Iraqi E-Voting System Based on Smart Contract Using Private Blockchain Technology

ABSTRACTThe current method of attendance recording can be done in various way. Ranging from conventional method that using a piece of paper, or more advanced technology such as finger print, face recognition, retina, RFID and using a QR Code. From several choices of attendance system methods, especially for recording student attendance, QR Code offers a cheap and effective solution. This is possible thanks to the use of smart phones that have become common needs, students bring their own ponsel pintar or known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). In this study, the camera feature is used to record attendance using the QR Code (Quick Response Code). The QR Code feature has become a hot topic especially in terms of dynamic publication of URL links such as payment transactions, login processes and attendance systems. By combining the QR Code and BYOD methods, it is expected that the attendance system can be done more cheaply and accurately compared to other methods. So that the attendance process becomes faster and more precise. This study also discusses more deeply the comparison of attendance methods and the attendance prototype design using the QR Code and BYOD.Keywords: Attendance Information System, Quick Response Code, BYOD.ABSTRAKProses absensi saat ini dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, mulai dari absen secara manual dengan menggunakan kertas, secara system dengan menggunakan finger print, face recognition, retina, menggunakan kartu RFID dan yang terbaru dengan menggunakan QR Code. Dari beberapa pilihan metode system absensi, terutama untuk system absensi mahasiswa di sebuah perguruan tinggi, QR Code merupakan pilihan tepat dan murah karena saat mahasiswa memiliki ponsel pintar dan mereka membawa sendiri ponsel pintarnya atau dikenal dengan istilah Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). Pada penelitian ini fitur kamera dimanfaatkan untuk melakukan pencatatan kehadiran dengan menggunakan QR Code(Quick Response Code). Fitur QR Code telah menjadi topik hangat terutama dalam hal publikasi dinamis tautan URL such as transaksi pembayaran, proses login dan system absensi. Dengan penggabungan metode QR Code dan BYOD maka diharapkan system absensi dapat dilakukan dengan lebih murah dan akurat dibandingan dengan metode lainnya. Sehingga proses absensi menjadi lebih cepat dan tepat. Pada penelitian juga dibahas lebih dalam mengenai perbandingan metode-metode absensi dan rancang bangun prototype system absensi dengan menggunakan QR Code dan BYOD.Kata Kunci : Sistem Informasi Kehadiran, Quick Response Code, BYOD.

Hospital is an organization that primarily provides services in the form of examination, treatment, medical treatment and other diagnostic measures required by each patient in the limits of the technology and the means provided by the hospital. So that patients get the maximum service, hospitals have to provide the best services, one of the services that are being highlighted is the queue system. This study proposed a queue control system at the hospital using a quick response code (QR Code) as verification of the patient's arrival that serves to speed up the administrative process and provide effective services, to facilitate the patient in terms of the queuing line (registration) at the hospital. The queue control system uses the website as a registration and database repository for patient data. This website has two kinds of display form, as a patient or a doctor. This kind of display is useful to speed up the administrative process, so that registration can be done at any time by the patient, with patient entering/filling data themselves and their complaints or medical records that are automatically available on the website, so that patients do not need to come to the hospital with a medical record. Furthermore, the website will filter the data entered by the patient as the patient's complaints, so that patients can choose the hospital that provides services for patients’ illness complaints which are also showing hospital addresses to facilitate patients in finding the location of the hospital. After the administration process on the website, the system will provide a QR Code as a form of verification for patients who have registered, with their data already exists in the database. When the patient arrives at the hospital, the patient only needs to scan the QR code that already exists, without taking care of the administration back because at the time the system gives a QR Code, indicating that patients already had a hospital destination along with the queue number. It is expected that the queue control system implemented at the hospital using a quick response code (QR Code) as verification of the patient's arrival, could speed up the administrative process to be more effective and efficient.

