La tributación familiar

The study empirically tests whether regional differences in personal taxes (Personal Income Tax, Wealth Tax, and Inheritance and Gift tax) have had some influence on the decision of the richest Spanish taxpayers to change their residence. The estimates use the Personal Income Tax (IRPF) Panel database provided by the Ministry of Public Finance. The study offers evidence that regional tax differences affect the decision to change residence of the top income taxpayers and also that this decision is also affected by other attractiveness and opportunity factors offered by the regions, and by certain characteristics of the individuals. However, the marginal effects are very slight, except for the coefficient of the variable showing regional differences in IRPF: If the difference between average regional IRPF rates increases by 10 percentage points in favour of the other regions, the probability of a top 1% taxpayer changing its residence increases by 11.2 percentage points. The study also documents the importance of the Community of Madrid in the relocation decisions of rich taxpayers. Finally, the study finds that the behaviour of taxpayers aged 65 years and over in the top 1% does not seem very different from that of all taxpayers in the same income bracket.

The personal income tax is the main budget-forming tax, which plays a significant role in the redistribution of personal income and ensuring budget adequacy. Due to this tax, the state has the opportunity to influence the level of income and savings of citizens, it is a social regulator. The objective of the paper is to form a mechanism for collecting personal income tax in Ukraine and to study the fiscal efficiency of personal income tax and to determine the main directions of personal income tax reform. The paper considers the mechanism of personal income tax collection, which is based on the Tax Code of Ukraine and the main elements of the taxation system. It is proved that the tax system of Ukraine is characterized by instability, fiscal orientation with a limited and poorly developed regulatory function. The foreign experience of personal income taxation, tax rates and features of taxation is investigated in this paper. In foreign countries, tax rates are progressive. First of all, it should be noted that wages make up most of the income of individuals, and sometimes it is the only source of income. Taking into account the fact that Ukraine does not apply progressive personal income tax rates, this causes social injustice. It is proposed to use the concept of marginal income and not to tax income in the form of wages in the amount of the minimum amount set for each year. One of the important aspects of reforming the tax system of Ukraine is the introduction of a single reporting on personal income tax and a single social contribution filed by tax agent. It is proposed to declare income and disclose information about the property status of all individuals for the previous year. This will help to control and compare the payment of personal income tax with other tax reports and fill the state budget. Establishing a tax culture of taxpayers and their cooperation with fiscal officials requires some time, during which they must actively carry out explanatory work by fiscal officials and implement a system of preventive measures against tax evasion or concealment of income, and then apply a strict system penalties to the payer. According to this system the payer is unprofitable to hide income, as the fine exceeds its size. These measures will not only ensure the implementation of the regulatory but also the fiscal function of the tax.

Despite rising federal income tax rates, verging on pre-emption of the income tax field during the war years,' state governments have been able to report a gradual increase in personal and corporate income tax revenue since 1933. State income from this source has risen from $153 million in 1932 to $1,084 million in 1948. The income tax has bettered its position in relation to all other state taxes. In 1932 income tax collections contributed 8 per cent of the total state tax revenue; by 1948 personal and corporate income taxes provided 14 per cent of total state tax revenue (including the unemployment compensation tax). A partial explanation for the increase in revenue derived from income taxation is the fact that 13 states adopted personal or corporate income taxation or both between 1933 and 1938.2 The steady growth of the national income since 1933, however, is primarily responsible for the advance in state income tax collections. It is against this background of rising national income that the comparatively insignificant role of the state income tax and the growing federal domination of the income tax field are most sharply revealed. (See Chart 2.) Any analysis, therefore, of recent trends of state income tax revenue must of necessity take into account the relationship to the federal income tax. In striking contrast to federal income tax experience the increase in state income tax since 1933 has barely kept pace with the growth of the national income. In fact, from 1942 to 1945 state income tax collections declined in relation to national income payments. Downward revisions of the personal income tax contributed to this relative decline of state income tax revenue. Confronted with treasury surpluses during the war, several state legislatures acceded to demands for tax relief in view of the mounting federal income tax rates. New York led the way with a 25 per cent personal income tax reduction in 1942. West Virginia and South Dakota repealed their personal income tax laws in 1943. In the same year the Wisconsin state legislature failed to extend the temporary 60 per cent surtax on individual income; California and Oregon reduced personal rates substantially; and Iowa and Maryland decreased the taxpayer's liability by granting liberal tax credits.3

