Managing Social Organizations: Experiences and Challenges

This chapter focuses on Exeter College, its social structure, its teaching regime, and its management by Prideaux. Under his governance the number of its undergraduates rose, thanks largely to his reputation not only as an outstanding teacher but also as a sound evangelical Protestant, and for this reason a head of house with a special appeal to the sons of the leading puritan families of Devon and Cornwall. The undergraduate body was a hierarchical one headed by the sons of the nobility. Their attraction to the College and Prideaux’s skill in appointing dedicated and conscientious tutors were both marks of his success as rector. The chapter compares Exeter’s financial position with that of other colleges and concludes by exemplifying and emphasising Prideaux’s ‘hands-on’ style of management, involved, as he was, in every aspect of College life. His role as an educator, unduly neglected in the past, deserves to be given almost as much prominence as his role as a theologian and church politician.

The social system of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) and hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas), characterized by a multilevel structure based upon one-male reproductive units, is unique among primates. Population genetic theory predicts that the semiclosed, substructured social groupings exhibited by these taxa should result in increased relatedness among group members, possibly facilitating relatively rapid rates of evolution when compared to taxa without similarly subdivided populations. In this chapter, we test these predictions by quantifying a mobile genetic element known as baboon endogenous virus (BaEV). Quantitative real-time PCR methods were used to assess relative BaEV copy numbers in captive and wild-caught baboons, including samples from geladas, Guinea (P. h. papio), olive (P. h. anubis), and hamadryas baboons, as well as in individuals with varying degrees of olive and hamadryas ancestry. Results show that geladas possess significantly higher BaEV copy numbers when compared to Papio baboons, and that African hamadryas show a trend toward higher BaEV copy numbers within Papio baboons. These findings illustrate the impact of social organization and reproductive systems on genome evolution, suggesting that hierarchically organized gelada and hamadryas societies (i) promote relatively greater degrees of inbreeding than in their close papionin relatives and (ii) provide conditions under which maintaining an increased BaEV element number confers a selective advantage.

This article considers the direct impact of political parties, interest groups, and social movement organizations (SMOs) on policy, providing evidence for a hypothesis and three others that refine or qualify it. The core hypothesis: all three types of organizations have substantial impacts on policy. The other three: (1) when public opinion is taken into account, the political organizations do not have such an impact; (2) parties have a greater impact than interest groups and SMOs; and (3) interest groups and SMOs will affect policy only to the extent that their activities provide elected officials with information and resources relevant to their election campaigns. The source of data is articles published in major sociology and political science journals from 1990 to 2000, systematically coded to record the impact of organizations on policy. The major findings include: political organizations affect policy no more than half the time; parties and nonparty organizations affect policy about equally often; there is some evidence that organizational activities that respond to the electoral concerns of elected officials are especially likely to have an impact.

Firestorms: Modeling conflict diffusion and management strategies in online communities

The effects of «perestroika», concept of democratization and modernization of socialism and sys temic crisis in socio-economic and socio-political spheres of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia was that of the late 70’s, but mostly from the mid 80’s of XX century these countries increased structural and organizational network of protest and non-conformism, which turned out to be a variation of the transition from dissent to opposition – first as a form of social and political protest and later as a form of political institution. However, the transition from dissent to opposition was not straight and unilateral, but carried out mostly in terms of protest social and political movements and organizations, which over time essentially and con- ceptually transformed into political opposition or set up bases for forming political opposition in the region. Accordingly, it significantly actualizes the problem of social and political protest movements and organiza- tions’ influence on the formation of political opposition in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia (and later in the Czech Republic and Slovakia) as countries that were the basis of modern Visegrad Group. Therefore, the article discusses the features of occurrence and impact of protest social and political movements and organizations on the formation of political opposition and the collapse of the regimes of «real socialism» in the predecessors’ states of modern Visegrad Group – Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia – in the 70–80’s of XX century. It was proven that protest social and political movements and organizations in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, especially from the second half of the 70’s of XX century and by 1987–1990, were «agents» of anti-communism and anti-authoritarianism, primarily because they have been fighting against any manifestation and remnants of the communist regime. It’s also noteworthy that struggle between communist regimes and groups of political protest in the region happened in a quite similar way, as conflicting or competing parties/groups (the communist regime and anti-communist opposition) were interconnected in the fact that they could not solve the political crisis without help and influence of each other. The researcher also revealed that protest and public activity in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia (and later in the Czech Republic and Slovakia) on the verge of 1989–1993 was and remains an important element of political culture and a catalyst of institutional policy, which is incorporated in the process of institutionalization of relations between power and opposition.

