Issues and Maintenance of Photo-Voltaic cell based system

The peculiarity of the operation of solar photovoltaic power plants is the dependence of the generation power on weather conditions, which leads to the maximum production of electrical energy at noon hours of the day. Due to a decrease in electricity consumption, insufficient unloading capacity of pumped storage power plants in the integrated energy system of Ukraine and the specifics of electricity production at solar photovoltaic power plants, dispatching restrictions on the level of generation power are already taking place. To transfer volumes of electrical energy in the world, electrical energy storage systems are used, which operate based on lithium-ion storage batteries. Such systems have a number of advantages over other battery energy systems, which allows their implementation in almost any power generation facility. With the help of energy storage systems, it is possible to make a profit through the purchase of electric energy during a period of low prices and its release during a period of high prices, allowing consumers to save money on its payment. In this paper, we simulate the use of a battery energy storage system for storing electrical energy to transfer excess electrical energy from a solar photovoltaic power plant. To conduct a study and identify excess capacity of a solar photovoltaic power plant, the daily schedule of electrical load is equalized to the capacity of a separate power plant Because of the study, the optimal time for charging and discharging the battery was determined, from which it can be seen that the need to transfer excess electricity to a solar photovoltaic power plant occurs at lunchtime, and their discharge at the peak is the graph of the electrical load of the power system. The aggregate operation of a solar power plant with a total installed capacity of photovoltaic power at the level of 10 MW (DC) and a battery energy storage system for accumulating electric energy with a capacity of 3.75 MWh was simulated. For the study day, the required capacity of a battery system for accumulating electric energy at the level of 1.58 MW was determined. Using the methodology of the levelized cost of electricity and storage, a technical and economic assessment of the transfer of excess capacity of a solar photovoltaic power plant using a battery system for storing electrical energy was carried out. When calculating the cost of storage, the cost of the transferred electrical energy from the solar power plant was taken into account. From the results of technical and economic calculations, it can be seen that, in terms of the cost of equipment, as of 2020, the cost of supplying excess electrical energy from the battery energy storage system is growing when compared with the supply from a solar photovoltaic power plant. Taking into account some forecast assumptions, the cost of electricity supply from the battery energy storage system was calculated for the mode of transferring excess capacity of a solar photovoltaic power plant for 2025 and 2030 years. Keywords: modeling, power system, load demand curve, solar photovoltaic power plant, electric energy storage system, cost

The article discusses the experience of using an induction meter of electrical energy in power supply systems with a network solar power plant connected in parallel to the centralized network. Amendments to Federal Law No. 35-FZ “On the Electricity Industry” of December 27, 2019, which determine the relevance of the construction and operation of grid solar power plants in Russia, have been studied. The block diagram of an experimental solar power plant (SPP) is presented. An experimental network solar power plant has been developed and tested, which makes it possible to assess the possibility of using this type of power plant in rural areas of the central Chernozem region, in a private courtyard. The calculation of the characteristics and the selection of brands of the main components used in the installation of the station, including an induction meter of electric energy, were made. The authors analyzed the consumption of electrical energy from a centralized electrical network without using a solar power plant and during its operation according to the readings of an electric meter. On the basis of the analysis carried out, conclusions were drawn about the reduction of electricity consumption from the centralized network during the operation of a network solar power plant. The operating modes of the electricity meter generated by the solar power plant, the consumption of electricity from the centralized network and the load of the consumer of electrical energy are described mathematically. The relationship between the direction of the current flowing through the counter, the magnetic fluxes induced on the counter disk and the direction of rotation of the disk is described on the basis of mathematical relationships. The authors draw conclusions about the possibility of using induction meters of electrical energy in parallel operation of solar power plants with a centralized network as devices for offsetting consumed and supplied electricity to the network.

Unique Challenges in the Design and Operation Philosophy of Solar Thermal Power Plants

The construction and operation of large solar power plants (SPPs) and the dependence of their production on light and other meteorological factors leads to a strong dependence of the operation modes of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol power system on meteorological factors. Today, given that the share of solar power plants is about 30% of the total installed capacity, it is necessary to solve the problems that have a great impact on the power system operating modes. With large output capacity of the solar power plant, the operator has to give commands to turn off the generating equipment of thermal power plants. In power systems with a large share of solar generation, it is necessary to solve this problem by improving the generated power predicting methods, as it will reduce the dependence of operating modes on weather factors and increase the reliability of the power system. The paper discusses the use of hybrid predicting methods that imply taking into account the possibility of the weather scenarios simulation, advanced cloud-based image processing technology, and close-to-real-time cloud motion surveillance cameras. There was an experimental software created that selects coefficients of set configuration time series. In combination with the conservative methods, it makes predicting the SPP Perovo output more accurate. Taken together, the chosen methods of predicting solar power generation capacity in the power system of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol ensure not only stability of the power system as a whole, but also the maximum efficiency of power plants, allow to accelerate the integration of solar power plants into the power system, and have positive effects on the environment.

