Line Follower Robot with Obstacle Avoiding Module

Line follower robot is a type of autonomous robot designed to follow a specific trajectory, usually a black line on a white background. In order for the robot to follow the trajectory accurately, a sensor is required that is able to detect the difference in light intensity between the line and the background. This study evaluates the application of a photodiode sensor to a microcontroller-based line follower robot, focusing on the performance of the sensor under various lighting conditions and surfaces. The results show that the photodiode sensor is able to detect lines with high accuracy of almost 100% between black lines on a white surface. To achieve fast response speed and high trajectory stability, the optimal distance between the photodiode sensor and the surface must be maintained. Fast response speed and high trajectory stability are at a distance of 0.5 to 1.0 cm. Under normal lighting conditions (200-300 lux), the robot can follow the trajectory with optimal speed and precision. Under low lighting conditions (below 100 lux), the sensor is still able to detect the line, but the robot speed must be reduced to maintain accuracy. Under very bright lighting conditions (above 500 lux), the photodiode sensor shows a little difficulty in distinguishing lines if there is significant light reflection, but it can still be compensated by adjusting the sensor sensitivity. This research provides a solid foundation for further development in improving the performance of line follower robots in various practical applications.

- A water heater control system is a device used to control water temperature by utilizing a heating element to heat water. By using a water heater control system, the heating element will activate when the water temperature is below the desired temperature and the heating element will automatically turn off when the temperature is above the desired temperature. To measure temperature in water, using a temperature sensor that is thermally sensitive resistor or commonly called thermocouple. The thermocouple resistance value will change with temperature changes. By using the principle of voltage divider, the voltage value will be input to Arduino and processed into temperature. To realize the water heating control system, a thermistor is needed as a temperature sensor, Arduino as an input processor, heating element as an actuator, and an LCD to display the temperature of the water. In addition, it is needed. [5] Relay that functions as an electrical switch, in controlling the water conditions contained in a box that is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor as a prediction of the distance of the water that has been programmed. So that water can flow automatically with a distance controller that has been determined, if the distance of the water with ultrasonic. To be able to see it requires a valve / or drain plug that can move to the right or left. To drive the valve using a DC motor as a drive, with a type of DC servo motor. Because the DC motor uses direct current that requires a voltage of 4-6 Volt DC, because DC servo motors only move the valve which is small in shape. DC servo motor is a motor that is able to work both ways (CW and CCW) with deflection of each angle reaching 90 ° so that the total deflection angle from right - center - left is 180 °. The magnetic field of a DC servo motor is generated by a permanent magnet of a servo motor, so there is no need for power to create a magnetic field Servo motor will work well if the control pin is given with a frequency of 50Hz. Where when the signal with a frequency of 50Hz is achieved at 1.5ms Ton duty cycle conditions, the rotor of the motor will stop right in the middle (0 ° / neutral angle). When the Ton duty cycle of a given signal is less than 1.5ms, the rotor will rotate to the left by forming an angle that is linear in magnitude of the Ton duty cycle, and will survive in that position.[6] Keywords - Arduino UNO, LCD, Thermocouple, Water Temperature, Rela, Motor Servo.

Public transportation is a major part of developing an advanced and modern city. Progress in public transportation is needed to be planned and realized to deal with the development of the city together with population and economic growth. The use of the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation is not in line with the development and progress of the City of Pekanbaru, which wants to be a smart city, where the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) needs to be realized in building smart cities and currently the use of the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus in Pekanbaru is still becoming a problem. it needs to be resolved like the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus lane which still uses a shared lane which causes congestion and lack of good traffic regulations. Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation is still weak in terms of arrival and departure times. Trans metro Pekanbaru has not yet been integrated in a system that can be monitored centrally through the application of an application system based on the Global Positioning System (GPS). To overcome this problem, it is necessary to have the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation in the form of a prototype line follower robot which is a solution to overcome this problem. The purpose of this research is to make the line follower robot as a trans-metro silmulation bus for Pekanbaru become a smart city that is able to serve and facilitate the public's need for public transportation towards the industrial revolution 4.0. Line follower robot is a robot that works by following a line in the form of a road such as a traffic lane, where the robot works using photodiode sensors and ultrasonic sensors as proximity sensors so that it stops automatically at every stop or place where passengers rise and fall. Line follower robots are automatically controlled so programming code and fuzzy algorithms are needed. Line follower robots are also equipped with Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) to determine passenger conditions.

