Math Behind QR Codes: Understanding Patterns and Data Storage

ABSTRACTThe current method of attendance recording can be done in various way. Ranging from conventional method that using a piece of paper, or more advanced technology such as finger print, face recognition, retina, RFID and using a QR Code. From several choices of attendance system methods, especially for recording student attendance, QR Code offers a cheap and effective solution. This is possible thanks to the use of smart phones that have become common needs, students bring their own ponsel pintar or known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). In this study, the camera feature is used to record attendance using the QR Code (Quick Response Code). The QR Code feature has become a hot topic especially in terms of dynamic publication of URL links such as payment transactions, login processes and attendance systems. By combining the QR Code and BYOD methods, it is expected that the attendance system can be done more cheaply and accurately compared to other methods. So that the attendance process becomes faster and more precise. This study also discusses more deeply the comparison of attendance methods and the attendance prototype design using the QR Code and BYOD.Keywords: Attendance Information System, Quick Response Code, BYOD.ABSTRAKProses absensi saat ini dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, mulai dari absen secara manual dengan menggunakan kertas, secara system dengan menggunakan finger print, face recognition, retina, menggunakan kartu RFID dan yang terbaru dengan menggunakan QR Code. Dari beberapa pilihan metode system absensi, terutama untuk system absensi mahasiswa di sebuah perguruan tinggi, QR Code merupakan pilihan tepat dan murah karena saat mahasiswa memiliki ponsel pintar dan mereka membawa sendiri ponsel pintarnya atau dikenal dengan istilah Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). Pada penelitian ini fitur kamera dimanfaatkan untuk melakukan pencatatan kehadiran dengan menggunakan QR Code(Quick Response Code). Fitur QR Code telah menjadi topik hangat terutama dalam hal publikasi dinamis tautan URL such as transaksi pembayaran, proses login dan system absensi. Dengan penggabungan metode QR Code dan BYOD maka diharapkan system absensi dapat dilakukan dengan lebih murah dan akurat dibandingan dengan metode lainnya. Sehingga proses absensi menjadi lebih cepat dan tepat. Pada penelitian juga dibahas lebih dalam mengenai perbandingan metode-metode absensi dan rancang bangun prototype system absensi dengan menggunakan QR Code dan BYOD.Kata Kunci : Sistem Informasi Kehadiran, Quick Response Code, BYOD.

Hospital is an organization that primarily provides services in the form of examination, treatment, medical treatment and other diagnostic measures required by each patient in the limits of the technology and the means provided by the hospital. So that patients get the maximum service, hospitals have to provide the best services, one of the services that are being highlighted is the queue system. This study proposed a queue control system at the hospital using a quick response code (QR Code) as verification of the patient's arrival that serves to speed up the administrative process and provide effective services, to facilitate the patient in terms of the queuing line (registration) at the hospital. The queue control system uses the website as a registration and database repository for patient data. This website has two kinds of display form, as a patient or a doctor. This kind of display is useful to speed up the administrative process, so that registration can be done at any time by the patient, with patient entering/filling data themselves and their complaints or medical records that are automatically available on the website, so that patients do not need to come to the hospital with a medical record. Furthermore, the website will filter the data entered by the patient as the patient's complaints, so that patients can choose the hospital that provides services for patients’ illness complaints which are also showing hospital addresses to facilitate patients in finding the location of the hospital. After the administration process on the website, the system will provide a QR Code as a form of verification for patients who have registered, with their data already exists in the database. When the patient arrives at the hospital, the patient only needs to scan the QR code that already exists, without taking care of the administration back because at the time the system gives a QR Code, indicating that patients already had a hospital destination along with the queue number. It is expected that the queue control system implemented at the hospital using a quick response code (QR Code) as verification of the patient's arrival, could speed up the administrative process to be more effective and efficient.

