Simulation Research on Routing Protocols in ZigBee Network

Wireless ad-hoc networks have many different characteristics from previous centralized networks. While the infrastructure based networks usually employ the simple routing protocol because every node can reach the coordinator in a single hop, some specific situations, i.e., unplanned dynamic links and multi hop environment, were required in ad-hoc networks. In mobile ad-hoc network, all nodes engaging in communication under the ad-hoc networks should be operated as a router. For this, two routing approaches are previously designed for ad-hoc networks; proactive and reactive routing, and they differently have pros and cons from each other. Moreover, to integrate their advantages in case by case, hybrid approach is consistently researched, and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) was motivating many recent hybrid protocols. In ZRP, a node uses proactive routing if it is located within the zone defined by the specific number of hops, but it uses reactive routing in otherwise case. However, ZRP always forms the proactive zone considering only the number of hops, regardless of whether real data communication occurred frequently or not. In this paper, we propose a new routing scheme called Traffic Aware Dynamic Zone Routing (TA-DZR) protocol which employs the zone method but forms customized zone using traffic load, by a new decision method named Dynamic Zone Decision (DZD). The DZD selects nodes that are good to use proactive routing based on the traffic load and forms the proactive zone with them. By considering traffic awareness, TA-DZR can decrease the number of transmissions and can reduce the total energy consumption. After the description of TA-DZR, the performance is demonstrated with simulation results which show that the number of transmissions decreases in overall network, and that the energy consumption is also reduced. Additionally, we validate that the end-to-end delivery delay is reduced and that the packet delivery ratio is improved. These enhancements are caused by reducing overall network congestion.

Without any pre-existing fixed network infrastructure with rapid configuration of wireless connections on-the-fly, network topology in MANETs keep on changing rapidly. Thus achieving data transmissions between wireless nodes in MANETs with improved QoS parameters become a challenging issue. To achieve this one has to concentrate on the routing protocol they choose. In our paper we proposed an algorithm to provide improved quality of service via hybrid routing protocol- Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). We have considered two reactive routing protocols Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as reference for analyzing ZRP by considering route acquisition delay and quick route reconfiguration during link failure. These parameters viz., route acquisition delay and quick route reconfiguration have their impact on increase in end to end delay, this automatically decreases the number of packets received thus the throughput. We used well known network simulator QualNet version 4.5 to compare QoS parameters viz., throughput, number of bytes received, number of packets received, average end-to-end delay and the time at which first packet is been received for DSR, AODV and ZRP.

The increase in the number of vehicles without the development of driving safety technology, tends to create adverse impacts on society, such as a rise in casualties due to road accidents. Therefore, vehicles need information on the condition of the surrounding traffic environment to provide driver with safety. One of the methods used to obtain prompt information between vehicles that move dynamically is communication technology such as Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). VANET has network characteristics that change rapidly due to the highly dynamic node movement. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right routing protocol for optimal data transmission. In this study, the DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) routing protocols were tested using 3 field data scenarios. The first scenario is a variation of the number of nodes 100, 250, 600, and 700 nodes. The second scenario is a variation of the transmission ranges of 250m, 500m, and 1km. The third scenario is the variation of node speeds of 10 km/hour, 20 km/hour, 30 km/hour, 40 km/hour, and 50 km/hour in Pekanbaru city of Riau province. This research was carried out using the simulation method along with the QoS (Quality of Service) performance testing parameters comprising packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss. Out of the three scenarios tested, AOMDV is the best routing protocol to be implemented because it outperforms the other two protocol evaluated in all designated scenarios in the paper. Meanwhile, DSDV and ZRP are superior in end to end delay and routing overhead parameters, respectively.

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

The design considerations of a wireless networks include Path routing and protocol selection. The protocol selection in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is important to ensure optimum data delivery and rigid data integrity. Hence the performance analysis of the protocols becomes a major step in designing a MANET. In this paper, we have carried performance analysis on DYnamic Manet On demand routing protocol (DYMO), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Zone Routing protocol (ZRP) using QualNet simulator. To judge the suitability of these protocols metrics like delay, throughput and jitter are measured. The variation is done in network size and area. We observed that DYMO gives best result in terms of average end to end delay and jitter. FSR performed better than others for throughput.