Design, commissioning and operation of a mini hybrid parabolic trough solar thermal power plant for direct steam generation

Dynamic modelling and validation of pre-combustion CO2 absorption based on a pilot plant at the Buggenum IGCC power station

Modeling performance characteristics is essential for the design and optimal operation of solar power plants. However, due to the influence of various factors on the performance of solar panels and data changes over time, determining an exact relationship between output power and weather conditions is still challenging. In this chapter, a hybrid method based on genetic programming will be presented for accurate modeling of solar power plant characteristics, which includes two steps. First, three points of open-circuit voltage, maximum power point, and short-circuit current are modeled as functions of atmospheric conditions. For this purpose, by using the modeling process based on genetic programming, relationships with high fit will be obtained for these three points in terms of cell temperature and radiation. Then, with the help of these equations, the voltage–current characteristics are modeled based on the circuit analysis methods and without the need for factory data. To evaluate the modeling for a 3 kW solar power plant, and based on the results, the effectiveness of the proposed method will be shown.

With the view to minimize the energy crisis due to the ever depleting non-renewable energy resources, this research aimed to apply nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of solar energy power plant – a renewable energy resource. According to literature Concentrated Solar Power Plant system requires heat transfer fluid (HTF) for proficient working. This research reports the synthesis of novel, efficient heat transfer fluid doped with nano sized particle including carbon nanotubes and metal oxide i-e copper oxide. This nano heat transfer fluid (NHTF) has very low melting point in comparison to conventionally prepared molten salt mixture for heat transfer purpose which typically have high melting point characteristically 140°C or higher. Most prominently this NHTF has enhanced thermo-physical properties including high thermal stability and high specific heat capacity. These properties ensures effective increase in thermal energy storage (TES) which is a key factor in solar thermal power plant and make it broad range operating heat transfer fluid.

Solar power plants can be photovoltaic and concentrated thermal. Photovoltaic solar power plants are much more widespread and with much higher total installed power. The paper presents the good and bad effects on the environment of solar photovoltaic power plants. Good impacts are less air pollution due to reduced use of fossil fuels, reduced impact on global warming due to reduced carbon dioxide generation due to reducing the use of fossil fuels and less water used, due to avoiding its use in thermal power plants. The main negative impacts are the loss or change of habitat conditions for plants and animals, the use of hazardous materials (chemicals) in the production of photovoltaic panels and possible soil erosion. Other bad impacts are the creation of carbon dioxide during production, transportation, installation, maintenance, dismantling and recycling and the consumption of a large amount of electricity in the production of photovoltaic panels, which are offset by the subsequent use of solar photovoltaic power plants in the sense that electricity is produced without the creation of carbon dioxide. Additional bad impacts are at the place of electricity production of solar photovoltaic power plants in terms of possible changes in the local microclimate by increasing the temperature and changing the air flow.

The Solar One Pilot Plant successfully demonstrated the feasibility of solar central receiver power plants. During its operating years many data were collected regarding the efficiency and availability of the various plant systems. The author summarizes these statistics and compares them with goals developed by the Department of Energy. On the basis of this comparison, design and operation improvements are recommended. >

During the operation of solar and wind power plants, it is necessary to solve issues related to the guaranteed capacity of these plants, as well as the frequency stabilisation in the power system where they operate, and maintain an operating mode of self-sufficiency conditions. One of the solutions to these problems is the use of energy storage systems. This article proposes a mathematical model for the study of frequency and power regulation processes in power systems with distributed generation, which includes renewable energy resources and energy storage systems. The novelty of the model lies in the possibility of determining energy cost indicators based on instantaneous energy power data. The model allows us to estimate the conditions under which distributed generation becomes self-sufficient. The results of the model calculations of two variants of power system operation, which includes wind generators with a capacity of 1500 MW, demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to accurately reproduce the dynamics of the frequency stabilisation process. The calculation results of the energy-economic indicators of a real power system combined with a powerful subsystem of wind generation and a battery-type energy storage system prove the competitiveness of self-sufficient renewable energy power plants.

A path to sustainable development goals: A case study on the thirteen largest photovoltaic power plants