There are five major Supreme Court precedents related to inheritance and gift taxes for 2022. In this article, the above five precedents were divided into facts, issues, the position of the Supreme Court, and the significance and evaluation of the judgment in chronological order.
 First of all, the Supreme Court's ruling on March 11, 2022, on whether to invalidate the enforcement ordinance related to Article 41 (1) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, reaffirmed the position of the Supreme Court's ruling of 2015Du45700 on April 20, 2017 and the Supreme Court's decision of 2019Du35695 on September 9, 2021. The above judgment is valid in that the scope of gifts through corporations is limited through interpretation. However, it is necessary to review whether it is right to follow the materiality and clarity test of the illegality of administrative disposition.
 Second, the Supreme Court's ruling on the taxation and additional tax on the deeming property registered in name of another person to have been donated related to the acquisition of new stocks on September 15, 2022 is about the legal interpretation of the old tax and gift tax law in which the gift tax payer was in principle a trustee at the time of title trust. The target judgment judged that the case in which the title truster acquired new shares as collateral and transferred them under the same person's name, but before the transfer was made, the case in which the loan was repaid with the sale price of the existing title trust shares was not different. From the perspective of sanctions on the total amount of property that is difficult to grasp by title trust, it must be judged as the subject judgment. In addition, it was confirmed for the first time that the subject judgment should be based on the name trustee to determine whether the additional tax is imposed based on the taxpayer. If the above logic is applied to the current tax increase law, it should be judged based on the title truster who is liable for tax payment.
 Third, the Supreme Court's 2022Du33712 ruling on the scope of cancellation of disposition on May 26, 2022 reaffirms the previous precedent (Supreme Court March 28, 1997) that only the portion exceeding the legitimate tax amount should be canceled if the lawsuit for cancellation of the tax disposition exists. It is reasonable in that there is no need to appeal again for parts that exceed the legitimate tax amount.
 Fourth, the Supreme Court's ruling on November 10, 2022, 2020Du52214 is a precedent on whether to recognize self-gifts related to Article 45-3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (before amended by Act No. 13557 on December 15, 2015). The above ruling is the first case in which the donor and the recipient cannot be said to be the same, even though the controlling shareholders of the beneficiary corporation are shareholders of a related corporation at the same time. Given that agenda regulations that are disadvantageous to taxpayers need to be interpreted in a limited way, it is necessary to review whether the above judgment is correct.
 Finally, the Supreme Court's decision on December 29, 2022 on the method of calculating gift profits according to the comprehensive exchange of stocks followed the previous precedent (the Supreme Court's decision on March 29, 2018) that gift taxes should be levied by applying Article 42 (1) 3 of the former Inheritance Tax Act. In addition, the target judgment clarified the application of Article 31-9(2)5(b) of the Enforcement Decree of the former Inheritance Tax Act (before amended by Presidential Decree No. 20621 on February 22, 2008), which is the basis for calculating the gift property value of a company that becomes a full subsidiary due to stock exchange.