Business restructuring, management control, and corporate organization

The intention of this chapter is to explore the model of management which has developed over the course of the twentieth century, reaching its zenith in the last two decades of the century, when management has been deemed throughout the world to be essential to those health and social services organisations which had previously managed without ‘managers’. The second part of the discussion will analyse how this model has affected managers themselves. Finally the impact of a new style of management upon health and social care services will be considered.

O objetivo deste texto é identificar e analisar como as Organizações Sociais (OS) na gestão dos serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) se apresentam nos municípios de Santa Catarina, por meio de estudo dos Planos Municipais de Saúde no quadriênio 2018-2021 e nas leis que Instituem o Programa Municipal de Incentivo à s Organizações Sociais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, por meio de estudo bibliográfico e documental, que contemplou 23 municípios distribuídos entre as oito macrorregiões de Santa Catarina. Na primeira parte são apresentadas as tendências teórico-políticas e técnicas em relação ao SUS e modelos de gestão, problematizando os argumentos da retórica neoliberal e o ocultamento da natureza privada das OS. Na segunda parte, os resultados da pesquisa documental evidenciam que Planos Municipais de Saúde tornam invisíveis as OS, enquanto em 10 municípios há leis que instituem o Programa das Organizações Sociais. Os Planos, de modo geral, usam uma linguagem genérica que não nos permite interpretar se estão em conformidade com os fundamentos do SUS. Apenas um município faz a defesa franca da gestão pública do SUS. A insuficiência de financiamento é o problema pontado pela maioria como o principal desafio da gestão e a narrativa técnico-gerencial da eficiência é referência para descrição dos problemas e das prioridades.

The article presents the outcomes of sociological research to identify: the influence of organizational culture on the managers’ leadership qualities and the interdependence of management style and leader’s personality type of the Saint-Petersburg social services and organizations. It was revealed that the organizational culture type in the considered social institutions has a bureaucratic character; authoritarian management style predominates; the majority of branch managers are leaders with organizational skills.
 It is determined that the passionate manager’s personality type controls organization in an innovative-analytical style, which contributes to a greater activity efficiency. Such leaders are active, focusing on innovative work methods, encourage innovation, modern technologies and high performance, successfully apply brainstorming.
 Thus, the manager’s personality integral model is empirically tested and substantiated through sociological research.

This chapter aims to collect insights regarding the medical sector of Bangladesh in the COVID-19 pandemic. The design/methodology/ approach of this chapter heavily relies on secondary research from different journals and newspapers. The findings of this research show some important dimensions of the country’s health sector in the ongoing pandemic. This includes the sacrifice of the healthcare workers; initiatives taken to protect the healthcare professionals; faulty hospitals; unwilling healthcare professionals who denied providing proper treatment to the sufferers; uncooperative patients. Besides, healthcare management problems related to test kits and testing processes, short supply of medical equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), corruption have been identified in this chapter. The role of citizen volunteers, social organizations, and corporate houses along with the government to combat COVID 19 also came up. Finally, the positive aspect among all-the perseverance of the scientists trying to discover a vaccine. The originality or the value of this chapter is that this is the first chapter that brings all the major challenges faced by the health care system of Bangladesh in managing the COVID 19 pandemic under a single framework. This identifies the nature of health service failure in public and private hospitals based on a review of newspaper reports. The challenges of delivering health care 116services at an adequate level have been identified. This chapter possesses the strengths of creating a theoretical ground for future studies as it covers not only the medical issues but also the social, cultural, and administrative issues of managing the COVID 19. Thus, this chapter may be the basis of developing future healthcare models of managing pandemic of this nature in a developing country. Policy/managerial implication of this chapter creates immense value for policymakers as it presents the challenges of healthcare management in different categories (e.g., social, hospital, patients), which help them to evaluate the gravity of the problem in different areas of healthcare management. The policymakers will get a direction to march forward to address the health care issues in a pandemic situation by focusing on the weaknesses of the system.

