MANET: Empirical Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocol Using NS-3.29

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), is a self-configuring infra structure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. ad hoc is Latin and means for this purpose. Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. QOS is defined as a set of service requirements to be met by the network while transporting a packet stream from source to destination. Intrinsic to the notion of QOS is an agreement or a guarantee by the network to provide a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the user in terms of delay, jitter, available bandwidth, packet loss, and so on. The analysis is mainly between proactive or table-driven protocols like OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) viz DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) & CGSR (Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing) and reactive or source initiated routing protocols viz AODV (Ad hoc on Demand distance Vector) & DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). The QoS analysis of the above said protocols is simulated on NS2 and results are shown thereby.

Ad Hoc Routing with Distributed Ordered Sequences

The performance of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) is related to the efficiency of the routing protocols in adapting to frequently changing network topology and link status. This paper addresses the issue by comparing the relative performance of three key ad-hoc routing protocols: destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV), ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and optimized link state routing (OLSR). The protocols are tested based on two scenarios, namely, tactical networks for ships and sensor-based network nodes. Four performance metrics were measured by varying the maximum speed of mobile hosts, network size and traffic load, to assess the routing capability and protocol efficiency. The simulation results indicate that AODV performs better than OSLR and DSDV in the first scenario. Although OLSR also performed relatively well, the associated high routing overhead is the dominant reason for not choosing it. On the other hand, OLSR emerged as the protocol of choice for sensor networks, where the high routing overhead is counteracted by consistently better performance in all other metrics. Due to the slow evolution of the sensor network topology, OLSR performed satisfactorily for best effort traffic but needed subtle adjustments to balance between latency and bandwidth to meet the requirements of delay-sensitive applications

In Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) each node has the possibility to move freely in the space and communicate with each other over wireless link without any centralized controller or base station. These characteristics makes MANET useful and practical in several fields like military scenarios, sensor networks, Rescue operations, students on campus, etc. but this kind of network still suffers from a number of problems, power consumption is one of the most crucial design concerns in Mobile Ad-hoc networks as the nodes in MANET have battery limited. In this paper, we will discuss about the aspect of energy consumption in MANET's routing protocols. A performance comparison of four routing protocols Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) with respect to average energy consumption are explained thoroughly. Then, an evaluation of how the varying parameters of network in diverse scenarios affect the power consumption in these four protocols is discussed. A detailed simulation model using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) with different mobility and traffic models is used to study their energy consumption.

Today, the use of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is becoming increasingly popular due to its flexibility and ease of use wherever and whenever. MANET is able to adapt to many applications, such as disaster management and military operations. The MANET routing protocol consists of two types, namely Proactive Routing Protocols and On Demand Routing Protocols. Destination-Sequence Distance-Vector (DSDV) is an example of a protocol that includes Proactive Routing Protocols. Meanwhile, Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) are examples of protocols that include On Demand Routing Protocols or Reactive Routing Protocols. Because routing protocols greatly affect MANET performance significantly, it is necessary to study the performance of routing protocols. This paper discusses the performance comparison of MANET routing protocol based on RandomWaypoint mobility model. The experiment was carried out by applying the MANET routing protocol to the RandomWaypoint mobility model. Routing protocols used are AODV, DSDV and DSR. The simulation is done using NS-2 software. The total of nodes used in simulations is 100, 150, 200 and 250 nodes respectively. Length of simulation time 900 s. The simulation area take place in urban residential areas. Performance evaluation is performed on variable packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, average end to end delay, packet loss and normalized routing load (NRL).