The Korean civil law contains a contradiction that it approves the liquidation of property formed during marriage as shared property while a separate property system is the legal property system. Additionally, the strict gift tax assessment on inter－spousal property transactions conflicts with the tax exemption for property division during divorce. According to current laws and precedents, a tax benefit for property division during marriage is granted only if the couple chooses the community property system. However, due to the incomplete legislation on community property, it is practically not being activated. Applying rigorous gift tax on financial transactions between spouses in a situation that the separate property system is inconsistent with the reality of marital property relations is not in line with the principles of substantive taxation. This study aims to point out the issues in the gift tax for financial transactions between spouses based on the judgment of the Korean Supreme Court(September 10, 2015, 2015Du41937) and propose improvements. Specifically, this study discusses the conflicts and inconsistencies between laws regulating financial transactions between spouses in connection with the separate property system, real －name financial transaction system, and property division claim system, and then proposes legislative improvements on the provisions regarding the gift estimation for borrowed－name deposits in the gift tax. Furthermore, this study proposes the fundamental improvements on the problems in the inheritance and gift tax system related to the free transfer of property between spouses from the perspective of setting the income tax assessment unit and the legitimacy of inheritance tax. For cash transactions between spouses, it is reasonable not to apply the legal principles of the gift estimation but to handle them according to the general burden of proof principle. In other words, the tax authority must prove the fact of tax requisition because the principle of experience that financial transactions between spouses can be considered as a gift is not recognized. The judgment of the Korean Supreme Court is significant in pointing out the gap between law and reality when applying the separate property system and gift estimation provisions strictly. Respecting the intention of the precedents, this study suggests excluding gift estimation for financial transactions between spouses through legislation. In the short term, there is a need to legislate amendments excluding gift estimation on borrowed－name deposits for financial transactions between spouses that do not aim to evade tax, compulsory execution and legal restriction. For this purpose, it is necessary to restrict the strict application of the separate property system to gift estimation taxation for financial transactions between spouses where there is a significant inconsistency with reality. In the long term, a revision of the income aggregation taxation and the overhaul of the inheritance and gift tax system between spouses are required to align with the reality of marital relations and achieve fair taxation.

This study aims to propose comprehensive improvements to tax policy in response to the significant social changes brought on by serious demographic shifts resulting from low birth rates and an aging population. Population structure changes can trigger economic downturns, erode national competitiveness, and even pose existential risks to the nation, making it imperative for the government to implement proactive strategies. A key tool in these national response measures is tax policy. Specifically, this study seeks to offer integrated solutions for six major tax categories－corporate tax, income tax, value－added tax (VAT), property tax, local taxes, inheritance tax, and gift tax－to address demographic changes effectively. To date, South Korea has employed various piecemeal tax measures to counter low birth rates and aging trends, but the effectiveness of these approaches has been limited. This research underscores the insufficiency of minor tax credits and emphasizes the necessity of a long－term, comprehensive tax strategy to effectively address demographic transitions. The findings of this study are as follows. First, corporate tax should be restructured to enhance competitiveness, with a focus on simplifying tax brackets and tax bases, implementing a reasonable tax rate, and aligning tax structures with new industrial transformations. Second, income tax reforms should include adjustments to tax systems and bases, a shift to a household－based tax unit, and the introduction of inflation－indexed tax schemes. Third, VAT reform requires a tax rate increase, improvements in exemption rules, and revisions to the simplified tax scheme. Fourth, property tax should be adjusted by switching to a household－based tax unit and introducing measures to reduce the tax burden on elderly taxpayers. Fifth, local tax policy should be refined to promote competitiveness through the integration of local governments into larger administrative units. Sixth, inheritance and gift taxes should be restructured to promote economic circulation, with a focus on abolishing taxes on spousal inheritance and gifts and indexing deductions to inflation. Lastly, to avoid distortions in elderly taxpayers’ economic and fiscal decision－making, tax policies must be carefully adjusted. This study recommends establishing a “Committee on Population Structural Change”, involving tax experts to devise and coordinate tax policies that directly support 1) economic growth and positive economic cycles, 2) policies to support higher birth rates, 3) support measures for the elderly, and 4) policies that encourage broader workforce participation, including that of women and foreign workers.

Everyone is aware of the federal income tax. What many do not realize is that federal estate tax may have a bigger impact than the income tax. While the income tax decreases take-home pay, the estate tax threatens job creation, business growth, and family harmony. This article examines the impact of the federal estate taxes and reviews several studies which indicate that the estate tax has a deleterious impact on capital accumulation, business growth, job creation, and federal tax revenues.