Günümüzde, gelişen teknoloji ve artan nüfusla birlikte enerji talebi de hızla artmakta olup mevcut kaynakların bu talebi çok kısa bir süre daha karşılayabileceği bilimsel bir gerçektir. Ayrıca artan nüfus yoğunluğu ve enerji talebine bağlı olarak karbon salınımlarının artması, hava kirliliği ve iklim değişikliğine neden olmaktadır. Bu tür çevresel etkilerin yaşanmaması ve dünya genelinde sürekli artan enerji talebinin karşılanması adına çevreci ve temiz bir enerji kaynağı olan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı neredeyse bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle arazi ve çatı üzeri güneş enerji santrali kurulumları dünya genelinde hızla artmaktadır. Çatı üzeri güneş enerji santrali kurulumlarında çok önemli iki kıstas bulunmaktadır. Bunlar çatı statiği (yük taşıma kapasitesi) ve çatı izolasyonudur. Bu iki kıstas sağlanmadan çatı üzeri güneş enerji sistemi tesis edilmemelidir. Tesis edilecek güneş enerji santralinden kaynaklı çatıya gelecek ekstra yükler, yapılacak statik hesaplarla analiz edilmeli ve bu hesaplar sonucuna göre kurulum yapılmalıdır. Ayrıca çatı üzeri kurulum yapılmadan önce çatılarda izolasyon sorunu olup olmadığı kontrol edilmelidir. İzolasyon sorunu var ise bu durumun santral kurulumu öncesinde giderilmesi gerekmektedir. Hidayet Türkoğlu Spor Kompleksinde tesis edilen doğu-batı yönelimli güneş enerji santralinin tasarımı açıklanmıştır. Güneş enerji santrali tasarımı yapılırken kullanılan başlıca simülasyon programlarından bahsedilmiştir. Doğu-batı yönelimli güneş enerji santrali kurularak mevcut alanda güney yönelimli bir santrale göre birim alanda daha fazla güneş enerjisinden faydalanabilineceği simülasyon sonuçlarıyla ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca aynı güçlerdeki güney yönelimli ve doğu-batı yönelimli santrallerin simülasyonları yapılarak üretim değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bunula birlikte 2016’da kurulan 169 kWp doğu-batı yönelimli mevcut güneş enerji santralinin veri kayıt ve izleme sisteminden alınan gerçek zamanlı üretim değerleri simülasyon sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Hidayet Türkoğlu Spor Kompleksi’nde tesis edilen 169 kWp kurulu güce sahip çatı üzeri doğu-batı yönelimli optimizerli güneş enerji santralinin 2016 yılındaki toplam maliyeti 850.00 TL+KDV ve elektrik birim fiyatı 0,43 TL/kWh’tir. Söz konusu fiyatlar baz alınarak yapılan maliyet analizine göre 169 kWp güneş enerji santralinin yatırım geri dönüş süresi 15,7 yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Santralin kurulumundan bu yana günümüze kadar geçen sürede gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte sistemin yatırımının yarısından fazlasını oluşturan güneş panellerinin maliyeti dünya genelinde %30’a varan oranda düşüş yaşamıştır. Ancak güneş paneli fiyatlarında yaşanan bu düşüş son dönemde ülkemizde artan döviz kurlarından dolayı ciddi oranda hissedilememiştir. Söz konusu sistem günümüzde 750.000 TL+KDV güncel bedel ile kurulabilmektedir. Güncel maliyet ve güncel elektrik birim fiyatı 0,82 TL/kWh baz alınarak yapılan maliyet analizine göre söz konusu güneş enerji santralinin yatırım geri dönüş süresi 6,7 yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bununla birlikte aynı sistem özelliklerine sahip ve aynı alanda kurulabilecek 110,5 kWp kurulu güçteki güney yönelimli güneş enerji sisteminin, 2020 yılına göre güncel maliyeti 515.000 TL+KDV’dir. Güncel sistem maliyeti ve elektrik birim fiyatı baz alınarak yapılan maliyet analizine göre söz konusu güneş enerji santralinin yatırım geri dönüş süresi 6,5 yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. 2020 yılına göre 169 kWp kurulu güce sahip doğu-batı yönelimli bir güneş enerji sisteminin maliyeti 750.000 TL+KDV olurken 110,5 kWp kurulu güçteki güney yönelimli güneş enerji sisteminin maliyeti 515.000 TL+KDV olmaktadır. İlk yatırım aşamasında 169 kWp kurulu güce sahip doğu-batı yönelimli güneş enerji sistemi, 110,5 kWp kurulu güçteki güney yönelimli güneş enerji sistemine göre 235.000 TL+KDV daha fazla maliyetli olmaktadır. Doğu-batı yönelimli sistemlerin yatırım geri dönüş süreleri ekvatora yakın bölgelerde daha kısa olmaktadır.

The emerging negative effects of non-renewable fuels have compelled many nations to promote using Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Because it is affordable and readily available, solar power is among the RES that has achieved acceptance globally. Solar energy is, however, infamously unpredictable. This is why research fields that involve predictive analysis continue to have a considerable demand for improving the accuracy of global solar radiation prediction. Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have been quite helpful, researchers are still developing algorithms that can produce the least amount of prediction errors. This paper presents a successful improvement in estimating solar irradiance using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The input dataset used consisted of historical Cape Town meteorological data collected at five different horizons. Results obtained show that LSTM performed better than the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model, with an nRMSE value of 2.4 percent at 5-minute intervals of prediction. It is suggested that the real-time application of these findings to the operation of solar power plants in the study location produce reliable electricity for the consumers.

In the recent times, the rooftop solar photovoltaic power plants have become quite popular. This paper presents relevant findings of the survey of solar power plants carried out in and around Amravati, a district place in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra State in India. Seventeen different plants were visited time and time again over the year and data related to installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and monthly billing by the electricity distribution company is collected. Findings are presented in the form of systematic studies to clearly bring out a picture about power generated by rooftop solar power plants. The effect of dust and proper cleaning on the performance is examined. The detailed study on the payback period is made and important observations with regard to the capacity of plant, the incentives claimed and the actual consumption of user is included.