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming more popular to wireless communications due to wide acceptance of mobile devices. In this paper, attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of proactive routing protocols through MATLAB. Simulations is carried over Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) and Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) routing protocols. We evaluate the Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), MAC collision, and Error Rate for said protocols.The evaluation results show that OLSR has the best performance than other protocols. Keywords: OLSR, DSDV, WRP, Proactive protocols, MANET’s

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) protocol requires proper settings to perform data transmission optimally. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to select the correct routing protocol and use the routing protocol’s default parameter values. This study examined the effect of route request parameters, such as RREQ_RETRIES and MAX_RREQ_TIMOUT, on the Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, which was then compared with the default AODV performance Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The performance metrics used for measuring performance were Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, packet loss, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The results show that the OLSR protocol has a smaller delay than the AODV protocol, while in other measurements, the AODV protocol is better than OLSR. By reducing the combination value of RREQ_RETRIES, MAX_RREQ_TIMEOUT in AODV routing to (2, 10 s) and (3, 5 s), the protocol’s performance can be improved. The two combinations result in an average increase in throughput performance of 3.09%, a decrease in delay of 17.7%, a decrease in packet loss of 27.15%, and an increase in PDR of 4.8%. For variations in the speed of movement of nodes, 20 m/s has the best performance, while 5 m/s has the worst performance.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are considered as a new paradigm of infrastructure-less mobile wireless communication systems. MANETs are being widely studied and it is the technology that is attracting a large variety of applications. Routing in MANETs is considered a challenging task due to the unpredictable changes in the network topology, resulting from the random and frequent movement of the nodes and due to the absence of any centralized control [1][2]. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of reactive routing protocols, Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and proactive routing protocol Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV). The major goal of this study is to analyze the performance of well known MANETs routing protocol in high mobility case under low, medium and high density scenario. Unlike military applications, most of the other applications of MANETs require moderate to high mobility. Hence it becomes important to study the impact of high mobility on the performance of these routing protocols. The performance is analyzed with respect to Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load (NRL), Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF) and Throughput. Simulation results verify that AODV gives better performance as compared to DSR and DSDV.

Wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.11 standard is widely deployed. This technology is used to support multiple types of communication services (data, voice, image) with different QoS requirements. MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETwork) does not require a fixed infrastructure. Mobile nodes communicate through multihop paths. The wireless communication medium has variable and unpredictable characteristics. Furthermore, node mobility creates a continuously changing communication topology in which paths break and new one form dynamically. The routing table of each router in an adhoc network must be kept up-to-date. MANET uses Distance Vector or Link State algorithms which insure that the route to every host is always known. However, this approach must take into account the adhoc networks specific characteristics: dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, limited physical security, ... Two main routing protocols categories are studied in this paper: proactive protocols (e.g. Optimised Link State Routing - OLSR) and reactive protocols (e.g. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - AODV, Dynamic Source Routing - DSR). The proactive protocols are based on periodic exchanges that update the routing tables to all possible destinations, even if no traffic goes through. The reactive protocols are based on on-demand route discoveries that update routing tables only for the destination that has traffic going through. The present paper focuses on study and performance evaluation of these categories using NS2 simulations. We have considered qualitative and quantitative criteria. The first one concerns distributed operation, loop-freedom, security, sleep period operation. The second are used to assess performance of different routing protocols presented in this paper. We can list end-to-end data delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, routing load, activity distribution. Comparative study will be presented with number of networking context consideration and the results show the appropriate routing protocol for two kinds of communication services (data and voice).

