An efficient query packets forward algorithm in ZRP protocol

Wireless ad-hoc networks have many different characteristics from previous centralized networks. While the infrastructure based networks usually employ the simple routing protocol because every node can reach the coordinator in a single hop, some specific situations, i.e., unplanned dynamic links and multi hop environment, were required in ad-hoc networks. In mobile ad-hoc network, all nodes engaging in communication under the ad-hoc networks should be operated as a router. For this, two routing approaches are previously designed for ad-hoc networks; proactive and reactive routing, and they differently have pros and cons from each other. Moreover, to integrate their advantages in case by case, hybrid approach is consistently researched, and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) was motivating many recent hybrid protocols. In ZRP, a node uses proactive routing if it is located within the zone defined by the specific number of hops, but it uses reactive routing in otherwise case. However, ZRP always forms the proactive zone considering only the number of hops, regardless of whether real data communication occurred frequently or not. In this paper, we propose a new routing scheme called Traffic Aware Dynamic Zone Routing (TA-DZR) protocol which employs the zone method but forms customized zone using traffic load, by a new decision method named Dynamic Zone Decision (DZD). The DZD selects nodes that are good to use proactive routing based on the traffic load and forms the proactive zone with them. By considering traffic awareness, TA-DZR can decrease the number of transmissions and can reduce the total energy consumption. After the description of TA-DZR, the performance is demonstrated with simulation results which show that the number of transmissions decreases in overall network, and that the energy consumption is also reduced. Additionally, we validate that the end-to-end delivery delay is reduced and that the packet delivery ratio is improved. These enhancements are caused by reducing overall network congestion.

Without any pre-existing fixed network infrastructure with rapid configuration of wireless connections on-the-fly, network topology in MANETs keep on changing rapidly. Thus achieving data transmissions between wireless nodes in MANETs with improved QoS parameters become a challenging issue. To achieve this one has to concentrate on the routing protocol they choose. In our paper we proposed an algorithm to provide improved quality of service via hybrid routing protocol- Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). We have considered two reactive routing protocols Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as reference for analyzing ZRP by considering route acquisition delay and quick route reconfiguration during link failure. These parameters viz., route acquisition delay and quick route reconfiguration have their impact on increase in end to end delay, this automatically decreases the number of packets received thus the throughput. We used well known network simulator QualNet version 4.5 to compare QoS parameters viz., throughput, number of bytes received, number of packets received, average end-to-end delay and the time at which first packet is been received for DSR, AODV and ZRP.

ZigBee network routing protocols combine Cluster-Tree routing and AODV routing (Cluster-Tree + AODVjr), its obvious drawback is that the control overhead is too high and higher end-to-end delay. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol and suitable for the most of AD HOC network. The ZRP routing protocol applied in ZigBee network, whether it can get a better performance? This paper applies the ZRP routing protocol in ZigBee network and makes a comparison with the Cluster-Tree + AODVjr routing protocol which is applied in the same network. Finally, we make a simulation of Cluster-Tree + AODVjr and ZRP protocols under QualNet simulating platform, and compare the routing protocols from the packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and control overhead.

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

We study the performance of route query control mechanisms for the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for ad hoc networks. The ZRP proactively maintains routing information for a local neighborhood (routing zone), while reactively acquiring routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. This hybrid routing approach can be more efficient than traditional routing schemes. However, without proper query control techniques, the ZRP cannot provide the expected reduction in the control traffic. Our proposed query control schemes exploit the structure of the routing zone to provide enhanced detection and prevention of overlapping queries. These techniques can be applied to single- or multiple-channel ad hoc networks to improve both the delay and control traffic performance of ZRP. Our query control mechanisms allow ZRP to provide routes to all accessible network nodes, with less control traffic than purely proactive link state or purely reactive route discovery, and with less delay than conventional flood searching.

A Comparative Study of ZRP and Energy Efficient ZRP (E-ZRP)

Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized ad hoc network. VANET becomes a most challenging research area as it has several issues related to routing protocols, quality of service, security, etc. Vehicular communication is critically unsafe to several kinds of active and passive routing attacks. This paper analyzes the impact of a compromised node (vehicle) on zone routing protocol and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector, and recommends a suitable solution called secure vehicular on demand routing to find out and mitigate the black hole attack. The given study analyses the effect of vehicle density on the average throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load and average path length.

An ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous mobile nodes to forming an instant multihop radio infrastructure-less network in a dynamic topology. Each node in Ad hoc network, functions as host and router at the same time,where maintaining connectivity in a decentralized manner by distributing the network control among the nodes. A large number of routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks are presented since last decade. Topology frequently changing,transmission power and asymmetric links are the main challenge that type of protocols is facing. Therefore, both proactive and reactive routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks show incapability, and sometimes prove to be inefficient under these circumstances. We have previously developed and presented a new multipath hybrid routing protocol in name of Multipath Distance Vector Zone Routing Protocol and we refer to it as MDVZRP. The protocol is implemented in the well known network simulator (ns2). In MDVZRP we assume that all the routes in the routing table are active and usable at any time, unless the node received or discovered a broken link. Therefore, no need to update the routing tables periodically to reduce the periodic update messages and hence we reduce the control traffic in the entire network. The protocol guarantees loop freedom, disjoint paths,and alternative paths in case of break the active path by none frequently maintaining topological map of a zone centered on each node. In this paper, the MDVZRPpsilas performance is evaluated and compared with DSDV and AODV standard protocols delivering CBR traffic. Simulation results show that it gives better performance than DSDV in all situations, and better than AODV, when mobility is low.