Elections are an essential part of citizens’ rights, and they are also conducted in universities and colleges to ensure transparent selection of ideal authorities while preventing identity fraud and information loss among voters. It is worth noting that Internet voting has gained significant attention in recent years, with many organizations worldwide planning to experiment with and implement it. To address these challenges, we propose VOTUM, a free fraud e-voting system that incorporates two authentication methods: facial recognition and one-time password (OTP). Additionally, the system employs two cryptographic algorithms to encrypt voters’ information throughout the voting process and generates a unique code to verify the successful casting of votes. VOTUM's design is creative, flexible, colorful, and animated, aiming to encourage students and professors to fulfill their civic duty by participating in elections. Through interviews conducted with 31 students and university professors, we achieved a 90% trust level and a 15% margin of error to assess satisfaction with transparency, trust, and user experience within the VOTUM system. The results indicated a satisfaction level of over 90%, showing the significant contribution of this research in enhancing trust and transparency in the voting processes of universities and colleges.

In the current situation, graphical illustrations are used in Digital clothing fashion. These clothing design specifications are built using computer technologies. In the internet world, the major challenges in fashion technology are forged products and untimely product delivery. Counterfeiting has always been a severe problem in the luxury goods business. To solve this issue, the proposed system authenticates the smart contract document for digital clothing design specifications based on the blockchain and QR code. Smart contracts are a set of simple self-executing codes or programs. It can run automatically when the predetermined conditions are met. It enables secure transactions and agreements to be completed without the need for centralised authority. Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger that makes it easier to record transactions and manage assets in a business network. QR codes are square-shaped matrices of dark or light pixels that are used to encode and retrieve data from computing devices more quickly. QR codes are used in a wide range of applications, from supply chain management to crypto wallet addresses. The proposed system has the following steps. Select the digital garment design specification file from the smart contract approved list. Verification authority checks whether the file has been approved file or not with the recorded blockchain data. After the verification process, a secure QR code is generated with the secret message. The generated QR code is included in the design specification file. This encoded file is uploaded to the IPFS (Interplanetary File System). This QR code symbol and a design specification file’s IPFS hash code are sent to the stitching section. This QR code is used to determine if the file has been tampered with or forged. The QR code is decoded by using the secret message and it displays the decoded product information. Finally, the downloaded data has been validated using the blockchain. This QR code encoding and decoding process experimented with the collected dataset which has 60 images. The action of the QR code analysed based on the with and without attacks.

Voting refers to the submission of an election or an opinion on a specific matter by expressing an intention on the ballot to a certain place. The existing voting method has the burden of counting time and cost. For this reason, research has been conducted to introduce an e-voting system. However, despite the advantages of e-voting, it is not widely used due to the risk of manipulation of voting results and various requirements. Recently, in order to reduce the risk of data manipulation, research is being conducted to apply the blockchain, a technology that guarantees data integrity, to e-voting. Blockchain guarantees the integrity of data, but has a weakness in secrecy. This paper applies the critical encryption technique to the blockchain and satisfies the requirements for voting such as verifiability, anonymity, fairness, non-reusability, competence, safety, transparency, and non-ticketing. We propose a system design and implementation method. The proposed blockchain-based e-voting system provides voter anonymity by issuing a voter certificate based on a blockchain address. The e-voting election monitoring committee generates a threshold group encryption key, and the proposed blockchain-based e-voting system guarantees confidentiality by a threshold group encryption algorithm during the voting process. The voting result is encrypted through a homomorphic encryption algorithm and stored in the blockchain. Thus, the released voting results ensure safety, confidentiality, transparency, and non-vote ticketing. In addition, the proposed blockchain-based e-voting system guarantees the unity and competence of voting through the blockchain’s smart contract.

Background As smart phones have been introduced and produced rapidly since November 2009, methods of communication have also varied. Social network services such as Twitter and Facebook have became available without any restraints in terms of time and space courtesy of mobile applications available through online services such as Apple’s Appstore. From individuals to business management, the way of sharing information is faced with a new turning point, and it is Quick Response Codes (QR codes) that have arisen in response to this new marketing trend. Methods This study analyzed advertisements in Korea and elsewhere that adopted QR code as an expressive marketing element between 2009 and 2012. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to analyze how different types of QR codes affect the effect of advertisements. Results An analysis of research results shows there is a difference between different types of QR codes. Especially, creative QR codes that are different from conventional square images and iconotype QR codes that directly expose the actual image related to the brand scored high in advertisement attention, favor, and participation. Further, logotype QR code that indicate the logo or symbol of the brand scored high in advertisement effect in comparison to general QR codes, but were less effective than other QR codes with different designs. Conclusion While previous studies excluded external factors of QR codes, this study analyzed the advertisement effect of QR codes that belong to the media so that it can provide a starting point for producers to study the role and utility of QR codes in the future.