İlk olarak 1994 yılında üretim alanında kullanılmaya başlayan QR kodlar (Quick Response Code - Kare Kod) günümüzde mobil cihazların QR kod okuyucu olarak kullanımı ile hayatın birçok alanına (pazarlama, reklam, nesne tanımlama, ürün izleme vb.) yayılmıştır. Popülaritesi gün geçtikçe artan QR kodların bu denli sık kullanımına karşın, (i) kullanıcılar arasında herhangi bir güvenlik açığı algısı yaratmaması ve aksine merak uyandırması, (ii) QR koda kaydedilebilen veri miktarının azımsanmayacak kadar fazla (saldırı düzenlemek için yeterli) olması QR kodu saldırılara hedef haline getirmiştir. Zararlı kod çalıştırılması, güvenli olmayan web adreslerine yönlendirme, kullanıcıların gizliliğinin ihlal edilmesi gibi birçok güvenlik problemi ve riski mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada toplumsal yaşamda bireylerin QR kodların olası güvenlik zafiyetleri ve yaratacağı sorunlar hakkındaki farkındalık seviyelerinin tespit edilmesi üzerine Ankara ilinde bir sosyal deney yapılmıştır. Teknolojiyi takip eden ve yeni teknolojilere hızlı adapte olan genç nesil hedef kitle olarak seçilmiş, üç farklı QR kod (Sade, Talimatlı, Resimli) tasarlanarak afişler hazırlanmıştır. QR kod afişlerini taratanların yönlendirildiği çevrim içi anketten elde edilen veriler, kullanıcıların herhangi bir bilgi içermeyen QR kod afişlerini taratma motivasyonlarının esas olarak merak duygusundan ileri geldiğini göstermiş ve hedef kitlenin potansiyel tehditler ve kendilerini koruma yolları hakkında bilgi eksikliğine sahip oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.

Background As smart phones have been introduced and produced rapidly since November 2009, methods of communication have also varied. Social network services such as Twitter and Facebook have became available without any restraints in terms of time and space courtesy of mobile applications available through online services such as Apple’s Appstore. From individuals to business management, the way of sharing information is faced with a new turning point, and it is Quick Response Codes (QR codes) that have arisen in response to this new marketing trend. Methods This study analyzed advertisements in Korea and elsewhere that adopted QR code as an expressive marketing element between 2009 and 2012. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to analyze how different types of QR codes affect the effect of advertisements. Results An analysis of research results shows there is a difference between different types of QR codes. Especially, creative QR codes that are different from conventional square images and iconotype QR codes that directly expose the actual image related to the brand scored high in advertisement attention, favor, and participation. Further, logotype QR code that indicate the logo or symbol of the brand scored high in advertisement effect in comparison to general QR codes, but were less effective than other QR codes with different designs. Conclusion While previous studies excluded external factors of QR codes, this study analyzed the advertisement effect of QR codes that belong to the media so that it can provide a starting point for producers to study the role and utility of QR codes in the future.

This research paper concentrates on the concept of Digital Authentication using QR Code in Digital Education System. This paper aimed to provide a better solution to the Digital Security. There are two challenges of the work i.e. first one is to explore the usability of QR Code in general life and second is to incorporate QR Code technology with an educational document for security to avoid duplicity. The literature review is done to synthesis digital encoding and decoding technique as well as basics of Bar Code and QR Code. The implementation of QRC (Quick Response Code) for verification is presented where web environment, programming logics, and URL embedding are discussed. The result analysis and testing of experiment are done in the sense to get best quality of QR Code though the information embedded should not affected and the QR Code must easily be decoded the embedded information from common tools. The goal of this research paper is to explore and analyze the best image under the testing of Error Correction Level and Matrix Point Size parameters by calculating the PSNR and MSE values for QR Code images with different image file format (PNG and JPG). The calculated values are compared and the final conclusion of the work found which state that the PNG image with Error Correction Level-L and Matrix Point Size 1 are the best to generate quality QR Code. The testing and result are presented which state that the QR Code is the best way to compose the identical information of any entity to quickly figure out the originality.