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), rely on efficient routing protocols to maintain reliable communication in highly dynamic and decentralized environments. While numerous routing strategies have been proposed, their performance varies significantly with the choice of underlying mobility models that simulate real vehicular movement. This study presents a two-phase evaluation of five widely used routing protocols—Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), and Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP)—across fourteen realistic mobility models, including the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), Car-Following Model (CFM), and Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model. Simulations are executed using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), Network Simulator 3 (NS-3), and the Veins framework. The performance is assessed using eight key metrics: Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay (E2ED), Throughput, Jitter, Energy Consumption, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), Normalized Routing Load (NRL), and Link Breakage Rate (LBR). Among the evaluated protocol–mobility combinations, AODV paired with the CFM model demonstrated comparatively favorable performance under the considered simulation configuration: 93% PDR, 79.4 ms E2ED, 332 kbps throughput, 3.4 ms jitter, 3.48 J energy consumption, 7% PLR, 0.3 NRL, and 5 link breakages per simulation. This study provides a systematic and unified comparative evaluation of five widely used routing protocols across fourteen simulation-based vehicular mobility models. The findings provide scenario-specific comparative insights for simulation-based VANET performance evaluation and offer practical, simulation-based guidance for selecting suitable protocol–mobility model combinations under the evaluated experimental conditions.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network represents a system of wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically selforganize into arbitrary and temporary network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly communicate without any pre-existing communication architecture. The growth of real time multimedia application in such environments, has drawn a lot of attention to wireless networks that support quality of service (QoS). In this work, the QoS metrics, delay and link life time (LLT) of the path are dynamically calculated. Based on these values the routing decisions are made. Here the multipath routing protocol is taken as the base protocol. The proposed algorithm finds the multiple QoS routes only, based on the QoS metrics and stores only those paths in the routing table. The route is selected based on the integrated QoS metric and is used to transmit the data. The base protocol used is multipath AODV(Ad Hoc On demand Distance Vector ) routing protocol. The proposed protocol may take extra time during route discovery process to compute the additional QoS parameters, but this time is compensated by having only QoS paths for data transmission. A few patents on the QoS Routing for MANETS have been reviewed.The simulator NS-2.34 is used to simulate and compare the performance of the protocols in terms of the QoS metrics such as end-to-end delay, PDR in the MANET. Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), Quality of Service (QoS), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV), LLT (Link Life Time), RLT (Route Life Time), PLTR (Percentage Life Time Ratio), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), CBR (Constant Bit Rate), PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio).

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a one that has decentralized, self-organized and self-configurable network. All mobile nodes are moving arbitrarily. It consists of mobile wireless nodes that communicate themselves without any well defined infrastructure and also do not required any interference of third party base station. MANET’s routing protocols are classified in three categories. Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols are three routing Protocols. But we basically Focus on only one of each routing protocol by varying by Data Dropped and Retransmission. In this paper we analysis performance of routing protocol by using mobility models vector mobility and random way point. We are focusing performance comparison on routing protocols on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is proactive routing protocol also known as table driven protocol, (AODV)Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector is Reactive Routing Protocol and also establish a connection on demand and third one is Gathering-based Routing Protocol (GRP) which is hybrid routing protocol. In this paper we have compare two mobility models with above three protocols. In simulation results AODV shows best results by using OPNET 14.5 simulators. We can also compare its performance by using 50 nodes and show its outcome with the help of comparison table.

This study principally addresses the challenges associated with streaming videos in wireless Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), primarily constrained by wireless channels and node mobility. This study proposes a novel routing protocol incorporating a feedback mechanism and cross-layer architecture, supported by three key enhancements. First, it incorporates a route recovery strategy for detecting link failures and re-establishing connections based on predefined Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. Second, a novel algorithm estimates the available bandwidth, enabling dynamic adaptation of bitrate at the application layer concerning the source video. This novel rate-adaptive approach utilizes a scalable layered structure of the video coding, thereby removing layers that the network cannot efficiently support due to bandwidth limitations. Third, a gateway discovery procedure enhances the connectivity among MANETs and other infrastructure networks. This method employs available bandwidth as a parameter while selecting appropriate gateways and dynamically adjusts operational parameters like proactive area size and advertisement message frequency. The performances of the proposed Enhanced OLSR (E-OLSR) protocol are compared with the state-of-the-art routing procedures such as Adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), in terms of metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end (E2E) delay, throughput, as well as energy consumption. The simulation results demonstrated notable improvements, including reduced packet delay, fewer dropped packets, and decreased link failures, indicating effective utilization of available bandwidth. The overall performance of the proposed E-OLSR protocol exceeds other traditional protocols and its security is enhanced through the integration of Blockchain Technology.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Road Infrastructure (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communications are paramount for paving the way for smarter, cleaner and safer cities and roads. We investigate on how three state-of-the-art Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols behave over the IEEE 802.11p/WAVE stack, which has been recently been specified for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs): Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). Based on ns-3 and BonnMotion simulations, we evaluate Packet Delivery Rate, Goodput, Routing Overhead and End-to-End Delay for different trajectories, average speeds, and network densities. Our results show that the DSDV and OLSR protocols have a better performance than AODV, for low-density and low-speed scenarios. Additionally, we have observed that when the number of Nodes (network density) or Nodes’ velocity increases, the OLSR protocol performs better than the other two.