LF-RDTODMRP: A robust and efficient on-demand multicast routing protocol for ad hoc networks

Due to its simplicity, efficiency, and robustness to mobility, the On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) becomes a standout amongst the most broadly utilized multicast routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, the robustness of ODMRP comes at the expense of incurring a high control overhead to the network. The Enhanced ODMRP (EODMRP) proposed a dynamic refresh interval for the multicast mesh based on the network feedback on real disconnections experienced by the multicast network members. Veritably, EODMRP decreased the network control overhead at the cost of obtaining a low packet delivery ratio especially in high mobility conditions of the network. In this paper, two protocols, as improvements to both ODMRP and EODMRP, are proposed where the refresh interval is basically adapted based on the source moving speed and the number of disconnections reported by multicast members. Furthermore, we proposed an impressive local recovery to be employed in both protocols, which includes new setup and failure mechanisms that contribute effectively to boosting the performance of our proposed protocols. Since the majority of nodes in MANET rely on batteries, the main contribution of this research is to limit the amount of control information that is passed between nodes (i.e., reducing the control overhead over that in ODMRP) while maintaining a better packet delivery ratio than EODMRP.

Ad hoc wireless networks are self-organizing dynamic topology networks formed by a collection of mobile nodes through radio links. Minimal configuration absence of infrastructure and quick deployment make them convenient for emergency situations other than military applications. Multicasting plays a very crucial role in the application of Ad hoc networks. As the number of participants increases scalability of the multicast protocol becomes an important issue. Among the existing multicast protocols On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) perfo exhibits a high packet delivery ratio even at high mobility. But ODMRP suffers from higher control overhead as the network size and the number of sources increase.In this paper we propose an efficient multicast routing protocol for Ad hoc wireless networks. This protocol reduces the control overhead by dynamically classifying the sources into Active and Passive categories. The control overhead is significantly reduced by about 30% compared to ODMRP which contributes to the scalability of the protocol. We study the effectiveness of the proposed multicast routing protocol by simulation studies and the results show that the multicast efficiency is increased by 10--15% and packet delivery ratio is also improved at high network load.

Multicast routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks have certain limitations. Most of these protocols try to discover the route on-demand by flooding route request messages, which results in increased end-to-end latency and also consumes considerable amount of network bandwidth. These limitations make protocols not suitable for real-time multimedia communication. In this paper, we have presented an efficient mobile agents aided multicast routing (MAMR) protocol which overcomes these limitations. The protocol is a hybrid protocol where intelligent mobile agents can been integrated with existing on-demand multicast routing protocols such as multicast ad hoc on-demand distance vector (MAODV) routing protocol, on-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) routing protocol and others. Here, the mobile agents move around the network and collect the routing information. This routing information assists on-demand multicast routing protocols in discovering the route in a definite path instead of flooding the route request messages, thereby achieving better end-to-end latency and reduced control traffic in the network. We have used MAODV protocol as an underlying protocol with mobile agents. The proposed MAMR protocol and MAODV have been compared through extensive simulations with end-to-end latency, packet delivery ratio and control overhead as performance parameters

Mobile wireless sensor control systems demand low-latency and energy-efficient data transmission to ensure timely decision-making in dynamic environments such as industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, and intelligent transportation. The conventional communication protocols, such as ZigBee offer energy efficiency but is not always effective in supporting tight latency constraints in high mobility and traffic congestion. The work introduces the architecture and analysis of a low-latency data transmission system with an optimized MQTT-SN protocol, augmented with the packet aggregation and priority-based scheduling, dynamic channel allocation and cross-layer optimization. The proposed system is verified by extensive MATLAB simulations and testbed experiments on ESP32. Findings show that the reduction in latency is up to 60% over that of ZigBee with an average delay of 18.6 ms at 10 nodes and 69.1 ms at 100 nodes. Throughput is increased by 10-15, and MQTT-SN with optimization attains 430.7 kbps at 500 kbps load or less. A packet delivery ratio (PDR) of over 97% is ensured at low mobility and 86.9% even at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$5 ~\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$</tex> mobility speeds. Consumption of energy per packet is cut by 25 to 30% and jitter is less than 15 ms, guaranteeing predictable performance of control. The general accuracy of the system expressed as the percentage of successful and timely packet transmissions had an average of 96.4% which was higher than the 89.5% observed in the ZigBee system. The solution proposed has better control of latency, reliability and efficiency, which has made it very appropriate to use in applications of mobile sensors that require latency control. Such results indicate its capability to be applied in actual smart environments.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is characterized by multi-hop wireless links, absence of a fixed infrastructure, and frequent host mobility. Frequent topology change caused by node mobility makes it a challenging problem to raise packet delivery ratio. In this paper, we propose a scheme to improve existing Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocols by creating multiple alternate routes with little overhead, resulting in better performance in packet delivery ratio. The advantage of the broadcast nature of wireless communications is used in this extended AODV protocol named AODV-MM (AODV with meshed multipath) to achieve link-disjoint multipath with better packet delivery ratio and lower overhead. The experimental results show the better performance in high mobility and heavy traffic load environment, compared with several routing protocols.

