Lay Catholic societies in twentieth century Britain

Introduction: British Business in the Twentieth Century: What Sort of Decline, What Sort of 'Renaissance'? 1. Strategic Games, Scale, and Efficiency, or Chandler goes to Hollywood 2. Industrial Policy in Twentieth Century Britain 3. Business in the Regions: From 'Old' Districts to 'New' Clusters? 4. Elites, Entrepreneurs, and British Business in the Twentieth Century 5. Invisible Entrepreneurs? Women and Business in Twentieth Century Britain 6. From a Solution to a Problem? Overseas Multinationals in Britain during Economic Decline and Renaissance 7. British Management since 1945: 'Renaissance' and Inertia, Illusions and Realities 8. Not 'Decline and Revival': An Alternative Narrative on British Post-War Productivity 9. Marketing Management in Britain: What Is the Evidence for 'Failure'? 10. British Retail Banking in the Twentieth Century: Decline and Renaissance in Industrial Lending 11. The Decline and Renewal of British Multinational Banking 12. Back to the Future: The Aircraft and IT Industries in Britain since 1945 13. Industrial Research and the Employment of Scientists in British Industry before the 1970s 14. Increasing Value? Modern British Retailing in the Late Twentieth Century 15. Predicting, Providing, Sustaining, Integrating? British Transport Policy since 1945 16. The Film Industry in Twentieth Century Britain: Consumption Patterns, Government Regulation, and Firm Strategy 17. British Sport Transformed: Sport, Business, and the Media since 1960 18. Ethics, Religion, and Business in Twentieth Century Britain

Reviewed by: Psychological Subjects: Identity, Culture, and Health in Twentieth-Century Britain John W. Stewart Mathew Thomson . Psychological Subjects: Identity, Culture, and Health in Twentieth-Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. vi + 330 pp. $110.00 (ISBN-10: 0-19-928780-5; ISBN-13: 978-0-19-928780-2). Mathew Thomson has established himself, in a number of groundbreaking and justly praised publications, as one of Britain's leading historians of mental health and mental deficiency. In the work under review he has built upon and expanded his earlier research to produce what he describes as "a study of the shifting character of psychological thought and practice in twentieth-century Britain" (p. 289). As this suggests, his book is not therefore an institutional or intellectual history of psychology, although it has much to say of significance for these fields; rather, it deals with how, and to what extent, psychology permeated both elite and popular culture and thought. This is done, for the most part, through a series of carefully chosen case studies. For example, Thomson discusses the popularity of psychology with the working-class Plebs League in the interwar period. The range of psychological thought recommended to Plebs League readers was eclectic; one reading list, for instance, embraced Freud and Adler, as well as British psychologists such as William McDougall (p. 151). This brings out an important point about this book—namely that, especially but not exclusively at the popular level, twentieth-century Britons took what they wanted from psychological thought without for the most part following one particular school. In turn, this alerts us to one of Thomson's central claims: that the "Whiggish" story of Freudianism progressively gaining hold is, at the very least, in need of qualification. Continuity was as important as change, and in any event, competing psychological theories and practices also influenced British society at various levels and to varying degrees. If continuity was important, so too was the relationship between psychology and social and moral values, some of which were likewise of long-standing significance in British society. The working-class autodidact of the early part of the twentieth century who read psychology did so in part with the aim of self-improvement. In the same period, but dealing with a very different section of society, Thomson shows how elite doctors, and then the medical profession more generally, saw in psychology the possibility of "a return to a more holistic approach within medicine" and thus away from a strictly materialist outlook (p. 196). In a different historical context, and again with a different "audience" in mind, post-1945 psychology had much to say about child rearing and education—although, as is rightly pointed out, this too was a phenomenon with a long pedigree. As will already be evident, this is a work with an extraordinarily impressive range and intellectual command of its materials. Aside from the points noted above, Thomson also, among other things, forces us to rethink the significance or otherwise of the "new" psychology of the early part of the century, and of the actual impact during and after the First World War of "shell-shock." It is, of course, the sign of an outstanding historical work that it leaves the reader wishing for more. For example, the author makes some interesting but too-brief comments about psychology and social work; this is a much underexplored issue, with particular significance attaching to the setting up by the London School of Economics of [End Page 218] its Diploma in Mental Health in the late 1920s. Similarly, there has been a lot of important work recently on the psychologizing of homosexuality, which might have been engaged with.1 But these are minor quibbles. Thomson has produced a book of considerable significance, and one that can be read with profit by historians of medicine, the social sciences, and high and low culture. John W. Stewart Glasgow Caledonian University Footnotes 1. See the references and citations in Matt Houlbrook, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918-1957 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). Copyright © 2008 The Johns Hopkins University Press