In 1994 a squared two-dimensional barcode was invented by Toyota Company which changed and speed up the concept of tracking and identification. They chose its name QR which stands for Quick Response code. Quick Response codes can convey data such as show a geographical location, make a phone call, link to a simple text, link to a website or template email, access to a portable document format (PDF), display an image, link and download a specific application on a mobile device or Wi-Fi login. Academic journal leaders should notice that QR code as a unique shaped matrix code is increasingly being used by prestigious publishers and scientific journals. But has been ignored by eastern scientific journals and academic institutes for many years. As the author checked all English Iranian journals, no Iranian academic publication or publisher has and uses QR code or even barcode on their websites or on their journal covers till 16 Dec 2019. In this review, the author aimed to explore the use of QR codes specifically for academic publications, identify perceptions towards their use and any information that has been encountered during implementation.

4SQR-Code: A 4-state QR code generation model for increasing data storing capacity in the Digital Twin framework

QR code beautification by instance segmentation (IS-QR)

QR code, a kind of two-dimensional barcode, is used as shortcuts from physical media to online information in addition to object recognition purpose. However, QR code has become visually unpleasant with the global popularization of QR code. This paper proposes a method to decorate QR code by arranging module (black and white cell) patterns to be similar to a target image. The proposed method takes a hierarchical approach; upper layer solver using Cooperative Evolution by User and System (CEUS) arranges input images, i.e., location, pose, and scale to form the target image, and lower layer solver based on greedy search controls module pattern of QR code according to the target. A QR code designed by the proposed method completely satisfies QR code specifications and has visual meaning for human. Unlike the previous work controlling module patterns by codewords, the proposed method controls module patterns by modules without being influenced codeword region shape. In addition, CEUS allows users to obtain the most desirable solution with less manual operation.

With advances in QR code, mobile is becoming one of important channels in the fashion retail industries. This study attempts to understand the importance of QR code utilization in creating multi-channel business model. Study objectives are to classify types of multi-channel retailing by QR code utilization and to explore the role of QR code technology in strategic marketing elements for types of multichannel retailer. As an exploratory approach, a total of 78 news articles regarding QR code issues were reviewed and analyzed by focusing on 48retailers seleted in this study. The results found seven dimensions of QR code marketing strategies: abundant product information, additional information contents, transaction accessibility, connectedness to channels, location based service, loyalty program and multimedia advertising. Based a combination of channels and level of mobile apps' activation, multichannel retailers utilizing QR code technology were classified into four types; bricks-click-active mobile model, bricks-click-inactive mobile model, bricks-click model, and click-active mobile model. There were differences of using QR code marketing strategies among multichannel models. According to results, for bricks-and-mortar retailers, QR code was critical to integrate shopping experience with merchandise or sales promotions across channels. In addition, for non-store retailers, the QR code utilization was successful in expanding mobile channels, which can promote retail sales by a two-way interaction with customers via the mobile apps.

QR (Quick Response) codes are frequently used with progress of the Internet and introducing the QR decoding function in the cellular phone. A bar code shows an individual identification number (ID) by this number fundamentally. As the amount of information encoded by one-dimensional bar codes is limited, two-dimensional bar codes have been developed. This paper presents the dotted picture or image multiplexing method over the QR coding and the evaluation of the redundancy characteristics of the QR coding. Then, the animation method of image QR code is presented. The prototype of the QR Editor for making the QR code with the dotted pictures or image has been developed and the dotted pictures reading characteristics are confirmed by the cellular phone barcode reader.