Quick Response codes, or QR codes, are already commonplace in our daily lives. We can use them to scan products in stores, visit websites, and pay using mobile apps. Although the majority of people often engage with QR codes, very few are fully aware of the underlying mathematics. The mathematical concepts underlying QR codes are examined in detail in this paper, along with the patterns, algorithms, and data storage systems that enable them. QR codes are two-dimensional barcodes that store information in a matrix format. It was intended to scan data quickly and reliably, making it ideal for mobile applications. QR codes, unlike standard one-dimensional barcodes, can hold data horizontally and vertically. This capability enables QR codes to store substantially more data than regular barcodes. A QR code stores data as a pattern of black and white squares, each encoding a binary value (1 or 0). These patterns are organized in a grid arrangement, with three huge squares at the corners to help the scanner establish the code's direction. The remaining grid holds the actual data, which is encoded as tiny squares. The mathematics underlying QR codes include the use of several techniques for error correction, encoding, and compression, ensuring that data is stored effectively and retrievable even if the code is broken or hidden.

Security is very important everywhere, including in the campus environment. To provide security and comfort for those who park their vehicles, a parking application is needed that can provide vehicle security while undergoing academic activities on campus. QR code (Quick Response Code) is a technology for converting written data into a two-dimensional code, which is printed on a more compact medium capable of storing various types of data. The most common individual part used to identify a person is the face because it has the unique characteristics of everyone. Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) is a feature extraction used for face identification based on histogram of gradient orientation and gradient magnitude. This application is implemented using the Dlib library for facial recognition. The implementation of this method is expected to improve parking security and provide a record of parked vehicles. The results of testing the implementation of facial recognition methods into android applications show very satisfactory results. With the results of testing the QR code scanning accuracy of 100% and an accuracy of 90% for a 7% damage rate and an accuracy of 85% for a 15% damage rate, and the results of facial recognition testing of 90% on face photos wearing helmets and an accuracy of 92% on photo of face without helmet.

İlk olarak 1994 yılında üretim alanında kullanılmaya başlayan QR kodlar (Quick Response Code - Kare Kod) günümüzde mobil cihazların QR kod okuyucu olarak kullanımı ile hayatın birçok alanına (pazarlama, reklam, nesne tanımlama, ürün izleme vb.) yayılmıştır. Popülaritesi gün geçtikçe artan QR kodların bu denli sık kullanımına karşın, (i) kullanıcılar arasında herhangi bir güvenlik açığı algısı yaratmaması ve aksine merak uyandırması, (ii) QR koda kaydedilebilen veri miktarının azımsanmayacak kadar fazla (saldırı düzenlemek için yeterli) olması QR kodu saldırılara hedef haline getirmiştir. Zararlı kod çalıştırılması, güvenli olmayan web adreslerine yönlendirme, kullanıcıların gizliliğinin ihlal edilmesi gibi birçok güvenlik problemi ve riski mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada toplumsal yaşamda bireylerin QR kodların olası güvenlik zafiyetleri ve yaratacağı sorunlar hakkındaki farkındalık seviyelerinin tespit edilmesi üzerine Ankara ilinde bir sosyal deney yapılmıştır. Teknolojiyi takip eden ve yeni teknolojilere hızlı adapte olan genç nesil hedef kitle olarak seçilmiş, üç farklı QR kod (Sade, Talimatlı, Resimli) tasarlanarak afişler hazırlanmıştır. QR kod afişlerini taratanların yönlendirildiği çevrim içi anketten elde edilen veriler, kullanıcıların herhangi bir bilgi içermeyen QR kod afişlerini taratma motivasyonlarının esas olarak merak duygusundan ileri geldiğini göstermiş ve hedef kitlenin potansiyel tehditler ve kendilerini koruma yolları hakkında bilgi eksikliğine sahip oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.