Routing protocol is the primary strategy to design any wireless network. In Mobile AdHoc Network many routing protocols are present for sending packets from source to destination. Routing protocols in Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) are reactive routing protocols, proactive routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols. Performance analysis of different routing protocols is the major step before selecting the routing protocol. Routing protocols perform different under different traffic conditions in different environments. In this paper, the TCP and UDP based performance analysis is carried out in reactive routing protocols and proactive routing protocols with different packet size using NS2 simulator under different traffic conditions. The delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio are common measures parameters used for the comparison of performance of reactive protocols and proactive protocols.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are formed dynamically by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless radio links. Hybrid routing strategy is widely used in hierarchical routing protocols to reduce the control overheads and packet delivery delay in MANETs. In this paper, we propose zone-based energy aware hybrid multicast routing scheme (ZEHMRP) for MANET. Our scheme operates in the following phases: 1) computation of node remaining energy (RE) by designing energy model; 2) prune the nodes having remaining energy less than predefined threshold value; 3) discovery of multiple routes using request and reply packets; 4) selection of stable route among multiple routes by considering node remaining energy and density; 5) route maintenance for route breaks and node failures; 6) simulation evaluation for various parameters. It is observed that ZEHMRP outperforms the zone routing protocol (ZRP) for various parameters like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, jitter, and control overheads.

Ad hoc networks are self-organizing wireless networks composed of wireless nodes. These networks need not any fixed infrastructure. Since ad-hoc networks have frequently varying topology and asymmetric links, selection of routing protocols is an important consideration. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid ad hoc routing protocol which combines the best features of the proactive and reactive approaches. ZRP maintains an up-to-date topological map of a zone, which is centred on each node. The routes are immediately available within the zone. However, for destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local routing information of the zones. The performance of ZRP is better than reactive and proactive protocols. However, in the route search process many inside member of the routing zone of a node unnecessarily forward the query packets, this result in the increase of network load and decrease of network performance. In this paper an algorithm for controlling the forwarding of these query packets will be provided. These query packets are forwarded by the nodes which are the local zone member of that node which has immediately broadcasted or forwarded these query packets. Hence by limiting these query packets forwarding inside the local zone of a node minimize the network traffic and load and improve the performance of the ZRP for ad hoc network. Qualnet 5.0.2 network simulator has used for obtaining simulation results and performance parameters and it is observed that performance is increased.

During the last two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the use of MANETs, not only due to the development of the technology but also due to their high flexibility. MANETs have challenges and limitations and among the major challenge is the routing process because of high dynamic topology and distributed nature. This is the main reason for quick depletion of network resources. Thus, there is a need to develop a routing protocol to fulfill various application requirements and enhance routing paths according to the topology change. In this paper, two protocols are proposed in order to optimally utilize the constrained network resources and reliably detect high-quality links. They are Hybrid Geo-cast Routing (HGR) protocol and Prediction Residual Lifetime of the Link mechanism (PRLL). The optimal and adaptive HGR protocol utilizes geographical location information to limit search area during route discovery process by including only promising search paths to minimize control overhead. Meanwhile, adaptive PRLL uses signal strength to predicate residual lifetime of the link in order to minimize link breakage, error control packets, and reduce packet drop and end to end delay. The experimental results show that the proposed HGR protocol is able to reduce up to 46.67% control overhead. Meanwhile, the proposed adaptive PRLL protocol improved packet delivery ratio by 26%.

Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized ad hoc network. VANET becomes a most challenging research area as it has several issues related to routing protocols, quality of service, security, etc. Vehicular communication is critically unsafe to several kinds of active and passive routing attacks. This paper analyzes the impact of a compromised node (vehicle) on zone routing protocol and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector, and recommends a suitable solution called secure vehicular on demand routing to find out and mitigate the black hole attack. The given study analyses the effect of vehicle density on the average throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, normalized routing load and average path length.

