Logical conditions analysis method for diagnostic test results decoding applied to competence elements proficiency

How Should Results from Clinical Tests Be Integrated into the Diagnostic Process?

Sensitivity and specificity are common measures of the accuracy of a diagnostic test. The usual estimators of these quantities are unbiased if data on the diagnostic test result and the true disease status are obtained from all subjects in an appropriately selected sample. In some studies, verification of the true disease status is performed only for a subset of subjects, possibly depending on the result of the diagnostic test and other characteristics of the subjects. Estimators of sensitivity and specificity based on this subset of subjects are typically biased; this is known as verification bias. Methods have been proposed to correct verification bias under the assumption that the missing data on disease status are missing at random (MAR), that is, the probability of missingness depends on the true (missing) disease status only through the test result and observed covariate information. When some of the covariates are continuous, or the number of covariates is relatively large, the existing methods require parametric models for the probability of disease or the probability of verification (given the test result and covariates), and hence are subject to model misspecification. We propose a new method for correcting verification bias based on the propensity score, defined as the predicted probability of verification given the test result and observed covariates. This is estimated separately for those with positive and negative test results. The new method classifies the verified sample into several subsamples that have homogeneous propensity scores and allows correction for verification bias. Simulation studies demonstrate that the new estimators are more robust to model misspecification than existing methods, but still perform well when the models for the probability of disease and probability of verification are correctly specified.

The research presents an attempt to elaborate an economic and organizational mechanism for innovative development of the food industry in the current conditions of sanctions and import substitution. The objective of this study is to provide a coherent methodology for developing an economic and organizational mechanism for innovative development of the food industry. In term of methods, the article is based on a system approach to assessing the current condition and identifying the issues related to innovative development of food industry enterprises, as well as a comparative analysis of management principles in the Russian food industry. The article provides an algorithm for effective cooperation between government and business – food industry enterprises – based on a wide range of methods of dialectical logic, binning, comparative and abstract-logical analysis. The results of this article can be used both in theory and practice regarding the development of tools for innovative development of food industry enterprises. Moreover, they can be used to advance scientific methods for improving competitiveness, investment attractiveness and economic resilience of food processing enterprises in the environment of increased innovative activity. Food industry enterprises show an increasing interest in innovative development of domestic agrarian producers as the main source of domestic primary products for own sustainable development. The proposed economic and organizational mechanism for the establishment and development of food industry enterprises in the framework of structural transformation management in the industry enables restructuring of the socio-economic situation in the food industry. The developed algorithm of a public-private partnership to attract investments to innovative development of Russian food processing enterprises aims to support and encourage export of food, enabling the government and regional authorities to promote rational use of investment potential of Russian regions, mitigation of investment risks and strengthening of food security in the country.

Introduction. Differences in the understanding of the main management and information and security approaches to the formation of an innovative cluster group of SME with large industrial enterprises indicate the ambiguity of ways to measure and evaluate such interaction and its scope, which in Covid-19 on the basis of sustainability, decentralization and European integration requires further study. Methods. The historical and logical method is used in the article; the method of systematization, classification and theoretical generalization; the method of institutional analysis; the method of system analysis; the method of logical analysis and synthesis; the method of graphical analysis. Results. It is proved that the cooperation of industrial SME with large industrial enterprises makes certain demands on them. Before attempting to cooperate with large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, manufacturing SME must have a clear idea of the state of their activities, their own potential and its use, the market position of goods and services relative to competitors. Therefore, the procedure of diagnostics of the state of activity of industrial SME is developed in the work, the leading one in which is the assessment of its solvency. The competitiveness of a production SME, its potential and sustainability are assessed using available methods. Production SME differ in scale and types of activity, policy of its financing, degree of integration into the economy of the region or production cluster, which determines the multiplicity of areas of their support. Discussion. Market support for manufacturing SME should be directed to intensify their activities - assistance in finding markets, customers and business partners, the use of mechanisms for adaptation of enterprises using the full range of opportunities for administrative support. Cooperation of manufacturing SME with large industrial enterprises as a kind of business partnership can take place not only in traditional forms, but also using its most common organizational and economic models - subcontracting, franchising, leasing and venture business. The use of such a range of organizational and economic models of cooperation will help meet the interests of each of its participants and strengthen the economy of the region. Keywords: modern management, information and security approaches, innovative cluster group, COVID-19, sustainability, decentralization, European integration.