Archives have the potential to change people’s lives. They are created to enable the conduct of business and accountability, but they also support a democratic society’s expectations for transparency and the protection of rights, they underpin citizen’s rights and are the raw material of our history and memory. This paper examines these issues in the context of the historical development of archives and archivists in twentieth century England. The research lays the foundations for understanding how and why the modern archives and records management profession developed in England. This paper will investigate the historical conflict (or is it a continuum?) between archives as culture and as evidence. The story identifies and highlights the contributions made by many fascinating individuals who established archives services and professional practice in England in the twentieth century. They shaped the archive in a very real way, and their individual enthusiasms, interests and understandings set the course of the English archival profession. To a great extent, it was these individuals, rather than government or legislation, that set the boundaries of English archives, they decided what was included (acquired) and what was not (of archival value.) The conclusion will consider the more fundamental questions: what are archives and what are they for, or perhaps, ‘what good are the archives’?

I can still remember my first visit to the Bullring in Birmingham in the latter years of the twentieth century; the endless dark walkways, the disorientating absence of windows or natural light, the almost-unplaceable music, the down-at-heel shops. I have also returned as an adult to the new, shiny, bubble-wrapped Bullring. What I didn’t understand then, and what Wetherell’s book draws out so persuasively, is the way that these evolving urban forms—from shopping precinct to shopping mall—have epitomized, spatialized, and constituted the interlinked shifts in ideas of society, politics, and the individual in twentieth-century Britain. Through examples like this and many more, Foundations: How the Built Environment Made Twentieth-Century Britain makes a series of arguments about the relationship between the spatial forms of the built environment and the political forms of twentieth-century Britain. Wetherell’s foundational premise is that Britain’s neoliberal political formation has been characterized by the uneasy interplay between old and new. Here he describes the built environment as a “giant museum, exhibiting the decrepit and shabby remains of prior means of capital accumulation along with obsolete visions of society” (5). Indeed, he argues that neoliberalism should be understood as a type of market fundamentalism layered on top of the ruins of mid-twentieth-century developmental projects. Building on this, Wetherell calls for a more nuanced understanding of British neoliberalism that is located in the things and spaces that make up the landscapes of Britain. Moreover, he foregrounds the way that these new spaces made material the networks between the island of Britain and the world, through finance, spatial forms, and these places’ designers, builders, and inhabitants.

This article examines the formation of the governing body of women’s cricket in 1926 and its subsequent activities, arguing for a reinsertion of women’s sport into the history of women and the women’s movement in twentieth-century Britain. The centrality of sport to many women’s lives is clearly demonstrated; it is argued that playing cricket was a way to challenge discourses surrounding female frailty, and a way for women to reject traditional models of domesticity, placing their own leisure needs above servicing the needs of their husbands. Overall it is suggested that a detailed examination of women’s sporting lives can disrupt and alter our current understanding of women’s history, revealing new continuities in the ideological development of the women's movement. Including sporting organisations in a broader definition of the women’s movement is therefore crucial for historians, as we seek to make sense of women’s lives across the twentieth century.