In recent years, the emerging technologies in the field of Networking, the wireless network, is the fastest growing and developing sector among all. And among those wireless networks, ad hoc network is attracting much attention toward Research developments and industrial developments for its most technological advances. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is such a type of wireless network that doesn’t depend on any pre-existing infrastructure such as routers or base station. Wi-Fi technology is used for point-to-point communication without passing through an access point in MANET. Ad hoc network is basically a temporary network connection created only for some particular purpose or in any emergency case such as for military service, rescue mission team, natural disasters like floods, earthquake, etc. Congestion in the network becomes one of the major drawbacks in this type of infra structureless network. Therefore, it is quite difficult to satisfy the quality of service (QoS) for such type of a networking environment. Parameters like throughput, bandwidth, delay, jitter, etc. that influence QoS make it a more grueling task for unicasting transmission in MANETs. In this context, Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is treated as one of the most reliable hybrid routing protocols which can solve the failure of both proactive and reactive routing protocols to meet a certain standard. In this paper, we have considered ZRP as our primary routing protocol and have tried to discuss different QoS parameters in order to resolve congestion in the network.

The next generation mobile communication systems will be based on infrastructure wired/ wireless LAN technologies and ad hoc networks. Such hybrid networks benefit the extension of infrastructure network coverage using ad hoc connectivity apart from offering the ad hoc nodes access to the resources of the wired/infrastructure networks. In most of the integration strategies Mobile IP is integrated with the ad hoc network routing protocol to provide Internet access and in few of the strategies the routing protocol has been enhanced to provide the connectivity without using Mobile IP.Few strategies use fixed gateways, others use mobile gateways. In this paper, we proposed two different approaches of integrating ad hoc network and the wired network using two different protocols. In the first part of this paper, an extended DSDV protocol, named as Efficient DSDV (Eff-DSDV) protocol is used to provide bi-directional connectivity between exclusive ad hoc hosts and the hosts on the Internet (wired network). The proposed framework uses one of the ad hoc hosts known as Mobile Gateway Node (MGN) to act as a bridge between ad hoc network and the Internet. The performance comparison is made between the proposed approach and one of the leading strategies based on packet delivery ratio, end-end delay, and control overhead. The experimental results indicate that the performance of the proposed strategy is better than the existing strategies.Later in the paper, we propose a framework for integrating mobile ad hoc network and the Internet using both fixed and mobile gateways. The ad hoc hosts can access the Internet using either fixed or mobile gateway, based on criteria of distance, load on the gateway. An extended version of AODV routing protocol is used in the framework. The objective behind using both fixed and mobile gateways is to increase the reliability of the Internet access, scalability, providing transparent Internet access to the ad hoc hosts and in general improve the performance of the integrated framework. The proposed framework is a hybrid architecture involving two-layer and three-layer approaches of integration. The performance comparison of the two proposed strategies has been done under common metrics. KeywordsMobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)Integration StrategyMobile Gateway Node (MGN)Routing ProtocolEff-DSDVFixed GatewaysMobile Gateways

The defining characteristic of MANET such as dynamically changing network topology, resource-poor devices and multi-hop nature makes the data transmission very computational. Keeping in view such constraints and complexities, a number of routing protocols have been developed. In this paper, three routing protocols AODV (Ad hoc On demand distance vector), OLSR (Optimized link state routing) and ZRP (Zone routing protocol) are analyzed and compared by using proposed technologies (QualNet simulator) on the basis of performance metrics such as PDR (packet delivery ratio), end-to-end delay and throughput. To test their efficiency under different network scenarios and provide a qualitative assessment of the applicability of the protocols. Simultaneously, evaluation is done by varying network size and traffic load for two different levels of node density and the results are examined and analyzed at different scenarios.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

Multicast routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks have certain limitations. Most of these protocols try to discover the route on-demand by flooding route request messages, which results in increased end-to-end latency and also consumes considerable amount of network bandwidth. These limitations make protocols not suitable for real-time multimedia communication. In this paper, we have presented an efficient mobile agents aided multicast routing (MAMR) protocol which overcomes these limitations. The protocol is a hybrid protocol where intelligent mobile agents can been integrated with existing on-demand multicast routing protocols such as multicast ad hoc on-demand distance vector (MAODV) routing protocol, on-demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP) routing protocol and others. Here, the mobile agents move around the network and collect the routing information. This routing information assists on-demand multicast routing protocols in discovering the route in a definite path instead of flooding the route request messages, thereby achieving better end-to-end latency and reduced control traffic in the network. We have used MAODV protocol as an underlying protocol with mobile agents. The proposed MAMR protocol and MAODV have been compared through extensive simulations with end-to-end latency, packet delivery ratio and control overhead as performance parameters