LQCC: A Link Quality-based Congestion Control Scheme in Named Data Networks

Named Data Network (NDN) is a next-generation network architecture that shifts the traditional data communications paradigm Unlike conventional networks that rely on IP addresses, NDN delivers content based on data names rather than specific locations. In NDN, consumers express their requests by sending interest packets containing content names. These names are then propagated through the network nodes, which forward them to the appropriate destinations. The forwarding strategy in an NDN network plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient data delivery. This strategy includes a set of rules that determine the next hop for each interest packet. These rules are designed to optimize the forwarding process, minimizing delays and improving network efficiency. However, if the forwarding strategy is implemented without accurately identifying the appropriate face (i.e., the network interface) to forward interests toward the producer or the nearest cache node, it can lead to significant delays and packet drops. This, in turn, negatively impacts Quality of Service (QoS) parameters and the overall performance of the NDN network. This study applies supervised learning to classify consumer-requested interests to overcome this issue. This technique leverages several related variables to accurately classify these interests. The outcomes of the conducted research demonstrated that raw data from the mini-NDN output can be processed and transformed into a usable dataset. This data is then utilized to train a classification model with supervised learning. In a scenario with 9 NDN nodes and varying numbers of interests, distributed both uniformly and according to Zipf's law, the Random Forest model performs effectively, achieving an accuracy rate of 86.2% with an error rate of 14.8%.

Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising information-centric networking paradigm that addresses the limitations of the traditional IP-based Internet architecture. The core principle of NDN relies on content naming instead of host addressing, to provide efficient, secure, and scalable content delivery. Routing is a critical component of NDN and is responsible for discovering and maintaining optimal paths to named content. This paper presents a comprehensive review of routing techniques in NDN, focusing on the design principles, algorithms, and performance metrics, especially in wired network architecture. We first summarize the NDN architecture and discuss its key components. We then delve into the fundamental routing concepts in NDN and categorize and examine various routing techniques, including link state, distance vector, and centralized approaches based on Software Defined Network. We also summarize the relevant research efforts proposed to address NDN routing challenges by focusing more on wired network architecture. Finally, we identify open research issues and future directions in NDN routing, emphasizing the need for scalable, efficient, and secure routing techniques that can fulfill the growing demands of the modern Internet. In conclusion, this review serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in NDN, offering a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art routing techniques, limitations, and potential future advancements.

This article describes how the named data networking (NDN) has recently received a lot of attention as a potential information-centric networking (ICN) architecture for the future Internet. The NDN paradigm has a great potential to efficiently address and solve the current seminal IP-based IoT architecture issues and requirements. NDN can be used with different sets of caching algorithms and caching replacement policies. The authors investigate the most suitable combination of these two features to be implemented in an IoT environment. For this purpose, the authors first reviewed the current research and development progress in ICN, then they conduct a qualitative comparative study of the relevant ICN proposals and discuss the suitability of the NDN as a promising architecture for IoT. Finally, they evaluate the performance of NDN in an IoT environment with different caching algorithms and replacement policies. The obtained results show that the consumer-cache caching algorithm used with the Random Replacement (RR) policy significantly improve NDN content validity in an IoT environment.

In this paper we explore congestion control solutions in a network running the Named Data Networking (NDN) protocol. Since requested data can be retrieved from either original producers or in-network caches, the end-to-end connection oriented TCP congestion control solutions, such as BBR (Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time) do not work well for NDN transport, especially in wireless networks. We propose a BBR-guided congestion control, BBR-CD, for bulk data fetching by a group of users. BBR-CD applies RTT filtering and interest scheduling to improve BBR's efficiency in NDN. Our evaluation shows that BBR-CD achieves much higher application goodput compared with ndncatchunks which implements the TCP AIMD and CUBIC congestion control algorithms. Moreover, compared with one-flow-per-file SIRC, an NDN congestion control algorithm that paces interests based on inter-data-gap, BBR-CD provides better fairness and bandwidth utilization. Finally, BBR-CD outperforms a direct adoption of the original BBR to NDN, suggesting that our changes to BBR are effective.