What Make Sport Spectators Scan Quick Response Code? Application of Technology Acceptance Model to MLB Attendees Geumchan Hwang, Kyu-soo Chung Abstract Mobile marketing has become a powerful tool to attract consumers. In terms of delivering customized messages to a specific segment, one of the most effective technologies is Quick Response code. QR code enables sport organizations to develop diverse marketing activities online. The purpose of this study is to reveal the behavioral patterns of sport consumers in scanning QR codes. Using Major League Baseball spectators in a Midwestern area, the study carries out a self-administered survey; a total of 175 samples were collected. To uncover sport consumers’ behavioral patterns concerning scanning and to identify attributes that influence intentions to scan sport-related QR codes, the study employs hierarchical regression analysis. The hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that important attributes that affect sport consumers’ intentions to scan sport-related QR codes were ease of use, sport fanship, content attractiveness, and attitude toward new technology. This study suggests that to attract sport consumers’ intentions to use sport-related QR codes, mobile marketers should offer them simple and instant benefits with appropriate name, size, and location of QR codes. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jpesm.v2n2a7

Kotka is a collection management system (CMS) developed by the Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus) and used by all major institutes with natural history collections in Finland. It is one of the primary data sources of the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility through which the data managed in Kotka is distributed (species.fi). Kotka is designed to allow flexible development of new tools to support collection management practices. This paper describes some of the tools included in Kotka. Label designer Printed labels have traditionally been used to store and display data about specimens. In modern collection informatics their role in connecting specimens to electronic data and in collection and data curation is emphasised. Requirements for the labels are changing rapidly and different types of specimens have completely different label designs. To give the collection managers an option to design suitable labels to meet their needs, we have created a WYSIWYG (What You See is What You Get) label designer (Fig. 1). It allows users to pick desired data fields and arrange them on the label, adjust styles and sizes, and generate HTTP-URI identifiers with QR Codes (Quick Response Codes). The label designer can be used with a modern web browser or as a standalone desktop application, on both Windows and Mac. It is open source and can be integrated with other applications by using it as an Angular module or as an custom element to any site. The label designer serves both scientific natural history collection managers and amateurs managing private collections. At Luomus the tool is used both in the Kotka CMS and in the Notebook system for species occurrence records. Annotations As collections are increasingly used and managed digitally, the traditional means of quality control and data improvement are no longer sufficient. We have developed tools which allow e.g. external researchers and citizen experts to review specimen data online at species.fi (species.fi), and annotate the data by evaluating its quality, propose and/or change species identifications and include comments. The annotations are delivered to collection managers who can then use them to update and improve the specimen data at the primary data source. QR Code reader Modern specimen labels often include specimen identifiers such as QR Codes or barcodes. To improve collection management efficiency, we have made a QR Code reader application, which allows collection managers to read these codes and display specimen data quickly on a handheld device (e.g. mobile phone) or a desktop computer with a web camera. The application is open source and can be configured to connect to any system utilizing HTTP-URI identifiers.

Quick Response Code, abbreviated as QR code, is a two dimensional matrix which is extensively used both in the automotive industry and the general commercial applications currently. Compared with traditional barcodes, QR code is prevalent for its enormous information capacity and efficient error correction mechanism. Moreover, the standard QR codes possess a high decode rate at the expense of the aesthetic appearance. With an intension to resolve the contradiction, we propose a novel aesthetic QR code generation method. Differing from previous works, which mainly rely on the error correction mechanism, we first enhance the contrast of the background image so that more modules can be eliminated after initial threshold based module elimination, while maintaining the readability and demonstrate visual information to customers simultaneously. User interaction can be further adopted to delete modules as customer required using error correction mechanism.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the expansion and extension of the traditional network. It is a network that connects goods and objects, which has been widely used in today's social development process. It occupies an important position in various industries. The emergence of the Internet of Things has greatly improved the refinement level of human management. The QR code (Quick Response Code) is a part of the perception layer of the IoT, which belongs to the perception and recognition technology of the IoT. The QR code not only brings convenience to users but also becomes the carrier and disseminator of malware, phishing, and other attacks. Therefore, it is of great significance for the security of the IoT to understand the potential threats of the QR code, analyze its potential attack methods, and put forward defense plans. This paper briefly introduces the basic characteristics of the QR code, as well as some attack methods and potential threats against the QR code, and put forward some preventive measures from both technical and non-technical aspects. The technical aspect includes the combination of cryptography and the introduction of third-party management. The non-technical aspects are discussed at the national and individual user levels.