This research paper concentrates on the concept of Digital Authentication using QR Code in Digital Education System. This paper aimed to provide a better solution to the Digital Security. There are two challenges of the work i.e. first one is to explore the usability of QR Code in general life and second is to incorporate QR Code technology with an educational document for security to avoid duplicity. The literature review is done to synthesis digital encoding and decoding technique as well as basics of Bar Code and QR Code. The implementation of QRC (Quick Response Code) for verification is presented where web environment, programming logics, and URL embedding are discussed. The result analysis and testing of experiment are done in the sense to get best quality of QR Code though the information embedded should not affected and the QR Code must easily be decoded the embedded information from common tools. The goal of this research paper is to explore and analyze the best image under the testing of Error Correction Level and Matrix Point Size parameters by calculating the PSNR and MSE values for QR Code images with different image file format (PNG and JPG). The calculated values are compared and the final conclusion of the work found which state that the PNG image with Error Correction Level-L and Matrix Point Size 1 are the best to generate quality QR Code. The testing and result are presented which state that the QR Code is the best way to compose the identical information of any entity to quickly figure out the originality.

The use of electronic voting is gradually replacing the traditional one. However, the issue of creating an honest and reliable electronic voting system is still open. Creating a reliable e-voting system that meets all security requirements is a difficult task. The paper presents an electronic voting system based on the principle of blind intermediaries using multiple ballots. The basic requirements for systems are described: eligibility, fairness, individual verifiability, universal verifiability, vote-privacy, receipt-freeness, coercion-resistance, vulnerable software/hardware resistance. Blind intermediaries allow you to exclude the user’s vote from communicating with any authentication data. The principle of multiple ballot casting allows verification of the correctness of the ballot without the use of evidence with zero disclosure, as well as ensures compliance with other requirements for electronic voting systems. The system architecture is described, and the components involved in the voting process are described. The voting process is described, consisting of several stages: preparation, voting, counting of results. Cryptographic protocols are used, which are used for data transfer between system components. The compliance with the security requirements of the system is justified.

Visual secret sharing is a secret sharing scheme where the decryption requires no computation. It has found many applications in online transaction security, privacy protection, and bar code security, etc. Recently, researches have indicated that combining visual secret sharing with the widely used Quick Response code may provide additional security mechanism to online transaction. However, current methods are either pixel-based, which requires high computational complexity or module-based, which sacrifices error correction capability of the original Quick Response code. Designing module-based visual secret sharing for the Quick Response code without sacrificing error correction capability is a challenging problem. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a (3, 3)-threshold visual secret sharing for Quick Response code scheme that fully explores the extra freedom provided by color visual secret sharing and color stacking. The binary secret Quick Response code is encoded into color shares. By stacking all the three shares, a binary color Quick Response code can be reconstructed. After the inherent pre-processing steps in a standard Quick Response code decoder, the original binary secret Quick Response code can be completely reconstructed. Thus, the original error correction capability of the Quick Response code is fully preserved. Theoretical analysis shows that the visual secret sharing for Quick Response code is secure under the condition that the computational device available to the attacker is limited to a decoder for standard Quick Response code. Experimental results verify that the secret Quick Response code cannot be reconstructed from just one share or any two shares. However, it can be 100% reconstructed once the three shares are stacked. The proposed visual secret sharing for Quick Response code is module-based, and it does not sacrifice the error correction capability. Furthermore, No extra pre-processing steps other than the standard Quick Response code decoder are required.