Named Data Networking (NDN) presents strong bandwidth benefits on edge networks because its in-network caching design is probably fit for popularity and locality. However, separate NDN edge regions cannot be efficiently connected over IP backbone world, slowing down the deployment of NDN edges. Due to the difference of stateful NDN and stateless IP in forwarding principles, the coexistence of two protocols is difficult and challenging in the network layer. In this paper, we propose iGate, an NDN gateway design for tunneling over IP world, to bridge two kinds of protocols in the same layer. iGate translates protocols between stateful NDN and stateless IP by two temporary tables. It considers many factors about gateway efficiency, like table tunning, minimal NDN integration, TCP/UDP alternatives. We evaluate the performance of iGate with a real implementation on Linux and the results show that it can achieve more than 85.03% translation efficiency and less than 29% protocol conversion delay compared with IP VPN which uses the typical tunneling technology over IP network. Our work presents a practical and highly-efficient solution to assemble NDN edges into IP world, and can be applied to other similar Information-Centric Networking (ICN) designs.

Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the strong competitors of the next generation network architecture, meeting the needs of today’s users for the network. One problem with NDN is that the content requester does not know if there is any content in the network when it sends out the interest package, and it does not know where the target is. This problem is currently solved by the domain name resolution service, but the existing solution does not apply to the NDN architecture. Because the content in the NDN is identified by a human-readable name, the NDN architecture does not require an additional name resolution system. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based Content Name Search Mechanism (BCNSM) by binding the content producer and the human-readable content name as the unique identifier of the content, and then using the blockchain as a trusted organization to store content information, and dynamically stores the information through the smart contract, thereby mapping the content name and the storage location to each other. BCNSM provides users with content name search services and name to the content provider resolution services. Then the model was built for the BCNSM using the colored petri net, and the model process is verified by the model simulation to meet the expectations, and the state space analysis proves that the BCNSM has no deadlock. Finally, a prototype of the smart contract was implemented in Ethereum’s testnet, and the storage and Gas overhead of content name registration and content cache address update were tested.

A Lightweight Forwarding Strategy for Named Data Networking in Low-end IoT

Named Data Networking (NDN) has some transport characteristics different from those of TCP/IP because it is pull-based, in-path caching, hop-by-hop, and multi-path. For these reasons, it is necessary to adapt a distinguished congestion control mechanism to the NDN environment. Congestion control algorithms based on traditional RTT measurements will not work correctly since the data source may change due to innetwork caching during communication flow. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for developing a congestion control scheme in NDN by predicting content popularity. Performance evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed congestion control scheme using the ns3-based NDN simulator (ndnSIM).

Research in Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and Named Data Networking (NDN) has produced many protocol designs and software prototypes, but they need to be validated and evaluated by real usage on the Internet, which is also critical to the realization of the ICN/NDN vision in the long run. This article presents the first Internet-scale adaptive video streaming service over NDN, which allows regular users to watch videos using NDN technology with no software installation or manual configuration. Since mid-2019, the official NDN website [1] has started using our service to deliver its videos to Internet users over the global NDN testbed, showcasing the feasibility of NDN. We conduct real-world experiments on the NDN testbed to validate the proper implementation of the client, network, and server sides of the proposed system and also evaluate the performance of our video streaming service.

Named Data Networking (NDN) is an implementation of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) that has emerged as a promising candidate for the Future Internet Architecture (FIA). In contrast to traditional networking protocols, NDN’s focus is on content, rather than the source of the content. NDN enables name-based routing and location-independent data retrieval, which gives NDN the ability to support the highly dynamic nature of mobile networks. Among other important features, NDN integrates security mechanisms and prioritizes protecting content over communication channels through cryptographic signatures. However, the data verification process that NDN employs may cause significant delays, especially in mobile networks and vehicular networks. This aspect makes it unsuitable for time-critical and sensitive applications such as the sharing of safety messages. Therefore, in this work, we propose NDN-BDA, a blockchain-based decentralized mechanism that provides a faster and more efficient data authenticity mechanism for NDN-based vehicular networks.

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is the more reliable and flexible networking architecture. Due to its programmable nature, it is getting more popular in every research domain of Computing. Moreover, Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture is also more beneficial and emerging technology of Internet. NDN focuses on the content name instead of its location and replaces the usage of IP addresses. Lot of research has been made to integrate SDN and NDN due to their benefits of better management-ability, flexibility, less complexity, centralized control, decoupled control and data planes etc. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is also getting more popular due to huge advancement in Mobile communication devices. Combining SDN and NDN in MANET will resolve lots of problems (i.e. forwarding, mobility, management etc.) which are difficult to tackle with single architecture. Broadcast Storm is always a challenging issue in Ad Hoc networks like MANET. In this paper, we proposed a Controller based Selective Forwarding (CSF) scheme by merging SDN, NDN and MANET to overcome the Broadcast Storm Problem (BSP) and other issues caused by BSP. CSF is evaluated using different simulation parameters which shows superiority over the Native ND-MANET in reference to BSP.

