Learning of Spatio–Temporal Codes in a Coupled Oscillator System

We investigate the spatiotemporal coding of low amplitude inputs to a simple system of globally coupled phase oscillators with coupling function g(varphi)=-sin(varphi+alpha)+rsin(2varphi+beta) that has robust heteroclinic cycles (slow switching between cluster states). The inputs correspond to detuning of the oscillators. It was recently noted that globally coupled phase oscillators can encode their frequencies in the form of spatiotemporal codes of a sequence of cluster states [P. Ashwin, G. Orosz, J. Wordsworth, and S. Townley, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 6, 728 (2007)]. Concentrating on the case of N=5 oscillators we show in detail how the spatiotemporal coding can be used to resolve all of the information that relates the individual inputs to each other, providing that a long enough time series is considered. We investigate robustness to the addition of noise and find a remarkable stability, especially of the temporal coding, to the addition of noise even for noise of a comparable magnitude to the inputs.

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى معرفة اتجاهات أولياء الأمور نحو دور نظام التعلم عن بعد في تدريس مادة اللغة العربية لطلبة مدارس التعليم الخاص الأجنبية خلال أزمة کورونا في دولة الکويت ومعيقات ذلک في ضوء بعض المتغيرات. ولتحقيق الأهداف طورت الباحثة استبانه من (27) فقرة، وتم التحقق من صدقها وثباتها، وشملت عينة الدراسة على (273) ولي أمر، وأشارت النتائج إلى أن اتجاهات أولياء الأمور نحو دور نظام التعلم عن بعد في تدريس مادة اللغة العربية لطلبة مدارس التعليم الخاص الأجنبية خلال أزمة کورونا جاءت متوسطة، کما أظهرت وجود عدة معيقات تواجه أولياء الأمور عند استخدامهم لنظام التعليم عن بعد بدرجة متوسطة، کما أظهرت وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين اتجاهات أولياء الأمور نحو دور نظام التعلم عن بعد في تدريس مادة اللغة العربية تبعا لمتغير صلة القرابة لصالح الأمهات، وعدم وجود فروق داله احصائيا تبعا لمتغيرات: المستوى التعليمي، والمرحلة التي يدرس فيها الأبناء، وعدد الأبناء الذين يتلقون تعليم مدرسي عن بعد. الکلمات المفتاحية: اتجاهات، معيقات، التعلم عن بعد، اللغة العربية، أزمة کورونا، دولة الکويت. Abstract: This study aimed to identify parents' attitudes towards the role of the distance learning system in teaching Arabic to foreign private school students during the Corona crisis in the state of Kuwait in light of some variables; to achieve this, The researcher developed a questionnaire include (27) items, which were verified for their validity and reliability; The sample included (273) parents', The results showed that parents' attitudes towards the role of the distance learning system in teaching Arabic to foreign private school students during the Corona crisis in light of some variables, were moderate. It also showed the existence of some obstacles that parents facing when using distance learning systems in Arabic language teaching, which was a moderate degree. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences between parents' attitudes towards the role of the distance learning system in teaching Arabic language according to the variable of kinship relations in favor of mothers, and that there are no statistically significant differences based on variables: the level of education, the stage where the children study, and the number of children receiving distance schooling. Key Words: trends, obstacles, distance learning, Arabic language, Corona virus crisis, Kuwait City.

Computational analyses of in-vivo cerebral activity show that gamma oscillations in the olfactory cortex originate from local feedback inhibition following each sniff and serve to segregate competing odor representations through a winner-take-all process, providing an optimal window to decode odor.

The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala exhibit social behavior-relevant neuronal oscillations, representing unified pathophysiological mechanisms underlying social behavioral deficits.

A network of five globally‐coupled identical phase oscillators is considered. Cluster states consisting of two synchronized pairs of oscillators and one singleton are investigated. Forcing the system with non‐uniform constant inputs results in regular switches between cluster states. The resultant cyclic sequences of switches (spatiotemporal codes) are studied for different initial conditions and input configurations. Implications on information coding in neural systems are briefly discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Pedagogy comprises of all the actions one takes to incite learning in others. They are the instructional techniques and strategies that would allow learning to take place. It is the interactional communication between a learner and a teacher that is influenced by the social, cultural and to an extent the political views of both the teacher (educator) and the child or (the learner) (Lynn,2017). The Ghanaian construction industry has over the years aimed at improving the knowledge base of students and workers alike. Towards this a system of teaching and learning has been adopted and has been maintained as the traditional method. However, in as much as teaching has evolved all around the world, our system of teaching, training and development has not gone through so drastic a change as to meet international standards of education. There is the need to inculcate a paradigm shift in the system of teaching. In the construction of Multi-storey buildings, there are varying types of roofs that are used and each of them are associated with their very own functions, structural compositions and their interaction with the storey building itself. Roofs and their construction has evolved over time with the change in technology and the need for more functionality and the complexity in designs however their classification for teaching purposes has not evolved to suit these changes. The purpose of this paper is to propose an ideal method of teaching roofing types and classification that can be adopted for use within the universal, tertiary teaching and learning setting. In doing this we re-classify roofs of multi-storey structures based on their varying functions, construction components, technology and complexity of design to improve the learning experience of students within the construction industry. They are Aesthetic roofs, Utility roofs, Service roofs, Drainage functional roofs and Structure stabilization roofs. In view of this, case studies of various internationally acknowledged multi-storey structures were analyzed to obtain the varying proposed classes of roofs. As early on stated, there is the need for a paradigm shift in the educational system and for that to hold, there is the need for educators to improve the pedagogic approach.