كما تشير" ليلى عبد العزيز زهران"(2006م) إلى أن الهدف العام للتربية الرياضية للمرحلة الثانوية هو الإرتقاء بمستوى الأداء الحركى للطالب من خلال أنشطة رياضية موجهة تحقق النمو المتكامل المتزن بدنياً ومهارياً وإدراكياً وإنفعالياً وتطوير مهاراته فى الأنشطة المختارة وفقا لميوله واستعداداته وتشجيعه على استمرار ممارسته فى الوقت الحر بما يؤهله لقطاع البطولة . ( 20: 91) ومن خلال عمل الباحثون لاحظوا أنه لايوجد كتب مطبوعة للطلبة بل يقتصر علي عرض المعلم لصور ورسومات أثناء الشرح (إن وجدت) مما يترتب عليه صعوبة ادراك التلاميذ لمقرر الجمباز العديد من الاجزاء العملية من خلال القراءة أو الاطلاع علي الصور والرسومات فقط وخاصة أن مقرر ( الجمباز الفني ) يحتوي علي العديد من المهارات العملية التي تحتاج الي توضيح وأداء نموذج للمهارة فقد يلجأ المعلم الي عرض بعض المصادر الرقمية مثل عروض الفيديو ومواقع الانترنت أو اي أنشطة أخري بهدف دعم الطلاب وهذا ضمن أجزاء الدرس والتطبيقات العملية وهذا يستغرق وقتا طويلا ومجرد عرض تلك المصادر الرقمية أثناء الدرس غير كافي . ومن هنا تطرق الباحثون الي تصميم برنامج تعليمي مدعم برمز الاستجابة السريع وخاصة بعد أن أثبتت العديد من الدراسات أهمية استخدام رمز الاستجابة السريع في العملية التعليمية ، حيث انها تساعد في إثراء العملية التعليمية والمفاهيم المجردة وتدعيمها بفيديوهات وأنشطة وأمثلة متعددة ومتنوعة ومختلفة ، وذلك من خلال عملها كويسط تكنولوجي يربط بين المراجع العلمية ورقيا والوسائط المتعددة المعدة مسبقا ، حتي تستطيع الطالبة الاستعانة به داخل الدرس من خلال مشاهدة طريقة الاداء للمهارة والخطوات التعليمية أكثر من مرة وفقا لقدراتها ، وكذلك الاستعانه به أيضا خارج الحصة ووقت التمرين والمذاكرة أي يمكن الاستعانة به في أي وقت وأي مكان .

Voting is a cornerstone of democracy, enabling individuals to choose their leaders and influence decisions shaping their communities and future. Traditional voting systems, however, face numerous challenges, such as long queues, paper-based inefficiencies, and security vulnerabilities. To address these issues, blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative solution, leveraging its decentralized and secure infrastructure. This paper presents a blockchain-based e-voting system aimed at enhancing accessibility, security, and efficiency. By utilizing the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts, the system ensures transparency, immutability, and tamper-proof vote recording. Furthermore, the integration of AI-powered facial recognition technology reinforces identity verification, guaranteeing that only authorized voters participate. Comprehensive testing, including simulations and stress analyses, confirms that the proposed model enhances the voting process by offering a secure, user-friendly, and reliable digital platform. This research highlights the potential of combining blockchain and AI to modernize voting systems, fostering trust and inclusivity in democratic processes. This paper introduces a blockchain-based e-voting system that simplifies the voting process while ensuring maximum security and trust. By using the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts, votes are recorded and verified securely, leaving no room for manipulation. To make the system even more robust, AI-powered facial recognition is integrated to confirm voter identity, ensuring only eligible individuals can participate. The system has been tested extensively to ensure it’s not only secure but also easy to use, providing a seamless experience for voters. This combination of blockchain and AI has the potential to revolutionize voting, making it fairer, more inclusive, and efficient for everyone.

With the widespread use of smart devices, a huge volume of data is generated every day, which is helpful for device user and device enterprises. However, the data generated by the smart device contains the user’s privacy, and the data is easy to be modified, forged, which requires a suitable scheme to protect the privacy of the data seller, the authenticity of the data, the fairness during the data trading process. In order to solve the problems, we design a novel fair and verifiable data trading scheme by combining hash function, signature, oblivious transfer, smart contract and private blockchain. The hash function is used for data integrity, the signature is used for the source of the data, the oblivious transfer is used for data verification, the smart contract is used for the encryption key trading, and the private blockchain is used as a ledger for the verification record, trading record and user reputation. The performance analysis shows that our scheme has enough features to help users complete data trading, and our scheme provides an extra function, the reputation record of users to reduce the possibility of user being deceived. The security analysis shows that our scheme provides IND-CCA security, anonymity, and has the capability of resisting collusion attack and data seller fraud. The fairness and practicability of the scheme are verified by simulation.