Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol

Wireless ad-hoc networks have many different characteristics from previous centralized networks. While the infrastructure based networks usually employ the simple routing protocol because every node can reach the coordinator in a single hop, some specific situations, i.e., unplanned dynamic links and multi hop environment, were required in ad-hoc networks. In mobile ad-hoc network, all nodes engaging in communication under the ad-hoc networks should be operated as a router. For this, two routing approaches are previously designed for ad-hoc networks; proactive and reactive routing, and they differently have pros and cons from each other. Moreover, to integrate their advantages in case by case, hybrid approach is consistently researched, and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) was motivating many recent hybrid protocols. In ZRP, a node uses proactive routing if it is located within the zone defined by the specific number of hops, but it uses reactive routing in otherwise case. However, ZRP always forms the proactive zone considering only the number of hops, regardless of whether real data communication occurred frequently or not. In this paper, we propose a new routing scheme called Traffic Aware Dynamic Zone Routing (TA-DZR) protocol which employs the zone method but forms customized zone using traffic load, by a new decision method named Dynamic Zone Decision (DZD). The DZD selects nodes that are good to use proactive routing based on the traffic load and forms the proactive zone with them. By considering traffic awareness, TA-DZR can decrease the number of transmissions and can reduce the total energy consumption. After the description of TA-DZR, the performance is demonstrated with simulation results which show that the number of transmissions decreases in overall network, and that the energy consumption is also reduced. Additionally, we validate that the end-to-end delivery delay is reduced and that the packet delivery ratio is improved. These enhancements are caused by reducing overall network congestion.

ZigBee network routing protocols combine Cluster-Tree routing and AODV routing (Cluster-Tree + AODVjr), its obvious drawback is that the control overhead is too high and higher end-to-end delay. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol and suitable for the most of AD HOC network. The ZRP routing protocol applied in ZigBee network, whether it can get a better performance? This paper applies the ZRP routing protocol in ZigBee network and makes a comparison with the Cluster-Tree + AODVjr routing protocol which is applied in the same network. Finally, we make a simulation of Cluster-Tree + AODVjr and ZRP protocols under QualNet simulating platform, and compare the routing protocols from the packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and control overhead.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are dynamic in nature, and this poses inefficient routing challenges. In the traditional zone routing protocol (ZRP), since there is inter-zone routing, the border nodes will be overloaded. Further, there is also high energy consumption due to idle listening, retransmission, overhearing and control packets generation. The paper proposes a ZRP incorporated with sleep scheduling for MANETs. Since this ZRP is energy-efficient and load-balanced, it is referred to as energy-efficient and load-balanced ZRP. In this approach, the nodes are grouped into zones, and each zone elects a zone leader (ZL) on the basis of its residual energy, degree of connectivity, link quality, and distance to the border nodes. To ensure load balancing, the ZL chooses multiple paths from border nodes to the destination, and distributes the traffic along these paths. An adaptive sleep duty cycling mechanism is also implemented. This is to save the power on border nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol reduces energy consumption, besides enhancing the throughput and packet delivery ratio.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are formed dynamically by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless radio links. Hybrid routing strategy is widely used in hierarchical routing protocols to reduce the control overheads and packet delivery delay in MANETs. In this paper, we propose zone-based energy aware hybrid multicast routing scheme (ZEHMRP) for MANET. Our scheme operates in the following phases: 1) computation of node remaining energy (RE) by designing energy model; 2) prune the nodes having remaining energy less than predefined threshold value; 3) discovery of multiple routes using request and reply packets; 4) selection of stable route among multiple routes by considering node remaining energy and density; 5) route maintenance for route breaks and node failures; 6) simulation evaluation for various parameters. It is observed that ZEHMRP outperforms the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for various parameters like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, jitter, and control overheads.