Event Abstract Back to Event Frequency scaling in local field potentials: A neuron population forward modelling study Henrik Lindén1*, Klas H. Pettersen1 and Gaute T. Einevoll1 1 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway Extracellular field potentials are commonly used as a measure of activity in neuronal tissue. The signal is usually filtered into two distinctive frequency bands, one low-pass band below 500 Hz, referred to as the local field potential (LFP) and a high-pass band with frequencies above approximately 750 Hz, referred to as multi-unit activity (MUA). Whereas the MUA is believed to mostly represent spiking activity of neurons located near the electrode, the LFP is commonly assumed to reflect synaptic input to the neuronal population. The relation between the synaptic activity and the spectral content of LFP is however far from understood. It has been reported that the power of cortical LFP signals follow a 1/fα-scaling law, which is also evident in EEG recordings [1] . Bedárd et al. have shown that when the input to a neuronal population is Poissonian spike trains and synaptic filtering is taken into account, there is still a factor 1/f missing to account for the frequency attenuation seen in experimental LFP data [2] . They suggested that filtering effects in the extracellular medium may explain this frequency-dependent attenuation. However, in a more recent experimental study, no such frequency attenuation in the extracellular medium could be found [3] . Here we propose as an alternative explanation that the filtering effects arise in the neurons themselves due to a frequency-dependence in the typical separation between the synaptic input currents and the transmembrane return currents following synaptic activation. As a consequence, the current dipole length will shorten with increasing frequency and the contribution to the LFP will be correspondingly reduced. We have studied this filtering effect in detail by simulating synaptically activated populations of morphologically reconstructed neurons. The resulting transmembrane currents are then used to calculate the extracellular potential in a foward-modelling electrostatic scheme. We consider only passive membranes and current synapses so that the system is linear and can thus estimate the filtering properties in the frequency-domain by injecting sinusoidal synaptic model currents with different frequencies. We indeed find that for low input frequencies the separation between outward and inwards currents will be larger than for higher frequencies, effectively leading to a low-pass filtering of the LFP. To elucidate this effect we also consider a simplified dendritic stick model where analytic results allow for a more detailed qualitative understanding, in analogy with a previous study of low-pass filtering of extracellular action potential signatures [4].

Inducing Gamma Oscillations and Precise Spike Synchrony by Operant Conditioning via Brain-Machine Interface

Abstract
 The background of this research is to know how the e-learning system in the teaching and learning system at the public high school level, because the Covid 19 pandemic still allows us to learn online at home, with the e-learning system, the learning system can be very effective. remotely, because this research this time will discuss how a good system is applied to the learning process with an e-learning system. The method used in this research is to use the literature review method by referring to previously published books and journals, with the existence of books and journals that discuss this research before, it is certain that this research will produce the latest research and can become the basis for future research. . There are many remote learning method systems during the Covid 19 pandemic, with this remote learning system, the spread of the Corona virus will be greatly reduced, because students do not meet in person and cannot spread directly through physical contact, with the distance learning method. the teaching and learning system continues even though the Covid 19 pandemic spreads. In this research, we will produce a system proposal that will be the basis for the development of distance teaching and learning methods, using e-learning media at an educational level, namely public high schools with a proposed system, so it can be the best suggestion in the future. thiscovid 19 pandemic.
 Keyword: E-learning, Learning, High School, Online.

In the brain, fast oscillations of local field potentials, which are thought to arise from the coherent and rhythmic activity of large numbers of neurons, were observed first in the olfactory system and have since been described in many neocortical areas. The importance of these oscillations in information coding, however, is controversial. Here, local field potential and intracellular recordings were obtained from the antennal lobe and mushroom body of the locust Schistocerca americana. Different odors evoked coherent oscillations in different, but usually overlapping, ensembles of neurons. The phase of firing of individual neurons relative to the population was not dependent on the odor. The components of a coherently oscillating ensemble of neurons changed over the duration of a single exposure to an odor. It is thus proposed that odors are encoded by specific but dynamic assemblies of coherently oscillating neurons. Such distributed and temporal representation of complex sensory signals may facilitate combinatorial coding and associative learning in these, and possibly other, sensory networks.