Organic production is a decisive factor in preserving the natural wealth and fertility of soils, a source of food security. The market demand formation depends on the organic products perception and consumer preferences of potential buyers. Potential organic production research questions in Ukraine with an estimation of buyers consumption readiness of production are actual. These problens raise issues that need to be addressed. The reseafch evaluates the Ukrainian organic market development, identifies current trends in organic production with its capabilities in domestic and foreign markets, assesses the main donors of organic movement for the country, reveals the consumer demand formation for products through analysis of main motives and incentives, the organic products perception level by Ukrainian consumers and the influence strength on the demand formation. The methodological approach substantiates the selected problems of product consumption and ways to solve them through the economic and management theories applications, dialectical method, abstract method – logical analysis, critical thinking, systematization and formalization method, survey, expert assessments, method of logical analysis, forecasting. The methods application allowed assessing the organic products market and its operators, to identify segments, to model their behavior with an emphasis on strengthening consumer motivation. The research effectiveness is to find ways to strengthen the market demand formation for organic products within the country and its position in international markets, reduce production risks and address the perception of organic products.

Diagnostic, surge and ac breakdown tests are widely used to evaluate the insulation condition of stator winding in traction motor. Diagnostic test included ac current, tan delta and maximum partial discharge. The result of diagnostic test indicates that five kinds of stator windings are good condition. Surge test was peformed to confirm the healthy of turn insulation in stator windings. This test is very easy to detect the turn insulation failure between normal and defect stator windings. After completing the diagnostic test, ac breakdown test has conducted gradually increasing ac voltage, until the stator winding punctured. No. 5 stator windings failed near rated voltage of 18.9 kV The breakdown voltage of No. 1 stator windings was 13.0 kV The ac breakdown voltage of normal winding is about 1.45 times higher than that of defect windings. The failure was located in a line-end coil at the exit from the core slot.

Electronic health records are becoming increasingly common tools for storing and sharing patient health information. Many vendors offer patient "portals" as a way for patients and/or proxies to view test results and communicate with their health care teams. Few researchers have looked at patient portals in the inpatient pediatric population. Our objectives were to describe portal activation and use and factors associated with these end points for hospitalized children. Retrospective, single-center study of pediatric patients birth through 17 years old who had at least one hospital admission and one or more inpatient diagnostic test performed between January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018. Portal use was defined as viewing one or more test result. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed the association between patient characteristics and portal account activation and use. A total of 5862 patients with 170 685 diagnostic test results were included. A total of 40.9% of patients had an activated account, and 20.3% viewed one or more test result. Factors associated with an increased odds of portal activation and/or use included English as preferred language, white race, commercial insurance, multiple admissions, previous outpatient testing, and having both laboratory and imaging inpatient studies performed. In this study, we highlight the underuse of the patient portal in the inpatient pediatric population, especially for patients whose preferred language is not English, self-identify as multiracial and are publicly insured or uninsured. Concerted efforts to eliminate health care disparities in relation to portal activation are needed.

Subject. The article deals with the revision of targets in the economic analysis, enabling timely identification of factors of value creation, and considering the influence of the interests of stakeholders. Objectives. The purpose is to identify targets of economic analysis in connection with changes in information requests of stakeholders and requirements for corporate reporting, concerning the disclosure of opportunities for sustainable development in the context of challenges. Methods. We performed a content analysis of changes in information requests of stakeholders and requirements for the composition and content of types of corporate reporting. The study employs methods of systems, comparative, structural, and logical analysis. Results. The demonstration of excellence by management and investors in understanding the values and the best ways to achieve goals creates threats, and, by definition, is a challenge that should be reflected in integrated reporting. The system of indicators and methods of analysis should be aimed at identifying conflicts and take into account the interests of stakeholders, which will ensure the balance of resources used in creating value. Conclusions. The determinant of the development of corporate reporting is integration, in which a significant amount of information should contain estimated parameters of economic, social and environmental problems and threats specific to major challenges. It will ensure the most effective interaction of stakeholders in managing corporate risks associated with all types of capital. Such disclosure will lead to a synergistic effect in making strategic decisions on sustainable development.