This article aims to briefly examine the historical links between Iranian nationalism and Islam and the implications of this history for contemporary discourses on women and the family. In examining the complex evolution of Iranian political history this century, and the equally complex ways in which this has shaped women's rights and opportunities, any notion of the current discursive locations of women being a unitary effect of Islam is rejected. It will be argued that the histories of nationalism in Iran have had both particular significance and contradictory effects for women. Women, nationalism and Islam in twentieth-century Iran Twentieth-century transformations in the status and position of Iranian women have been closely linked with Iran's changing relation with the West. In the nineteenth century, Russian territorial intrusions in Iran resulted in the annexation of several northern provinces. The commercial and political concessions gained by the Russians fuelled rivalry with the British over trade and territory and throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century Britain, too, succeeded in signing advantageous political and commercial treaties with the rulers of the Qajar dynasty in Iran (1779-1925). The military and political superiority of Russia and Britain, and the state's capitulation to these foreign powers became a significant cause for concern amongst various sections of Iranian society (Keddie, 1981). Successive Qajar regimes responded to Western aggression with complacency and weakness and their inability to protect Iran's interest resulted in the development of

Reviewed by: Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and Colonial Power in India, 1818–1940 Susan Thorne (bio) Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and Colonial Power in India, 1818–1940 by Jeffrey Cox; pp. ix + 357. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002, $55.00. Jeff Cox tackles big questions. Even better, he answers big questions on the local ground. The results here, as in his previous work, illuminate the struggle between piety and power that some would deem constitutive of our very humanity. Cox's first monograph, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930 (1982), took on secularization theory in the kind of place one would not expect to find organized religion in good health even in its Victorian heyday. In the underutilized archives of local churches and chapels in this impoverished south London borough, as well as in the borough press and in the accounts of contemporary social surveyors, Cox uncovered surprising evidence of considerable home missionary success. It was not modern imperatives, much less intellectual enlightenment, that left Britain's churches and chapels bereft of popular support. Declining church attendance in twentieth century Britain was, rather, a function of the Victorian churches' institutional emphasis on social provisions that would subsequently be displaced by a welfare state Nonconformists helped to build. Imperial Fault Lines tackles the other major question in Protestantism's modern social history, the nature of the relationship between Christian missions and colonialism. As Cox notes in his crisply written and generous introduction, scholarly assessments of Christian missions run the ideological gamut. Anti-colonial nationalist historians have generally viewed missionaries as cultural imperialists, agents of the civilizing mission, universally and inevitably complicit in colonial racism and exploitation. Missionaries' present-day defenders, by contrast, deny that missionaries were interested in politics at all, claiming that their (self-professed) motives were exclusively spiritual. Agnostics on the question levy perhaps the most damning of all charges in their insistence that missionaries [End Page 295] in the colonies were marginal figures who exerted little or no influence on colonial outcomes. Were missionaries imperialists in Christian disguise or were they sincere in their professions of faith? Were missionary motives primarily religious or political? Were missionaries racist agents of colonial exploitation or "friends of the native"? Did missions matter at all or were missions a simple waste of Victorian time and money? Cox engages these questions in the local mission fields of colonial South Asia. It is worth noting that Cox began working on this project in the early 1980s, well before British historical studies' recent imperial turn; it was Cox's decision to learn the languages necessary to examine the foreign missionary encounter from as many archival and oral perspectives as possible that delayed publication. Our reward for his diligence lies in the degree to which this book succeeds in bringing converts and missionaries, colonized and colonizers, into the same field of vision. Cox acknowledges the power differentials on which the missionary presence in the Punjab was predicated, as well as the racial prejudice to which most missionaries succumbed. Cox insists, however, that social relations on the colonial ground continually frustrated missionary intentions, whether benighted or benevolent. Cox continually draws attention to the unintended and often contradictory consequences of missionary exertions in the field. Liberal missionaries' efforts to befriend the "natives" were as likely to be foiled by the temptations of racial privilege as their more authoritarian counterparts' efforts to keep the "natives" in their place were to being undermined by the missionaries' dependence on native agency. Perhaps the most striking example of missionary rhetoric's divergence from colonial reality lies in the fact that the missionary field force was not white and male as missionary hagiography might lead one to expect. Women played a prominent role in the foreign mission field from the outset; and by the twentieth century's turn, the majority of missionary employees were female. Here, as in his study of Lambeth, Cox emphasizes the relatively autonomous logic of institutional development. The professionalization of mission work that accompanied the missionary movement's growing emphasis on establishing schools and hospitals provided employment opportunities for white women as well as Indian converts. Contrary to the conventional wisdom of secular mission historiography...

