is an often overlooked, yet integral part of assigning meaning in conflict news.

According to Michael Richardson in the International Herald Tribune, Singapore is suffering from ‘a Cultural Tug-of-War’ (29 Sep 88).

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. ‘Sanctions: History Lessons’, Economist, 19 October 2006. 2. David Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter: Are Humanitarian Costs an Essential Element in the Success of Sanctions? (Oslo: International Peace Research Institute and Norges Rode Kors, 2003), p. 4. 3. See for example Lucy Komisar, Journal of Commerce, 24 September 1991, p. 8A. 4. Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter, p. 21. 5. For one point of view on this issue, see ‘Iraq Sanctions: Humanitarian Implications and Options for the Future’, Global Policy Forum, 6 August 2002, at http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/sanction/iraq1/2002/paper.htm. 6. ‘In Slobodan Milosevic's Yugoslavia, Sanctions Virtually Fused the State with the Criminal Class’, Economist, 19 October 2006; see also Lektzian, Making Sanctions Smarter, p. 12. 7. See ‘Iraq Sanctions’, Executive Summary, section 2. 8. Arne Tostensen and Beate Bull, ‘Are Smart Sanctions Feasible?’, World Politics, vol. 54, April 2002, pp. 373–4. 9. Ibid., pp. 379–80. 10. ‘Iraq Sanctions’, p. 6.4. 11. Kofi Annan, Annual Report on the Work of the Organization (New York: United Nations, 1998), available at http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/Report98. 12. This story is well told in Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006). 13. This section is drawn from the very thorough discussion of Title III in the testimony of Herbert A. Biern, senior associate director, Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation, ‘The Bank Secrecy Act and the USA Patriot Act’, Before the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, 17 November 2004. 14. Ibid. 15. Peter A. Prahar, director of the Office of Africa, Asia and Europe Programs, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Department of State, Statement before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security, Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee, 25 April 2006, p. 12. 16. Steven R. Weisman, ‘The Ripples of Punishing One Bank’, New York Times, 3 July 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/03/business/worldbusiness/03bank.html. 17. ‘North Korean Accounts to Remain Frozen for Long’, Kommersant, 18 May 2007. 18. Prahar, Statement, p. 12. 19. For a useful discussion of the North Korea case, see Ruediger Frank, ‘The Political Economy of Sanctions against North Korea’, Asian Perspective, vol. 30, no. 3, 2006, pp. 5–36. 20. ‘U.S. Assumes Financial Risks in N. Korea Money Transfer-Lavrov-1’, RIA-Novosti, 20 June 2007. 21. ‘N. Korea Agrees to Start Talks on Closing Nuclear Reactor’, RIA-Novosti, 25 June 2007. 22. For an excellent review of US legislation and the intended investment targets, see Kenneth Katzman, ‘The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)’, Congressional Research Service, Order Code RS20871, US Library of Congress, updated 9 July 2007. 23. Ibid., p. CRS-2. 24. A full description of the sanctions negotiations in the UNSC through 15 May 2007 can be found in Kenneth Katzman, ‘Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses’, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32048, The US Library of Congress, updated 15 May 2007. 25. Elaine Sciolino, ‘Atom Work Expanding in Iran, UN Agency Says’, International Herald Tribune, 31 August 2007. 26. One example of this phenomenon is the ‘Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism’, which was launched by Presidents Bush and Putin at the time of the St Petersburg G8 summit in July 2006. The United States and Russia are co-leaders of this initiative, which has since attracted 51 partner nations. Media Note, ‘Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism: Joint Statement’, Office of the Spokesman, US Department of State, Washington DC, 12 June 2007. Additional informationNotes on contributorsRose GottemoellerRose Gottemoeller is Director of the Carnegie Moscow Center. Before joining the Endowment in October 2000, she was Deputy Under Secretary for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation in the US Department of Energy. Previously, she served as the department's Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation and National Security, and Director of the Office of Nonproliferation and National Security. She has written widely on arms control and non-proliferation topics.