Disasters are uncertain occasions that can impose a drastic impact on human life and building infrastructures. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a vital role in coping with such situations by enabling and integrating multiple technological resources to develop Disaster Management Systems (DMSs). In this context, a majority of the existing DMSs use networking architectures based upon the Internet Protocol (IP) focusing on location-dependent communications. However, IP-based communications face the limitations of inefficient bandwidth utilization, high processing, data security, and excessive memory intake. To address these issues, Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising communication paradigm, which is based on the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) architecture. An NDN is among the self-organizing communication networks that reduces the complexity of networking systems in addition to provide content security. Given this, many NDN-based DMSs have been proposed. The problem with the existing NDN-based DMS is that they use a PULL-based mechanism that ultimately results in higher delay and more energy consumption. In order to cater for time-critical scenarios, emergence-driven network engineering communication and computation models are required. In this paper, a novel DMS is proposed, i.e., Named Data Networking Disaster Management (NDN-DM), where a producer forwards a fire alert message to neighbouring consumers. This makes the nodes converge according to the disaster situation in a more efficient and secure way. Furthermore, we consider a fire scenario in a university campus and mobile nodes in the campus collaborate with each other to manage the fire situation. The proposed framework has been mathematically modeled and formally proved using timed automata-based transition systems and a real-time model checker, respectively. Additionally, the evaluation of the proposed NDM-DM has been performed using NS2. The results prove that the proposed scheme has reduced the end-to-end delay up from 2 % to 10 % and minimized up to 20 % energy consumption, as energy improved from 3 % to 20 % compared with a state-of-the-art NDN-based DMS.

Named data networking (NDN) as a promising future network architecture has been widely considered as a very appropriate network protocol for multihop wireless network (MWN). In named-data MWN, congestion control, forwarding strategy, and power control are three coupled critical issues. There are already extensive works about cross-layer design for MWN with IP and they have demonstrated the advantage of cross-layer design. Enlightened by cross-layer designs for MWN with IP, in this paper, the joint congestion control, forwarding strategy, and power control problem for named-data MWN are studied, and it is modeled as a named-data network utility maximization (NDNUM) problem. In our NDNUM, we maximize data receiving rate related network utility minus power consumption, while consider NDN’s communication characteristics that are different from IP. Then a distributed iterative algorithm based on subgradient method is proposed in order to solve NDNUM. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first cross-layer design for congestion control and power control for named-data MWN. We show that network utility maximization not only can be used to facilitate cross-layer design for networks with end-to-end protocols but also can be used to design cross-layer mechanisms for information-centric network. From simulation, our algorithm outperforms existing congestion control mechanism in network throughput, resource utilization efficiency, and stabilization PIT size.

Named-Data Networking (NDN) is a novel clean-slate architecture for Future Internet. It has been designed to take into account a new use of the Internet and especially accessing content for a large number of users, and it integrates several features such as in-network caching, security or multipath. As NDN relies on content names instead of host address, it cannot rely on traditional Internet routing, and it is therefore essential to propose a routing scheme adapted for NDN. To this end, in this paper, we present SRSC, our SDN-based Routing Scheme for CCN/NDN and its implementation. SRSC relies on the SDN paradigm. A controller is responsible to forward decisions and to set up rules into NDN nodes. We implement SRSC into NDNx and we also deploy an NDN testbed within a virtual environment and real ISP topology in order to evaluate the performances of our proposal with real-world experiments. We demonstrate the feasibility of SRSC and its ability to forward Interest messages in a fully deployed NDN environment, while keeping low overhead and computation time and high caching performances.

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a communication paradigm that emphasizes content distribution. Named-Data Networking (NDN) is an instantiation of CCN, a candidate Future Internet Architecture. NDN supports human-readable content naming and router-based content caching which lends itself to efficient, secure, and scalable content distribution. Because of NDN's fundamental requirement that each content object must be signed by its producer, fragmentation has been considered incompatible with NDN since it precludes authentication of individual content fragments by routers. The alternative is to perform hop-by-hop reassembly, which incurs prohibitive delays. In this paper, we show that secure and efficient content fragmentation is both possible and even advantageous in NDN and similar content-centric network architectures that involve signed content. We design a concrete technique that facilitates efficient and secure content fragmentation in NDN, discuss its security guarantees and assess performance. We also describe a prototype implementation and compare performance of cut-through with hop-by-hop fragmentation and reassembly.