Markov Chain Based Ant Colony Approach for Mitigating DDoS Attacks Using Integrated Vehicle Mode Analysis in VANET

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a group of nodes that remain dynamically and randomly situated. VANETs are considered as one of the most prominent technologies for improving the efficiency and safety of modern transportation systems. However, the VANET is also subjected to attacks that will weaken the performance of vehicular communication. To enable communication inside the VANET system, a routing protocol helps to determine directions among nodes. VANET network nodes move very quickly from one place to another, and in that time DDoS attacks will occur in the VANET network. Therefore, it is important to implement DDoS attack detection-based communication level on the entire VANET system. The source node will send data or information to the destination using intermediate nodes, whenever a DDoS attack happens in the node. In this paper, an approach is proposed for detection of a DDoS attack in a VANET network by using the adapted stream region scheme. Once the attack occurs in the VANET network, all the data will be damaged or hacked by another attacker. To minimize the DDoS attack and optimize the assigned problem, the author is using packet marking based on adapted stream region (PMBASR) techniques on the network. The PMBASR techniques are used to trace back to the source node, then the node of origin used in RSU server for data request, and at the same time the data will receive a response in the network. Nevertheless, an analytical approach will use PMBASR to detect the DDoS attack and further improve the network performance. Finally, the Ns2 simulation result proves it to be a better result-oriented approach.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a critical factor for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). Even though VANET belongs to the class of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), none of the MANET routing protocol applies to VANET. VANET network is dynamic, due to increased vehicle speed and mobility. Vehicle mobility of VANET affects conventional routing algorithm performance, which deals with the dynamicity of the network node. The evaluation of the existing research stated that Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an effective MANET protocol to adopt network changes for significant resource utilization and also provides effective adaptation in the network change. Due to the effective performance of the AODV protocol, it is considered as an effective routing protocol for VANET. This paper proposed an ad hoc TROPHY (TAD-HOC) routing protocol for the VANET network for increasing efficiency and effective resource utilization of the network. To improve the overall performance, ad hoc network is combined with Trustworthy VANET ROuting with grouP autHentication keYs (TROPHY) protocol. The proposed TAD-HOC protocol transmits data based on time demand in the VANET network with the desired authentication. Results of the proposed approach show the increased performance of the VANET network with packet delay, transmission range, and end-to-end delay. The comparative analysis of the proposed approach with I-AODV, AODV-R, and AODV-L shows that the proposed TAD-HOC exhibited effective performance.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) are a proper subset of mobile wireless networks, where nodes are revulsive, the vehicles are armed with special electronic devices on the motherboard OBU (On Board Unit) which enables them to trasmit and receive messages from other vehicles in the VANET. Furthermore the communication between the vehicles, the VANET interface is donated by the contact points with road infrastructure. VANET is a subgroup of MANETs. Unlike the MANETs nodes, VANET nodes are moving very fast. Impound a permanent route for the dissemination of emergency messages and alerts from a danger zone is a very challenging task. Therefore, routing plays a significant duty in VANETs. decreasing network overhead, avoiding network congestion, increasing traffic congestion and packet delivery ratio are the most important issues associated with routing in VANETs. In addition, VANET network is subject to various security attacks. In base VANET systems, an algorithm is used to dicover attacks at the time of confirmation in which overhead delay occurs. This paper proposes (P-Secure) approach which is used for the detection of DoS attacks before the confirmation time. This reduces the overhead delays for processing and increasing the security in VANETs. Simulation results show that the P-Secure approach, is more efficient than OBUmodelVaNET approach in terms of PDR, e2e_delay, throughput and drop packet rate.