The increase in the number of vehicles without the development of driving safety technology, tends to create adverse impacts on society, such as a rise in casualties due to road accidents. Therefore, vehicles need information on the condition of the surrounding traffic environment to provide driver with safety. One of the methods used to obtain prompt information between vehicles that move dynamically is communication technology such as Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). VANET has network characteristics that change rapidly due to the highly dynamic node movement. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right routing protocol for optimal data transmission. In this study, the DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) routing protocols were tested using 3 field data scenarios. The first scenario is a variation of the number of nodes 100, 250, 600, and 700 nodes. The second scenario is a variation of the transmission ranges of 250m, 500m, and 1km. The third scenario is the variation of node speeds of 10 km/hour, 20 km/hour, 30 km/hour, 40 km/hour, and 50 km/hour in Pekanbaru city of Riau province. This research was carried out using the simulation method along with the QoS (Quality of Service) performance testing parameters comprising packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss. Out of the three scenarios tested, AOMDV is the best routing protocol to be implemented because it outperforms the other two protocol evaluated in all designated scenarios in the paper. Meanwhile, DSDV and ZRP are superior in end to end delay and routing overhead parameters, respectively.

In recent years, the emerging technologies in the field of Networking, the wireless network, is the fastest growing and developing sector among all. And among those wireless networks, ad hoc network is attracting much attention toward Research developments and industrial developments for its most technological advances. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is such a type of wireless network that doesn’t depend on any pre-existing infrastructure such as routers or base station. Wi-Fi technology is used for point-to-point communication without passing through an access point in MANET. Ad hoc network is basically a temporary network connection created only for some particular purpose or in any emergency case such as for military service, rescue mission team, natural disasters like floods, earthquake, etc. Congestion in the network becomes one of the major drawbacks in this type of infra structureless network. Therefore, it is quite difficult to satisfy the quality of service (QoS) for such type of a networking environment. Parameters like throughput, bandwidth, delay, jitter, etc. that influence QoS make it a more grueling task for unicasting transmission in MANETs. In this context, Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is treated as one of the most reliable hybrid routing protocols which can solve the failure of both proactive and reactive routing protocols to meet a certain standard. In this paper, we have considered ZRP as our primary routing protocol and have tried to discuss different QoS parameters in order to resolve congestion in the network.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

The planet Earth is the most water-rich place because oceans cover more than 75% of its land area. Because of the extraordinary activities that occur in the depths, we know very little about oceans. Underwater wireless sensors are tools that can continuously transmit data to one of the source sensors while also monitoring and recording the physical and environmental parameters of their surroundings. An underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the name given to the network created by the collection of these underwater wireless sensors. This particular technology is the most efficient way to analyse performance parameters. A network path is chosen to send traffic by using the routing method, a process that is also known as a protocol. The routing protocols ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), dynamic manet on demand routing protocol (DYMO), location-aided routing 1 (LAR 1), optimized link state routing (OLSR), source-tree adaptive routing optimum routing approach (STAR-ORA), zone routing protocol (ZRP), and STAR-least overhead routing approach (STAR-LORA) are a few models of routing techniques. By changing the number of nodes in the model and the maximum speed of each node, performance parameters such as average transmission delay, average jitter, percentage of utilisation, and power used in transmit and receive modes are explored. The results obtained using QualNet 7.1 simulator suggest the suitability of routing protocols in the UWSN.

The design considerations of a wireless networks include Path routing and protocol selection. The protocol selection in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is important to ensure optimum data delivery and rigid data integrity. Hence the performance analysis of the protocols becomes a major step in designing a MANET. In this paper, we have carried performance analysis on DYnamic Manet On demand routing protocol (DYMO), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Zone Routing protocol (ZRP) using QualNet simulator. To judge the suitability of these protocols metrics like delay, throughput and jitter are measured. The variation is done in network size and area. We observed that DYMO gives best result in terms of average end to end delay and jitter. FSR performed better than others for throughput.

We propose a new routing protocol, the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), for the reconfigurable wireless networks, a large scale, highly mobile ad-hoc networking environment. The novelty of the ZRP protocol is that it is applicable to large flat-routed networks. Furthermore, through the use of the zone radius parameter, the scheme exhibits the adjustable hybrid behavior of proactive and reactive routing schemes. We evaluate the performance of the protocol, showing the reduction in the number of control messages, as compared with other reactive schemes, such as flooding.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are dynamic in nature, and this poses inefficient routing challenges. In the traditional zone routing protocol (ZRP), since there is inter-zone routing, the border nodes will be overloaded. Further, there is also high energy consumption due to idle listening, retransmission, overhearing and control packets generation. The paper proposes a ZRP incorporated with sleep scheduling for MANETs. Since this ZRP is energy-efficient and load-balanced, it is referred to as energy-efficient and load-balanced ZRP. In this approach, the nodes are grouped into zones, and each zone elects a zone leader (ZL) on the basis of its residual energy, degree of connectivity, link quality, and distance to the border nodes. To ensure load balancing, the ZL chooses multiple paths from border nodes to the destination, and distributes the traffic along these paths. An adaptive sleep duty cycling mechanism is also implemented. This is to save the power on border nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol reduces energy consumption, besides enhancing the throughput and packet delivery ratio.