Ad hoc networks are self-organizing wireless networks composed of wireless nodes. These networks need not any fixed infrastructure. Since ad-hoc networks have frequently varying topology and asymmetric links, selection of routing protocols is an important consideration. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid ad hoc routing protocol which combines the best features of the proactive and reactive approaches. ZRP maintains an up-to-date topological map of a zone, which is centred on each node. The routes are immediately available within the zone. However, for destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local routing information of the zones. The performance of ZRP is better than reactive and proactive protocols. However, in the route search process many inside member of the routing zone of a node unnecessarily forward the query packets, this result in the increase of network load and decrease of network performance. In this paper an algorithm for controlling the forwarding of these query packets will be provided. These query packets are forwarded by the nodes which are the local zone member of that node which has immediately broadcasted or forwarded these query packets. Hence by limiting these query packets forwarding inside the local zone of a node minimize the network traffic and load and improve the performance of the ZRP for ad hoc network. Qualnet 5.0.2 network simulator has used for obtaining simulation results and performance parameters and it is observed that performance is increased.

A Comparative Study of ZRP and Energy Efficient ZRP (E-ZRP)

We study the performance of route query control mechanisms for the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for ad hoc networks. The ZRP proactively maintains routing information for a local neighborhood (routing zone), while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. This hybrid routing approach can be more efficient than traditional routing schemes. However, without proper query control techniques, the ZRP cannot provide the expected reduction in the control traffic. Our proposed query control schemes exploit the structure of the routing zone to provide enhanced detection and prevention of overlapping queries. These techniques can be applied to single- or multiple-channel ad hoc networks to improve both the delay and control traffic performance of ZRP. Our query control mechanisms allow ZRP to provide routes to all accessible network nodes, with less control traffic than purely proactive link state or purely reactive route discovery, and with less delay than conventional flood searching.

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) could establish a communication in network infrastructure-less places. In an ad hoc network, a basic IPv6 address auto-configuration mechanism has an address allocation problem. A number of address allocation mechanisms have been suggested. However, mobile node(MN)s have high mobility and random address. Therefore, they do not guarantee fixed and shared network prefix. To guarantee equality of network prefix among connected MNs, we propose a MANET identifier (MANET.ID). This scheme allows MNs to share the same MANET_ID using a creation & negotiation phase. By sharing an equal MANET_ID, we achieve a number of enhancements for existing ad hoc network technologies: Enhanced group communication, avoiding duplicate address detection storms, and enhanced zone routing protocol (ZRP).

The defining characteristic of MANET such as dynamically changing network topology, resource-poor devices and multi-hop nature makes the data transmission very computational. Keeping in view such constraints and complexities, a number of routing protocols have been developed. In this paper, three routing protocols AODV (Ad hoc On demand distance vector), OLSR (Optimized link state routing) and ZRP (Zone routing protocol) are analyzed and compared by using proposed technologies (QualNet simulator) on the basis of performance metrics such as PDR (packet delivery ratio), end-to-end delay and throughput. To test their efficiency under different network scenarios and provide a qualitative assessment of the applicability of the protocols. Simultaneously, evaluation is done by varying network size and traffic load for two different levels of node density and the results are examined and analyzed at different scenarios.

Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized ad hoc network. VANET becomes a most challenging research area as it has several issues related to routing protocols, quality of service, security, etc. Vehicular communication is critically unsafe to several kinds of active and passive routing attacks. This paper analyzes the impact of a compromised node (vehicle) on zone routing protocol and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector, and recommends a suitable solution called secure vehicular on demand routing to find out and mitigate the black hole attack. The given study analyses the effect of vehicle density on the average throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load and average path length.