The security of home, laboratory, office, factory and building is important to human life. We develop an intelligent multisensor based security system that contains a fire fighting robot in our daily life. The security system can detect abnormal and dangerous situation and notify us. First, we design a fire fighting robot with extinguisher for the intelligent building. The fire fighting robot is constructed using aluminum frame. The contour of the robot is cylinder. The diameter is 50 cm, and height is about 130 cm. There are six systems in the fire fighting robot, including structure, avoidance obstacle and driver system, software development system, fire detection, remote supervise system and others. We design the fire detection system using two flame sensors in the fire fighting robot. We design the fire detection system in the fire fighting robot, and program the fire detection and fighting procedure using sensor based method. We design a low cost based obstacle detection modular using IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor in the robot. We think that man-machine interface in the fire fighting robot that must has mobility and convenience, we use touch screen to display system status, and design a general user interface (GUI) on the touch screen. Finally, we implement the fire detection system using fire fighting robot. If fire accident is true, the robot can find out fire source using the proposed method by fire detection system, and move to fire source to fight the fire using extinguish.

A rudimentary autonomously guided robot called a "Line Follower Robot" (LFR) follows a line written on the ground to either find a white line on a dark surface or a dark line on a white surface. Working on the LFR is quite interesting. We will discover how to construct a black line follower robot in this study utilizing an Arduino Uno and a few readily available parts.

Designing robotic technology as an innovation to realize more varieties in the learning process is an interesting idea to be implemented in class. This study tries to implement robotic technology innovation into Islamic Religious Education through the line follower robot working model. In this study, the working model is used as an educational media that is implemented within the scope of good morals (al-akhlaq al-mahmudah) and bad morals (al-akhlaq al-mazmumah). This study uses the design-build method to realize the final result as a product. The product design includes designing a guide line for the line follower robot and assembling a line follower robot design system based on the results of device requirement analysis. The results of the implementation of the line follower guide line design are realized on a Flexi paper with a length of 3 meters and a width of 2 meters. While the results of the implementation of the line follower robot design system assembly are in the form of a physical/robot frame, a series of electronic hardware systems, and programs built using C language with the CodeVision AVR compiler. Based on the performance test of the line follower robot, it can be concluded that the overall design system has been successfully realized.

Garbage Collection and Dumping is the major part of waste management, which has become a crucial issue to be handled in order to ensure healthy environment. In traditional method, garbage bins are placed at public places to collect the garbage, which is usually collected by the garbage collection truck with the help of employed personnel and will be sent to the dumping yard to dump the collected garbage. These bins overflowed frequently before the routine maintenance takes place, which leads to bad order and unhygienic environment causing various life-costing diseases. As this problem is increasing day-by-day, an automated system for effective waste management system is desired which can collect garbage timely without human involvement is proposed and is implemented using NI myRIO, Arduino UNO and NI LabVIEW software. The proposed system consists of two main sub systems- Big Bin and small bin. Big bin moves in a regular predefined path marked as black line in regular time intervals to collect garbage from Small Bins placed in different locations. The proposed system is a novel approach and is capable to automate the entire garbage collection dumping process to ensure healthy environment.