This paper investigated the difference in the opinions of lecturers and students on the use of generative AI (GenAI) systems in teaching and learning a foreign language. The study also sought to establish the perception and attitude of the foreign language students toward using GenAI in learning the foreign language. The current study employed a quantitative research approach to evaluate the current sample of lecturers and students’ attitudes toward the implementation of Generative AI (GenAI) systems in teaching and learning foreign languages. The sample involved 45 lecturers and 493 postgraduate students in foreign languages from Saudi Arabia. The survey questionnaire contained items based on the UTAUT model, which includes 15 items, of which four are based on performance expectancy, four on effort expectancy, three on social influence, and four on facilitating conditions. The survey took the form of Google Forms shared on social media and email. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics, and t-test results were obtained to see the overall influence of two sets of behavioural perceptions of the two groups. A comparative analysis of the attitudes reveals that lecturers had a positive optimism with relative efforts and facilitating conditions needed for the adoption and integration of GenAI in FL education (Mean = 4.29, SD = 0.79, Variance = 0.81, t = 2.45, p= 0.015). On the other hand, the students showed positive acceptance, usage and application of GenAI models in facilitating their academic engagements in FL education (mean = 7.58, sd = 0.42, variance = 0.18, t = 12.75 p = 0.001). It is thus concluded that while university lecturers are careful to fully accept and integrate GenAI models in FL teaching, their students overwhelmingly accept GenAI.

A hunger for odour: Leptin modulation of olfaction.

Balanced networks are a frequently employed basic model for neuronal networks in the mammalian neocortex. Large numbers of excitatory and inhibitory neurons are recurrently connected so that the numerous positive and negative inputs that each neuron receives cancel out on average. Neuronal firing is therefore driven by fluctuations in the input and resembles the irregular and asynchronous activity observed in cortical in vivo data. Recently, the balanced network model has been extended to accommodate clusters of strongly interconnected excitatory neurons in order to explain persistent activity in working memory-related tasks. This clustered topology introduces multistability and winnerless competition between attractors and can capture the high trial-to-trial variability and its reduction during stimulation that has been found experimentally. In this prospect article, we review the mean field description of balanced networks of binary neurons and apply the theory to clustered networks. We show that the stable fixed points of networks with clustered excitatory connectivity tend quickly towards firing rate saturation, which is generally inconsistent with experimental data. To remedy this shortcoming, we then present a novel perspective on networks with locally balanced clusters of both excitatory and inhibitory neuron populations. This approach allows for true multistability and moderate firing rates in activated clusters over a wide range of parameters. Our findings are supported by mean field theory and numerical network simulations. Finally, we discuss possible applications of the concept of joint excitatory and inhibitory clustering in future cortical network modelling studies.

E-society is a just in time learning system, based on versioning technologies. E-science is a similar system, too, but it is based on recursive educational processes and iterative implementa-tions of technologies. E-education is by definition, and by default, a just in time learning system. E-society is a native environment for all forms of the traditional education: formal, non-formal and informal education. At the same time, e-society is a native environment for structured educational resources: electronic, digital and virtual resources. In this context, the standard e-classroom become the native environment in order to develop a just in time teaching and learn-ing system. This article presents the conceptual framework as a knowledge one, for such an approach, based on the meta language and the object language, as a twofold research paradigm, and details the theoretical framework as a comprehension one, and the analytical framework, as an application for a solution, including a case study.

In 1999, the scenario University in the Year 2005 predicted that by 2005 half of all students would be studying at virtual universities, while there would be only a small core of traditional universities left. Obviously, this prediction did not come true, and the scenario is far from being realized, even today (Sects. 64.1–64.3). However, there is a visible trend towards using computer-supported teaching and learning systems in medical studies at traditional universities within blended learning (BL) concepts (Sect. 64.5). A meta-analysis by Cook et al. showed that studying supported by internet-based learning is at least equal to traditional forms of teaching [64.1]. In German-speaking countries, the term computer-based training (CBT) is frequently used for computer-supported training, but there are a plethora of other English-derived terms that are also in use, such as computer-assisted instruction (CAI), computer-assisted learning (CAL) and computer-based instruction (CBI). The term web-based training (WBT) [64.2] is used if the applications are based on web technology and accessed via the web. The term e-Learning [64.3] (electronic-learning) is somewhat broader, and — aside from CBT and WBT — also includes other forms of digital learning such as computer-supported cooperative/collaborative learning (CSCL) (Sects. 64.5 and 64.6). Against the backdrop of the historical development and moves toward reforming the medical curriculum, an overview over the relevant aspects of CBT/WBT systems in medical studies are presented in this chapter; in particular, questions regarding the integration of the curriculum and the sustainability of reforms.