DDoS (Distributed Denali of Service) attack majorly issues on vehicular Ad hoc network (VANET). When two or more vehicle exchanges information to each other either direct or indirect, DDoS attack effects on VANET networks. VANET networks can manage communication by using trust management model for predication and detection of DDoS attacks. Trust model based on Hash encryption key and Identity based technique will work ageist DDoS attacks node. Trust Management System is divided in to three Steps. Step-I: System Initialization, Step-II Trust-Value Updating and Step-III: Vehicle to Vehicle Authentication and Trust Evaluation. Its method applies scenario 20 nodes, 40 nodes, 60 nodes, 80 nodes, and 100 nodes and totally taken 15% malicious nodes on a given scenario. With the help of NS2 simulation tool through which calculate PDR, E2E and Throughput parameters during Simulation. Analysed result based on three protocol AODV, DDoSAODV and TAODV that’s by TODV perform better result compare to another protocols on the bases of parameters.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) plays a vital role in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). When a vehicle receives a message through network, the CRL (certificate revocation list) checking process will operate before certificate and signature verification. After successful authentication, a CRL list is created based on authentication. This CRL is used to verify whether a vehicle node can be permitted for communication in the VANET network. But when using CRL, a huge amount of storage space and checking time is needed. So we proposed a method without the CRL list. It mentions a key management list to overcome large storage space and checking time. Even it reduced the access delay. For access permission we can do an authentication system based digital novel signature authentication (DNSA) for each vehicle in the VANET with the RSU unit or with other participant node vehicles in the communication as per the topology. We can perform an efficient and secured communication in VANET.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

The growing number of vehicles in cities has a great impact on our quality of life, such as air and noise pollution, traffic jams and traffic accidents. Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System (C-ITS) relies on communication technologies to provide innovative services and applications for transportation and traffic management. In the C-ITS context, users, roadside infrastructure and vehicles need to be connected and, for this purpose, a wide variety of wireless technologies can be used (e.g, vehicular WiFi, cellular and visible light communication). In this work we consider a VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork) using vehicular WiFi (based on 802.11p). The communications in VANET networks have been studied for years and several routing algorithms have been developed for such a kind of network. However, a benchmark to compare the performance of such algorithms is still lacking. To fill this gap, the present work proposes a benchmark composed by instances of data routing for different scenarios in the VANET. Moreover, we propose a multi-objective algorithm based on ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) to compare with such benchmark. The results of simulations show the impact of several factors in the VANET connectivity, such as vehicle density, geographical location, propagation and fading models. The results are promising and indicate the importance of choosing appropriated simulation models.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a class of automotive self-organizing networks designed to exchange data between vehicles and road infrastructure. In an open environment such as VANET, it is necessary to take into account privacy and security concerns. Authentication, data confidentiality, data integrity, data availability are critical security components in VANET. The article discusses the problem of authentication in VANET networks and investigates the authentication scheme that uses a road side unit infrastructure. Experimental studies in the Veins vehicular network simulator show the advantage of the presented scheme compared to the classical approach based on public key infrastructure in terms of communication overhead.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an intelligent technology that enables efficient communication, secure data transmission, and traffic management. The purpose of routing protocols in the VANET network is to route data between vehicles (V2V) and vehicles-to-infrastructure (V2I). Recently, researchers have shown interest in designing effective routing protocols for the VANET network, as not all existing protocols are suitable for all traffic scenarios. Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being adopted and integrated into intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Developed countries are actively promoting sustainable transportation solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, this research presents an EV charging station (CS) management scheme based on communication between EVs and RSUs, with performance evaluation simulated using VANET network protocols. In this study, the G-MDORA, MDORA, and geographical routing protocol (GRP) protocols were modified to accommodate V2I communication, and RSUs were distributed along the roadmap. Additionally, a scheme for managing electric vehicle CS was presented, focusing on the communication between electric vehicles and RSUs in the EV2I context. Performance was evaluated using the G-MDORA, GRP, and MDORA protocols, considering factors such as throughput, communication overhead, packet delivery ratio, and end to end delay.