Purpose Quality communication is a big challenge in mobile ad hoc networks because of a restricted environment for mobile devices, bandwidth-constrained radio connections, random mobility of connected devices, etc. High-quality communication through wireless links mainly depends on available bandwidth, link stability, energy of nodes, etc. Many researchers proposed stability and link quality methods to improve these issues, but they still require optimization. This study aims to contribute towards better quality communication in temporarily formed networks. The authors propose the stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing (SBADR) protocol with the aim to provide an efficient, stable path with sufficient bandwidth and enough energy hold nodes for all types of quality of service (QoS) data communication. Design/methodology/approach The proposal made in this work used received signal strength from the media access control (MAC) layer to estimate the stability of the radio connection. The proposed path stability model combines the stability of the individual link to compute path stability. The amount of bandwidth available for communication at a specific time on a link is defined as the available link bandwidth that is understood as the maximum throughput of that link. Bandwidth as a QoS parameter ensures high-quality communication for every application in such a network. One other improvement, towards quality data transmission, is made by incorporating residual energies of communicating and receiving nodes in the calculation of available link bandwidth. Findings Communication quality in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) does not depend on a single parameter such as bandwidth, energy, path stability, etc. To address and enhance quality communication, this paper focused on high impact factors, such as path stability, available link bandwidth and energy of nodes. The performance of SBADR is evaluated on the network simulator and compared with that of other routing protocols, i.e. route stability based QoS routing (RSQR), route stability based ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (RSAODV) and Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). Experimental outcomes show that SBADR significantly enhanced network performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and normalized control overhead (NCO). Performance shows that SBADR is suitable for any application of MANET having random and high mobility. Research limitations/implications QoS in MANET is a challenging task. To achieve high-quality communication, the authors worked on multiple network parameters, i.e. path stability, available link bandwidth and energy of mobile nodes. The performance of the proposed routing protocol named SBADR is evaluated by a network simulator and compared with that of other routing protocols. Statistical analysis done on results proves significant enhancement in network performance. SBADR is suitable for applications of MANET having random and high mobility. It is also efficient for applications having a requirement of high throughput. Practical implications SBADR shows a significant enhancement in received data bytes, which are 1,709, 788 and 326 more in comparison of AODV, RSAODV and RSQR, respectively. PDR increased by 21.27%, 12.1%, 4.15%, and NCO decreased by 9.67%, 5.93%, 2.8% in comparison of AODV, RSAODV and RSQR, respectively. Social implications Outcomes show SBADR will perform better with applications of MANET such as disaster recovery, city tours, university or hospital networks, etc. SBADR is suitable for every application of MANET having random and high mobility. Originality/value This is to certify that the reported work in the paper entitled “SBADR: stable and bandwidth aware dynamic routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network” is an original one and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere. The authors further certify that proper citations to the previously reported work have been given and no data/tables/figures have been quoted verbatim from the other publications without giving due acknowledgment and without permission of the author(s).

With exponential growth of IoT devices [1], the 5G network will experience a variety of traffic patterns not prevalent in earlier applications. These, often will transmit short sporadic messages, which are not well suited to the connection-oriented modes associated with legacy 3GPP network resulting in high service latency and excessive control overhead. It is acknowledged that current 4G network could be overwhelmed by the surge in both traffic and control plane signaling load. For 5G, it is necessary to redesign the mobile network to provide a low delay, low control overhead IoT mode that will work efficiently for emerging application scenarios. The MAC layer has to be designed in such a way that IoT messages experience low access latency across both the radio access network and core network. The goal is to operate in the same band as current LTE, thus not requiring any separate bandwidth allocation and is backward compatible with the current 4G system. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer MAC and Physical layer solution for low power, low bitrate devices that require low access delay and long range for communication.

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wimax) is power station through which mobile network, commonly known as A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is used by the people. A MANET can be described as an infrastructure-less and self-configure network with autonomous nodes. Participated nodes in MANETs move through the network constantly causing frequent topology changes. Designing suitable routing protocols to handle the dynamic topology changes in MANETs can enhance the performance of the network. In this regard, this paper proposes four algorithms for the routing problem in MANETs. First, we propose a new method called Classical Logic-based Routing Algorithm for the routing problem in MANETs. Second is a routing algorithm named Fuzzy Logic-based Routing Algorithm (FLRA). Third, a Reinforcement Learning-based Routing Algorithm is proposed to construct optimal paths in MANETs. Finally, a fuzzy logic-based method is accompanied with reinforcement learning to mitigate existing problems in FLRA. This algorithm is called Reinforcement Learning and Fuzzy Logic-based (RLFLRA) Routing Algorithm. Our proposed approaches can be deployed in dynamic environments and take four important fuzzy variables such as available bandwidth, residual energy, mobility speed, and hop-count into consideration. Simulation results depict that learning process has a great impact on network performance and RLFLRA outperforms other proposed algorithms in terms of throughput, route discovery time, packet delivery ratio, network access delay, and hop-count.