Technological advances support the development of tools used in the industrial sector, one of which is the Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV). AGV can be used to deliver goods automatically. This AGV can be made using visual sensors, one of which is the Pixy camera. This AGV robot can be used to follow the motion of objects. In addition to the Pixy camera as a visual sensor, the Arduino Mega 2560 is also used as a microcontroller, and the L298N motor driver shield with two DC motors. The distance and speed of the robot are also determined so that it can move in the direction the object is going. Manoeuvring is needed on a robot with better sharpness and ability, so Mamdani fuzzy logic control is used as a method. Tests are carried out using the Turn value or Position and Area or the distance between the camera sensor and the object. The experimental simulation was carried out with a case study of Turn value of 0.6 and Area of 6000. Testing was carried out using simulation software and Arduino IDE which were then calculated manually for comparison. The results obtained in testing with the simulation software are 20.80 for the right DC motor and 85.60 for the left DC motor, with the Arduino IDE software the values are 21.11 for the right DC motor and 85.20 for the left DC motor, and the manual calculation produces a value of 21.09 for the right DC motor and 85.04 for the left DC motor. From the resulting data, from the error rate is 98.51% for the right DC motor and 99.53% for the left DC motor.

ABSTRACT: Agriculture in developing countries faces challenges such as labor shortage, energy inefficiency, and lack of automation. This project presents the design and implementation of the Solar Based Multifunctional Agricultural Machine using Zigbee is designed to perform multiple farming operations such as ploughing, sowing, grass cutting, and water sprinkling with reduced human effort and improved efficiency. The system uses solar energy as the main power source, making it eco-friendly and cost-effective for agricultural applications. An Arduino Uno is used as the main controller to manage all operations, while Zigbee communication enables wireless control of the machine through a laptop. DC motors are used for robot movement, servo motors perform ploughing and sowing, and relay modules control the grass cutter and water sprinkler. The LM2596 voltage regulator provides stable power supply to all components. This system helps in saving time, reducing labor, and improving agricultural productivity by integrating renewable energy and wireless communication technology, making it suitable for modern smart farming applications. Keywords: Solar energy, Zigbee wireless communication, smart farming, agricultural robot, smart farming, Arduino UNO, wireless control.

Due to their numerous uses in manufacturing and modern society, Human Following robots have been studied and actively developed for many years. The robot needs to use a variety of methods, including robot control algorithm, human target detection, and obstacle avoidance. This project showcases a four-wheeled robot that follows people while equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to prevent collisions. The user is located by the robot using feedback from ultrasonic sensors. This robot can assist humans in carrying a variety of accessories, luggage, and highly sensitive chemicals in a number of different applications. Using ultrasonic sensors, an algorithm was created to track and position a human user while maintaining a constant distance from the robot. In the presence of numerous such obstacles, the IR sensors are used to uniquely identify the user. The most crucial element for an autonomous robot is communication between the robot and the user. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the use of these technologies. The creation of such robots is tangentially related to this research. Fully autonomous robots ought to be able to connect with the person controlling them in some way in addition to performing the tasks that are expected of them. Two IR sensors and an ultrasonic sensor are employed. Ultrasonic sensors are used to move the robot backward and IR sensors are used to follow a person or object.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused unprecedented global health problems, and the disease’s spread rate is extremely high. It spreads from infected people (COVID-19 positive) to others via droplets from the mouth or nose when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or take deep breaths. Frontline fighters of healthcare organizations such as doctors, nurses, and other medical staff cannot have direct contact with COVID-19 patients in isolation room without personal protective equipment (PPE). Hence, hospital workers have to face different types of problems in distributing foods, medicines, and disposal of waste. An Automatic Line Follower Robot (ALFR) is designed and implemented for COVID-19 patients which is capable of serving infected patients in an isolation room. The main contribution of this paper is to serve essential medicines and foods from the hospital staff and serve it to the patients following the black line. The ALFR also proposes a system which maintains an emergency wireless communication protocol between doctors and patients. It also collects waste from a specified basket and damps it to a proper place. Finally, it can sanitize the isolated room with the help of a disinfectant machine which is assembled in ALFR. ALFR’s performance has significantly improved, and it can successfully complete all tasks.KeywordsALFRCOVID-19Digital audio amplifier (TAS5630)Microcontroller (ATMEGA32A pro.)Actuator (DC motor and servo motor)Infrared ray (IR) sensorArduino Nano