A Cluster of CP-ABE Microservices for VANET

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are being designed to improve traffic safety and efficiency. Then it communicates with each other using sensed available spare spectra. In a VANET network, a medium access control (MAC) layer configuration determines a common set of channels to facilitate communication among participating nodes. Because spare spectra change dynamically according to time and locations, available spare channels of the number and the identity of each node are changing any time in a multi-hop network consisting of VANET nodes. In this paper, we present a novel dynamic hop reservation multiple access protocol based on the original one. Moreover, the MAC system is designed using Verilog HDL and implemented using ALTERA Excalibur ARM EPXA4F672C3 (FPGA). It can access and quit channels efficiently without any common channel.

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) is a specific type of MANETs class as it deals with the safety of the vehicular nodes moving on the roads. As the VANETs field has a high movement rate, choosing the best routing protocol in this domain is a difficult task. Therefore, this paper reveals that the AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol is regarded as one of the most suitable protocols for the VANETs field. During the route generation process, AODV transmits RREQ (Route-Request message) and generates several additional routes among an origin and a target node. This paper focuses on enhancing and improving the AODV performance by applying the novel clustering approach to generate constant clusters. In this paper, initially, the VANETs network's deployment for the route discovery and later generation of the appropriate route using the AODV routing protocol with a clustering approach is mentioned. Finally, four parameters are calculated for each route. The performance of three chosen protocols and the proposed algorithm is analyzed based on the defined parameters such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay, Packet Loss Ratio (PLR). The outcomes revealed that our proposed algorithm performs better than the other algorithms. The proposed algorithm gives the highest value for the throughput and PDR and the minimum value for the delay and PLR.

A future where computers take over driving could be paved by autonomous vehicles on Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET), a wireless network that spontaneously forms to exchange data about automobiles. In order to communicate properly amongst the cars, it helps transfer secure messages. Unauthorized access, such as sending bogus VANET messages, poses a serious risk. As a result, remedial action should be initiated early in the architectural process. To prevent a DoS attack, an equal balance between message authentication and DoS protection must be maintained while the VANET network is authenticating each message. A wide range of security-demanding circumstances and message transmission security solutions are discussed in this work.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) technology enables communication between vehicles, or vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) through wireless communication devices installed on the vehicles. One of the most important goals of VANETs is providing safety applications for passengers. In addition, VANETs provide comfort applications to users. Guaranteeing a reliable and stable routing protocol over VANETs is a very important step. The proposed research attempts to improve routing protocols that decrease the end-to-end delay to suit VANET communication characteristics. In addition, it proposes analysis of the end-to-end delay probability distribution. More specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the re-healing delay in a VANET conditioned on the distance between two VANET clusters. Furthermore, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the unconditional re-healing delay. Moreover, we develop a mathematical model to calculate the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay. On the other hand, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones in wireless communications and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has started to attract attention. We propose a routing protocol that uses infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. Moreover, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Furthermore, we propose a drones-active service (DAS) that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-todrone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a new routing protocol called multi-copy intersection-based routing (MCIR) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in urban areas. MCIR is an intersectionbased routing protocol that forwards multiple copies of the packets in different road segments. Moreover, it is a beacon-less routing protocol with a carry-and-forward strategy. We show via simulation that the MCIR protocol is superior to other existing routing protocols, especially in low vehicular density scenarios. The results show that MCIR achieves a shorter end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery ratio in urban VANET communications.

Among recent advances in wireless communication technologies' field, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have drawn the attention of both academic and industry researchers due to their potential applications including driving safety, entertainment, emergency applications, and content sharing. VANET networks are characterized by their high mobile topology changes. Clustering is one of the control schemes used to make this global topology less dynamic. It allows the formation of dynamic virtual backbone used to organize the medium access, to support quality of service and to simplify routing. Mainly, nodes are organized into clusters with at least one cluster head (CH) node that is responsible for the coordination tasks of its cluster. In this sight, our paper introduces a clustering mechanism based for connectivity maintenance in VANET. The proposed solution is experimentally evaluated using NS2 simulator.