Understanding and using diagnostic tests

This study aims to clarify the current status of development of China's sports industry, explore the fundamental meaning and basic elements of high-quality development of the sports industry, identify and analyze the main challenges faced by the sports industry, and provide theoretical inspiration and practical guidance for achieving sustainable and high-quality development of China's sports industry. This study adopted the literature method and logical analysis method. Through extensive reference to relevant literature and policy documents, the theoretical basis for the high-quality development of the sports industry was systematically sorted out;. Using the logical analysis method, its internal relationship and framework were explored, and the current status of the development of China's sports industry was comprehensively evaluated. The research results show that in the process of achieving high-quality development, China's sports industry is faced with problems such as insufficient technological innovation capabilities, unreasonable industrial structure, unbalanced regional development, and weak international competitiveness, which have become the main factors hindering the high-quality development of China's sports industry. In order to promote the high-quality development of China's sports industry, efforts should be made in the following aspects. Firstly, deepen the integration of science and technology in the sports industry, and enhance innovation capabilities and total factor productivity. Secondly, optimize the structure of the sports industry, and promote field collaboration and efficient allocation of resources. Thirdly, increase sports industry brand building and improve product quality and market influence. Fourthly, practice the green and low-carbon concept of sports, and balance environmental protection and economic growth. Last but not least, strengthen the collaboration between the government, enterprises and all sectors of society to form a joint force to promote the upgrading of China's sports industry. It is hoped that this study can provide a theoretical framework and practical guidance for the high-quality development of China's sports industry, provide inspiring value for relevant policy makers and practitioners in the sports industry, and enhance the international competitiveness of China's sports industry.

Noninvasive prenatal screening that uses cell-free DNA from the plasma of pregnant women offers tremendous potential as a screening method for fetal aneuploidy. A number of laboratories have validated different techniques for the use of cell-free DNA as a screening test for fetal aneuploidy. All tests have a high sensitivity and specificity for trisomy 18 and trisomy 21, regardless of which molecular technique is used. Women whose results are not reported, indeterminate, or uninterpretable (a "no call" test result) from cell-free DNA screening should receive further genetic counseling and be offered comprehensive ultrasound evaluation and diagnostic testing because of an increased risk of aneuploidy. Patients should be counseled that cell-free DNA screening does not replace the precision obtained with diagnostic tests, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis and, therefore, is limited in its ability to identify all chromosome abnormalities. Cell-free DNA screening does not assess risk of fetal anomalies such as neural tube defects or ventral wall defects. Patients who are undergoing cell-free DNA screening should be offered maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening or ultrasound evaluation for risk assessment. The cell-free DNA screening test should not be considered in isolation from other clinical findings and test results. Management decisions, including termination of the pregnancy, should not be based on the results of the cell-free DNA screening alone. Patients should be counseled that a negative cell-free DNA test result does not ensure an unaffected pregnancy. Given the performance of conventional screening methods, the limitations of cell-free DNA screening performance, and the limited data on cost-effectiveness in the low-risk obstetric population, conventional screening methods remain the most appropriate choice for first-line screening for most women in the general obstetric population.