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.

Artificial self-attention rabbits battle royale multiscale network based robust and secure data transmission in mobile Ad Hoc networks

Objectives: The key objectives are to enhance the performance of Internet of Things (IoT) networks to attain a high packet delivery ratio (PDR), efficient residual energy (RE) usage, minimum energy consumption, and decrease packet loss during data transmission. Performance metrics are used to discover and choose high, top-notch, and long-living paths, increasing network lifetime and optimizing resource management by preventing the participation of non-essential nodes and inefficient paths in the network routing process. Methods: To devise an energy-efficient technique and refine it with decision-making for selecting an optimal path, which employs a composite metric path quality index (PQI) to enhance path quality, comprising RE for priority of nodes with maximum remaining energy, link quality score (LQS), packet delivery ratio (PDR) and hop count (HC) to minimize the path length must be integrated into the routing process to make data transmission more efficient. Hence, intermediate nodes ensure path quality, determine if packet flow is good or bad, eliminate unnecessary nodes, and optimize the whole routing by deciding on a path. The proposed technique simulates IoT network scenarios in which nodes dynamically compute these metrics and select optimal paths for transmitting data to the sink node. Findings: The proposed technique achieves a much higher PDR and an energy-proficient routing mechanism by balancing the quality of the optimal path, the residual energy, and the number of hops, which can not only prolong the network lifetime but also ensures that resources are being used efficiently, in turn all leading to a better network performance than existing methods. Simulation results show that the proposed technique significantly improves the PDR over the existing methods and reduces overall energy consumption. In this work, the validated results show that metrics PQI, RE, LQS, and HC collectively improve data delivery and ensure higher survivability of the network by optimizing the path choosing and eliminating the unnecessary nodes from the source to the target. The proposed technique simulation showed a 32.15% increase in network RE and a 36.44% improvement in PDR. Novelty: The technique presented in this paper introduces a routing approach designed with the unique integration of RE, LQS, PDR, and HC, deriving PQI metric, which will improve the path selection in IoT networks. Unlike existing methods, this method considers energy efficiency, path quality instead of link quality, and path length together to avoid over-utilizing energy-draining nodes while favoring stable, efficient paths. The approach fills a gap in existing IoT environments by focusing on energy-wise efficiency and path reliability and reducing the number of nodes unnecessarily concerned with the dynamic optimal path selection. As IoT deployments increase, so does the need for energy-efficient data transmission, and the proposed technique supports the sustainability of IoT networks. Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Path Quality Indicator, Residual Energy, Hop Count, Quality of Service

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are formed dynamically by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless radio links. Hybrid routing strategy is widely used in hierarchical routing protocols to reduce the control overheads and packet delivery delay in MANETs. In this paper, we propose zone-based energy aware hybrid multicast routing scheme (ZEHMRP) for MANET. Our scheme operates in the following phases: 1) computation of node remaining energy (RE) by designing energy model; 2) prune the nodes having remaining energy less than predefined threshold value; 3) discovery of multiple routes using request and reply packets; 4) selection of stable route among multiple routes by considering node remaining energy and density; 5) route maintenance for route breaks and node failures; 6) simulation evaluation for various parameters. It is observed that ZEHMRP outperforms the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for various parameters like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, jitter, and control overheads.

Mobile hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized, wireless networks with no fixed infrastructure, constantly changing layouts, and limited power resources. Because energy usage directly relates to the lifespan and efficiency of a network, crafting protocols that minimize energy expenditure becomes an imperative area of focus. This study analyzes fuel-efficient routing algorithms specific to MANET frameworks, focusing on measures of data transmission energy minimization, balanced load sharing among nodes, and extended network lifespan. The study also examines proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing simultaneously, evaluating them on energy consumption, route stability, packet delivery ratio, and control overhead. Additionally, adaptive swarm intelligence and fuzzy logic optimization techniques are incorporated to enhance the rerouting process. Results showed greater benefits from the targeted algorithms when mobility is high and connectivity is sparse, compared to traditional protocols. The results support the use of robust design algorithms that focus on sustainable strategies within the mobile ad-hoc network response framework, making them suitable for disaster relief efforts as well as military communications.

Energy-efficient and delay-guaranteed routing algorithm for software-defined wireless sensor networks: A cooperative deep reinforcement learning approach