Norway’s dual income tax system achieves high levels of revenue collection and income redistribution, without overly undermining economic performance and while paying attention to environmental externalities. It treats capital and labour income in different ways: capital income is taxed at a single low rate, while labour income is taxed at progressive rates. However, effective tax rates on savings vary widely across asset classes. The favourable treatment of owner-occupied housing relative to financial savings should be reduced, preferably by taxing imputed rents at the standard 28% statutory rate. The wealth tax implies very high effective tax rates on savings, indicating that it either gives rise to tax avoidance or significantly inhibits growth. The government should investigate the issue and, if the growth-equity trade-off is too unfavourable to growth, phase out or lower the wealth tax. To restrain tax avoidance by the wealthy, the base of the gift and inheritance tax should be broadened. Overall, the reform package recommended in this paper would improve the allocation of capital and increase work and investment incentives. It could be designed to be broadly neutral in regard to income redistribution and public revenue.

Fiscal StudiesVolume 10, Issue 1 p. 32-40 Reforming the Taxation of Capital Gains, Gifts and Inheritances BILL ROBINSON, BILL ROBINSON The author is a member of a Working Party of tax practitioners and economists set up by IFS to consider issues in capital taxation under the chairmanship of Malcolm Gammie of Linklaters and Paines. The other members of the Working Party are Michael Devereux, Michael Kell and Charles Wookey (IFS); Michael Keen (Essex University) and Jonathan Leape (London School of Economics); John Avery Jones (Speechly Bircham), Dick Esam, Edward Troupe (Simmons and Simmons) and David Wainman (Ernst and Whinney). The article draws freely on the ideas expressed in the latest report of the Capital Taxes Group (1988). Responsibility for any errors rests with the author.Search for more papers by this author BILL ROBINSON, BILL ROBINSON The author is a member of a Working Party of tax practitioners and economists set up by IFS to consider issues in capital taxation under the chairmanship of Malcolm Gammie of Linklaters and Paines. The other members of the Working Party are Michael Devereux, Michael Kell and Charles Wookey (IFS); Michael Keen (Essex University) and Jonathan Leape (London School of Economics); John Avery Jones (Speechly Bircham), Dick Esam, Edward Troupe (Simmons and Simmons) and David Wainman (Ernst and Whinney). The article draws freely on the ideas expressed in the latest report of the Capital Taxes Group (1988). Responsibility for any errors rests with the author.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1989.tb00336.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume10, Issue1February 1989Pages 32-40 RelatedInformation

Income inequality in America has run a full circle, and has now touched or even exceeded the dizzying heights of income recorded in 1928 before the Geat Depression of 1929. On the other hand, the middle class has beeon undergoing a relentless economic squeeze since 1974. The median family income has literally been stagnant for almost half a century. Stagnant incomes do not fully reflect the decline in the standard of living of most Americans. Facing job insecurity, rising health-care costs, the massive $1.75 trillion college loan debt, credit has become a palliative of the middle class to address the deeper anxieties of downward mobility. Many are unable to fulfill the "American Dream" because they cannot afford the middle class standard of living: having a good job, being able to retire in security, owning a home, having affordable health care, and a better future for their children. In 2017, an American CEO's pay went up 361-times the median pay of a worker-by far the widest gap in the world. Because of an incentuous relationship between Washington and Wall Street, we have a tax code that has been hatched to reward wealthy individuals and corporations. For the first time Trump's tax cuts helped billionaires pay less than the working class. America appear as if they were generated in offshore tax havens-with minimal or no taxes. Thus by using such a clever maneuver, multinationals are able to avoid paying an estimated $90 billion in federal income taxes each year, Encouraged by the Friedman doctrine, the 1970s represented a turning point when America took a sharp www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/jepf

Personal income tax is an important redistribution tool, its redistribution effect has been concerned by all walks of life. Using CHIP2018, this paper calculates and analyzes the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform plan in 2018, and finds that: The comprehensive taxation can raise the average tax rate, progressivity and redistribution effect of personal income tax; The rise of the standard of basic deduction, six special additional deductions, and the change of tax rate structure raise the progressiveness of personal income tax, but reduce the average tax rate and thus weaken the income redistribution effect of personal income tax; The comprehensive income tax will enhance the impact of basic deduction of expenses, six special additional deductions and the change of tax rate structure on the redistribution effect of individual income tax income; Under the joint action of the reform measures, the progressivity of individual income tax has risen as a whole, but the average tax rate of individual income tax and redistribution index have shown a sharp decline, both of which decreased by more than 50%. Using the household survey data of the year of reform, this paper comprehensively investigates the income redistribution effect of the personal income tax reform, which enriches the research on the redistribution effect of the new round of personal income tax reform.