The usage of dedicated short‐range communication, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) significantly increases the security of stakeholders and improves the efficacy of the intelligent transportation system. It supports multifarious applications to make transportation convenient through routing of the messages. Changing the topological scenario, high acceleration of vehicles and intermittent communication result in the reduction of successful packet transmission and overhead. To overcome such constraints, a new routing protocol for the city environment named ant colony optimisation and intersection‐based routing (ACO–IBR) is proposed. The key objective is to identify the necessity of intersection oriented routing and selection of the route as a task of optimisation. It uses a new metric called intersection rating and a greedy approach to forward a packet through the intersection to minimise the time required to discover the route. The efforts have been made to calculate intersection rating using three parameters such as the distance between vehicles, travel direction and the time taken to reach the intersection. The performance of ACO–IBR is determined by overhead, packet delivery ratio, delay and throughput. The results are compared with the standard protocols such as greedy perimeter stateless routing, intersection‐based routing, AntHocNet and zone routing protocol. On the basis of extensive simulation, experimental results show that the ACO–IBR minimises routing overhead and improves the packet delivery ratio.

Without any pre-existing fixed network infrastructure with rapid configuration of wireless connections on-the-fly, network topology in MANETs keep on changing rapidly. Thus achieving data transmissions between wireless nodes in MANETs with improved QoS parameters become a challenging issue. To achieve this one has to concentrate on the routing protocol they choose. In our paper we proposed an algorithm to provide improved quality of service via hybrid routing protocol- Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). We have considered two reactive routing protocols Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as reference for analyzing ZRP by considering route acquisition delay and quick route reconfiguration during link failure. These parameters viz., route acquisition delay and quick route reconfiguration have their impact on increase in end to end delay, this automatically decreases the number of packets received thus the throughput. We used well known network simulator QualNet version 4.5 to compare QoS parameters viz., throughput, number of bytes received, number of packets received, average end-to-end delay and the time at which first packet is been received for DSR, AODV and ZRP.

The increase in the number of vehicles without the development of driving safety technology, tends to create adverse impacts on society, such as a rise in casualties due to road accidents. Therefore, vehicles need information on the condition of the surrounding traffic environment to provide driver with safety. One of the methods used to obtain prompt information between vehicles that move dynamically is communication technology such as Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). VANET has network characteristics that change rapidly due to the highly dynamic node movement. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right routing protocol for optimal data transmission. In this study, the DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) routing protocols were tested using 3 field data scenarios. The first scenario is a variation of the number of nodes 100, 250, 600, and 700 nodes. The second scenario is a variation of the transmission ranges of 250m, 500m, and 1km. The third scenario is the variation of node speeds of 10 km/hour, 20 km/hour, 30 km/hour, 40 km/hour, and 50 km/hour in Pekanbaru city of Riau province. This research was carried out using the simulation method along with the QoS (Quality of Service) performance testing parameters comprising packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss. Out of the three scenarios tested, AOMDV is the best routing protocol to be implemented because it outperforms the other two protocol evaluated in all designated scenarios in the paper. Meanwhile, DSDV and ZRP are superior in end to end delay and routing overhead parameters, respectively.

In this paper, a routing protocol that utilizes the characteristics of Bluetooth technology is proposed for Bluetooth-based mobile ad hoc networks. The routing tables are maintained in the master devices and the routing zone radius for each table is adjusted dynamically by using evolving fuzzy neural networks. Observing that there existing some useless routing packets which are helpless to build the routing path and increase the network loads in the existing ad hoc routing protocols, we selectively use multiple unicasts or one broadcast when the destination device is out of the routing zone radius coverage of the routing table. The simulation results show that the dynamic adjustment of the routing table size in each master device results in much less reply time of routing request, fewer request packets and useless packets compared with two representative protocols, zone routing protocol (ZRP) and dynamic source routing (DSR)

The design considerations of a wireless networks include Path routing and protocol selection. The protocol selection in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is important to ensure optimum data delivery and rigid data integrity. Hence the performance analysis of the protocols becomes a major step in designing a MANET. In this paper, we have carried performance analysis on DYnamic Manet On demand routing protocol (DYMO), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Zone Routing protocol (ZRP) using QualNet simulator. To judge the suitability of these protocols metrics like delay, throughput and jitter are measured. The variation is done in network size and area. We observed that DYMO gives best result in terms of average end to end delay and jitter. FSR performed better than others for throughput.