Present decade has seen the growth and advancements in Electric Vehicle (EV). For the LPG and diesel cars that produce pollution and pose as threat to the environment, EVs are an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative particularly for CO2 reduction and alternative energy purposes. With the growing popularity of EV, there is a need for their charging ports. And parking of vehicles has always been a cumbersome task. And hence, EV also requires an efficient parking system. The project that we are working on involves a “Smart Parking as well as Green Charging system of EV”. We are building an IOT based Car Parking System using Node MCU, Arduino UNO, Servomotor and 6 IR sensors. We use Internet of Things (IoT) for a hassle-free parking system and getting the information on Blynk application about the slot availability. Second part of project is charging the EV using a 15V solar panel that is used to charge a 12V battery on the platform where car is parked

Line follower robot is a robot that can follow a line composed of a series of electronic components are equipped with wheels and driven by a motor. Controlling speed is very dependent on the speed limit and friction between the tire robot with the floor. The robots are designed to navigate and move automatically follow a flow line in order to get a response and speed are ideal.. The system consists of hardware and software. The hardware consists of a sensor such as a photodiode input, ATMEGA32 as microcontroller and DC motors. fuzzy logic is divided into three processes namely fuzzyfikasi, evaluation and defuzzyfikasi rule. Defuzzification a conversion step in fuzzy logic system to keluaran crisp value. The conversion result is an action taken by Fuzzy logic control system. The test results were obtained system is capable of identifying a straight line, turn lanes, and lane gray. The system is able to provide an ideal response and speed. input from the reading of the line will be processed by the control system fuzzy and outputs the result as the calculating of the motor speed. fuzzy control system can be an alternative technology development line follower robot control system.

Remote sensing devices have been implemented on the I-64 Bridges over US60 in Franklin County, KY. One of the girders in the westbound bridge has been previously repaired due to unexpected fatigue cracking. The exterior girder in the eastbound bridge has shown signs of impacts due to the traversing trucks on US60. Sensing and recording devices such as strain and temperature gauges, infrared sensors, ultrasonic height detectors, and an accelerometer have been installed. Specifically, eleven strain gauges are used on the repaired girder, impacted girders, and girders adjacent to them. Two sets of infrared sensors, ultrasonic detectors, and video cameras are placed to capture the impacting truck(s). Overall structural responses will be studied through data collected from the strain and temperature gauges, and accelerometer. Data are stored on-site, but the investigator has the flexibility of transmitting or viewing the data, live or stored, via an internet connection.

The overflow of water from a lake or river usually causes flooding. Sometimes, a dam breach might result in the unexpected release of vast quantities of water. Some of the water seeps into the ground, flooding the region. In a station, rivers are involving the riverbanks. Along with a lack of goods and houses, businesses, and offices, street infrastructure floods contain bacteria, sewage from waste sites, and chemical spills, which later cause a number of diseases. The rate of change in river stage in real time, which can assist signal the gravity and immediacy of this hazard, is a crucial piece of information for flood predictions. Understanding the type of storm that produced the moisture, including its duration, strength, and actual extent, is important for determining the possible severity of the flood. In this system, an Arduino Uno is connected to four separate sensors: a humidity sensor, a flow sensor, a float sensor, and an ultrasonic sensor. The float sensor detects when the water is full. With the aid of IOT, these sensor combinations are utilised to predict floods, alert the appropriate authorities, and sound an immediate alarm in adjacent communities to rapidly relay information about potential floods. These sensors provide data via the IOT’s WiFi module. When flooding conditions are detected, the system warns the nearby villages and places and estimates how long it would take for help to reach at a particular location. The technology also determines when it might be considered a flood and gives them a window of time to leave in case it does.