We study attitudes towards the introduction of hypothetical new taxes to finance the cost of the COVID-19 pandemic. We rely on survey data collected in Luxembourg in 2020. The survey asks for the agreement of respondents over: a one-time net wealth tax, an inheritance tax, a temporary solidarity income tax, and a temporary increase in VAT. All questions include different and randomly assigned tax attributes (tax rates and exemption amounts). We find a clear divide with relatively high support for new wealth and inheritance taxes on the one hand and a low support for increases in VAT and income taxes on the other hand. While 58% of respondents agree or strongly agree with a one-time tax levied on net worth, only 24% are in favor of a small increase in VAT. Support for any tax is however negatively associated with the size of the tax as measured by the predicted revenues. Our results indicate that a one-time wealth tax could raise substantial revenues and still garner public support.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10797-022-09744-y.

The study provides an empirical analysis of tax impact on selected macroeconomic aggregates in Spain from 1996 to 2016. The objective of this research is to determine how tax forms effect on macroeconomic framework of Spanish economy. The analysis includes the impact of direct taxes such as personal income tax, corporate income tax and tax on property as well as social contributions. On the other hand, gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, inflation, investment and government expenditures are selected as the main macroeconomic determinants and present dependent variables in defined models. Results of defined model show that tax revenue growth, personal income tax, tax on property and social security contributions significantly affects the gross domestic product per capita. Further, personal income tax and corporate income tax have a significant impact on unemployment, investment and government expenditures. Findings show that the intensity of personal income tax' effect is higher on investment and government expenditures compared to corporate income tax. In addition, present tax structure does not have a significant effect on inflation, which can be explained by fact that indirect taxes are more related to inflation than direct taxes.

Learning Objectives In this chapter, we will learn how to calculate personal income taxes. We then talk about different types of investment income and how they are taxed. Finally, we explore a few ways to minimize the amount of taxes that we have to pay. The Logic of Income Tax Calculations In this section, we describe how income taxes are determined in Canada. Generally, income taxes in other countries follow a similar logic. In Canada, income taxes are assessed at both the federal and provincial levels. You are required to file a tax return in a given (tax) year if for that year you are a resident or a deemed resident of Canada with income above a certain level. Whether or not a person is a resident of Canada is determined by many factors. These factors include the amount of time spent in Canada in that year, ownership of a residence in Canada, and having relatives, bank accounts, and/or other social and economic ties to Canada. Except for residents of the province of Quebec, which administers its own personal income tax collection, Canadians file their tax return using a combined form in which both levels of taxes are calculated. As with most countries, Canadian incomes taxes (both federal and provincial) are determined using the following three steps: Figure out your total income from all sources. In Canada, you have to report income earned from every source, domestic or foreign. From this, you subtract deductions that are allowed by the tax laws, to arrive at a taxable income . You then apply (federal and provincial) tax rates to your taxable income. The result is the total tax amount. Finally, you subtract tax credits from your total tax to arrive at the amount of tax payable.

In the thirty years since the end of real socialism, Bulgaria has gone from having a rather radically ‘different’ tax system to adopting flat-rate taxation with marginal tax rates falling from figures as high as 40% to 10% for both the corporate and personal income tax. Crucially, the econometric forecasting models in use at the Bulgarian Ministry of Finance hinted at an increase in tax revenue compatible with the so-called ‘Laffer curve’. Similarly, many economists held the view that revenues should increase. However, reality fell short of those expectations based on forecasting models and rooted in mainstream economic theory. Thus, this paper asks whether there are better-performing forecasting models for personal and corporate income tax revenues in Bulgaria that are readily implementable and overperform the ones currently in use. After articulating a constructive critique of the current forecasting models, the paper offers readily implementable, transparent alternatives and proves their superiority.