Noninvasive prenatal screening that uses cell-free DNA from the plasma of pregnant women offers tremendous potential as a screening method for fetal aneuploidy. A number of laboratories have validated different techniques for the use of cell-free DNA as a screening test for fetal aneuploidy. All tests have a high sensitivity and specificity for trisomy 18 and trisomy 21, regardless of which molecular technique is used. Women whose results are not reported, indeterminate, or uninterpretable (a "no call" test result) from cell-free DNA screening should receive further genetic counseling and be offered comprehensive ultrasound evaluation and diagnostic testing because of an increased risk of aneuploidy. Patients should be counseled that cell-free DNA screening does not replace the precision obtained with diagnostic tests, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis and, therefore, is limited in its ability to identify all chromosome abnormalities. Cell-free DNA screening does not assess risk of fetal anomalies such as neural tube defects or ventral wall defects. Patients who are undergoing cell-free DNA screening should be offered maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening or ultrasound evaluation for risk assessment. The cell-free DNA screening test should not be considered in isolation from other clinical findings and test results. Management decisions, including termination of the pregnancy, should not be based on the results of the cell-free DNA screening alone. Patients should be counseled that a negative cell-free DNA test result does not ensure an unaffected pregnancy. Given the performance of conventional screening methods, the limitations of cell-free DNA screening performance, and the limited data on cost-effectiveness in the low-risk obstetric population, conventional screening methods remain the most appropriate choice for first-line screening for most women in the general obstetric population.

Exploration methods in business process re-engineering

Objective: to study the concept of newsmaking criminology and its relevance in the current conditions of mass media development.Methods: the methodological basis of the work consists of general scientific, social, and special-legal methods of cognition. The conducted research is based on the dialectical method (in determining the general direction of the study), methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), system method (in comparing and generalizing the information collected for the research).Results: the functions of newsmaking criminology in its classical manifestation, as well as its additional functions in the study of mass media in the Internet, were revealed. It is suggested that with the emergence of the World Wide Web, the relevance of newsmaking criminology has increased: social networks, blogs and video hosting as alternative media have a strong influence on public opinion, while an unlimited number of people have access to content generation, contrary to traditional media. Many states understand the importance of interaction between mass media and law enforcement agencies and are actively implementing their methods of promoting newsmaking criminology online. This article points out the risks that arise in media coverage of law enforcement and crime. One of such risks is the cancel culture, which is spontaneous, unpredictable in nature, and may jeopardize the quality of life of the victim or business reputation and activity of organizations.Scientific novelty: the functions performed by newsmaking criminology in the study of traditional and alternative media were identified. So far, such doctrine has not been sufficiently researched taking into account modern forms of mass communication. Examples of interaction between law enforcement agencies of different states and the media were analyzed.Practical significance: the study contributes to understanding the correlation between criminological phenomena and modern media platforms. The Internet and social networks provide new channels of information exchange that differ significantly from traditional media such as printed media or television.

In this article, the focus is directed to identifying legal concerns of challenging of the debtors transactions in bankruptcy proceedings. The issues of definition of transaction which is subjected to challenging in bankruptcy, the particularities of such acts as abandonment of a claim and conclusion of an amicable agreement are identified and addressed; the specificity of challenging of a chain of transactions in bankruptcy and particular acts on the implementation of the contract are determined. The problem of dual qualification of transactions, which are challenging under special bankruptcy grounds and in accordance with general rules of Civil Code of the Russian Federation about invalidity of transactions is highlighted in the article. Methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction), methods of systematic research and technical-legal analysis, dialectical and formal-legal methods make it possible to the author to identify theoretical and practical legal problems related to challenging of debtors transactions and the existing approaches to their resolution. It's concluded that broad interpretation must not be applied in cases which are not connected to bankruptcy. The opportunity of challenging of acts that are provided by Bankruptcy Law must not be applied to legal relations which are not complicated by bankruptcy. Challenging of a chain of transactions requires a certain approach (dual qualification). We mustn't limit to an assessment of particular execution without the scope of the whole legal relations between parties during challenging acts of execution of the contract. If the transaction has signs of the invalidity under special bankruptcy grounds, its qualification by articles 10, 168 of Civil Code of The Russian Federation is unacceptable. But dual qualification during challenging in bankruptcy is acceptable if we apply provisions of Bankruptcy Law and article 170 of Civil Code of the Russian Federation.