Globalization may offer modern feminism its greatest opportunity and greatest challenge. Allowing communication and information exchange while also exacerbating economic and social inequalities, globalization has fostered the growth of transnational feminist networks (TFNs). These groups have used the Internet to build coalitions, lobby governments, and advance the goals of feminism. Globalizing Women explains how the negative and positive aspects of globalization have helped to create transnational networks of activists and organizations with common agendas. Sociologist Valentine M. Moghadam discusses six such feminist networks to analyze the organization, objectives, programs, and outcomes of these groups in their effort to improve conditions for throughout the world. Moghadam also examines how globalizing women are responding to and resisting growing inequalities, the exploitation of female labor, and patriarchal fundamentalisms. This book is an important addition to literature exploring feminism as well as to the broader discussion of the impact of transnational social movements and organizations in the globalized world.

I thank Laurel Weldon for her generous and incisive review of my book. Our two books share a common interest in investigating the mechanisms through which marginalized constituencies gain voice in politics. While my book takes a micro, individual perspective, focusing on questions about participation in American politics, Weldon's takes a macro perspective, analyzing the impact of social movements and movement organizations in a comparative context. Thus, while I try to understand the factors that motivate individuals from traditionally marginalized communities to get involved, she asks what happens when they do get involved: Does their participation in movements and movement organizations matter? These divergent perspectives contextualize some of the very helpful questions Weldon raised about my book.

This article analyzes recent research on the impact of non-party organizations on policy, describing its theoretical coherence, operationalization of key concepts, views of different types of organizations, hypothesis testing, efforts to generalize from its findings, and proposals for improving future research. The analysis shows that few relevant articles in major journals in political science and sociology test theory; researchers seldom explicitly define key concepts; though researchers regularly study interest groups and social movement organizations, much of their work focuses on other types of organizations; researchers regularly make no predictions about organizations’ impact on policy, and when they do, a majority of their predictions are wrong. Researchers rarely generalize; they seldom claim that their conclusions have implications for theory; and their suggestions for future work are mostly generic. The analysis points to weaknesses in current research and proposes ways to overcome them.

This study examines the contemporary development of gated communities in Israel, linking the phenomenon to global trends in privatisation, associated with the rise of neo-liberal landscapes. It is argued that assertions on weakening state intervention and strengthening influence of the market, oversimplify the complex interplay of private developers, public planning institutions and third-sector organisations. Neo-liberal urban governance does not imply the demise of regulation, but rather its changing nature. Although public awareness of gated communities was late to develop in Israel, in part because earlier forms of gating blurred its development, evidence reveals that social and environmental third-sector organisations are important new stakeholders involved in the production of gated spaces through their impact on public policy, balancing the `disciplining' impact of market organisations.

Internal communication plays a pivotal part in an organisation’s survival. It is regarded as an investment in an organisation’s success and underpins organisational effectiveness. However, when organisations face internal communication challenges, these can threaten internal relationships, with dire consequences for the organisation. This is particularly so in the volatile, uncertain, complicated and ambiguous South African corporate context, which presents direct challenges for internal communication management. Internationally there has been an increase in studies exploring challenges for internal communication, with various authors indicating a need for further research. Our study addresses this gap by probing the internal communication challenges experienced in the South African corporate environment as a developing world view, to make recommendations for mitigating action. This exploratory qualitative interview-based study focused on the perceptions of practitioners working in large organisations, as well as consultants with acknowledged expertise in the field of internal communication. The findings confirmed that internal communication is a complex and multifaceted profession full of challenges. We identified 12 challenges, grouped into four clusters, namely access to technology, lack of formal communication training, parameters for inclusion of internal stakeholders, and management styles and structures. Contributions include recommendations for practice, together with suggestions for further research.