The impacts of case law on the conceptual evolution of planning practice are important to the fields of administrative law and town planning in the context of the common law jurisdiction of England & Wales, yet they remain under-examined in the literature of both fields. This paper utilizes historical institutionalist theory to analyse the emergence of distinct planning practices, drawing on relevant legislation and citing case law from 1909–1986. In examining planning’s emergence from the milieu of the law on housing, public health, and administration, broader contexts across the chosen timeline are considered, in terms of the amount of activity seen through annual planning applications and appeals, and in terms of the legal, political, and economic contexts of the period. These layers of context reveal the ways in which planning actors have historically turned to case law to shape the boundaries of administrative power and how the courts, in deciding planning cases, transposed their approach from better established areas of case law, thereby fixing planning practice on new path dependent processes. It is concluded that case law between 1909 and 1986 formed part of the context for, and directly shaped, the evolution of planning practice in the twentieth century.

Notes on Contributors

Martin Doughty. Merchant Shipping and War: A Study of Defence Planning in Twentieth Century Britain. London: The Royal Historical Society; distributed by Humanities Press, Inc., Atlantic Highlands, N.J. 1983. Pp. 218. $30.00. - Volume 15 Issue 4

Paternalism characterized many late Victorian businesses however in twentieth century Britain it was vanquished partly because of the changes within the company and the changes in the company's environment. These changes were caused by the spread of political rights, the growth of state power, the widening of educational opportunities and the advent of mass media. This chapter discusses the major changes in the size and structure of big businesses and how these changes affect the religiously appointed heads. The chapter also discusses the church structures and the trends that have affected the religious structure and their connection to business and capitalism. Besides trends and structural analysis of religion and business structures, the chapter also discusses the three business Élites of Britain's largest firms during 1907 to 1935. Included are the age structures, the social origins and the formative influences of these business Élites.

REVIEWS Get access LINDA BRYDER, Below the Magic Mountain: a Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth Century Britain, Oxford University Press, 1988, 298, £30. F. B. SMITH, The Retreat of Tuberculosis, Croom Helm, 1988, 271, £25. JANE LEWIS JANE LEWIS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar History Workshop Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1, AUTUMN 1989, Pages 197–199, https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/28.1.197 Published: 01 October 1989

Una revista científica, con revisión por pares, que publica investigación empírica y contribuciones teóricas en sociología, antropología, sociodemografía, y disciplinas afines. Nuestra misión es presentar los resultados de la investigación de la más alta calidad, con énfasis en América Latina, pero con proyección y alcance global.

No national or racial minority in twentieth century Britain has endured hostility as destructive and widespread as that faced by Germans during the Great War. As a result of the instability created by the conflict, enemy aliens endured constant vilification in the press, wholesale destruction of their property, and internment or repatriation. Underlying these events there developed a complex conspiracy theory about German influence within Britain which became widely accepted by 1918.

From the 1920s until a decade after the Second World War, British municipalities not only controlled commercial screenings and cinemas, but also almost all projected and rental non-commercial films. Forgotten Futures examines municipal cinema as a filmic representation of urban and social reform in twentieth century Britain by looking at the relationship to documentary and educational cinema, the influence of nineteenth century documentary photography and traditional forms of popular culture. It is the first book on municipal cinema in Britain and examines new perspectives on documentary photography, film and art. Forgotten Futures explains why municipal films were more than simple propaganda, and what their influence was in the making of the social democratic model of modern British everyday urban life. There’s a closer look into the activities of the Glasgow Corporation and the Bermondsey Borough Council: two socialist municipalities who promoted their political identities through their making and sponsorship of films over several decades.