Materials properties: elasticity

VIRVELINĖS KERAMIKOS KULTŪRA LIETUVOJE 2800–2400 cal BC

Kogegruber i New Guineas højland

The Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age... Every global epoch in the history of the mankind is characterized by materials used in it. In 2004 a new era in material science was opened: the era of graphene or, more generally, of two-dimensional materials. Graphene is the strongest and the most stretchable known material, it has the record thermal conductivity and the very high mobility of charge carriers. It demonstrates many interesting fundamental physical effects and promises a lot of applications, among which are conductive ink, terahertz transistors, ultrafast photodetectors and bendable touch screens. In 2010 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene''. The two volumes Physics and Applications of Graphene - Experiments and Physics and Applications of Graphene - Theory contain a collection of research articles reporting on different aspects of experimental and theoretical studies of this new material.

PrefaceThis issue of Proceedings gathers the papers presented at 2018 International Conference on Advanced Electronic Materials, Computers and Materials Engineering (AEMCME 2018) held on September 14-16, 2018 in National University of Singapore, Singapore. AEMCME is an international conference covering research and development in the field of advanced electronic materials and computers and allow the participation from all over the world.More than 400 papers were submitted on the conference, and AEMCME finally accepted 280 papers after a double blinded peer review process by international reviewers and technical program committee members. Divided into 4 chapters, the papers provide a wide spectrum of researches on wide range of advanced electronic materials and computers. The chapters are devoted to Advanced Electronic Materials, Computers, Information Engineering and Application, Materials Physics, Chemistry and Engineering, as well as Power, Energy Systems and Engineering. Specific research results by conference participants were presented and examined in the light of the frameworks outlined above, which is of interest to academics, researchers and professionals in this field.Three keynote speeches were presented from Prof. Hao Gong, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Prof. Alfonso Maffezzoli, University of Salento, Italy; Prof. X.H. Zhu, Sichuan University, China separately. All the talks were very impressive for the high level of professionalism, and in many cases original ideas and activities have been accomplished or proposed.List of committees are available in this pdf.

To understand how Italian society developed in the various regions, it is essential to gain some perspective on the complex and far-flung pattern on trade and exchange throughout the Mediterranean: the necessity of beginning with the Mycenaean influence in order to understand later periods is stressed by Macnamara (1984; 421). It can be seen that the vigorous activity in the late Mycenaean period, though not necessarily all conducted by Mycenaean Greeks, had a most significant effect on southern Italy and Sicily. The central region of Italy, on the other hand, experienced the trade currents and external influences of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in varying degrees. Throughout the first half of the first millennium, for instance, Etruscan settlements were much more open to and affected by external influences than Latin settlements, but sites like Tarquinia and Caere lagged behind sites in southern Italy and the Po valley in the Late Bronze Age. The involvement of central Italy and of Latium in the Late Bronze Age was, as far as we can see, minimal.

Numerous riser, mooring, pipeline, subsea, and topside components made of polyester, titanium, glass/epoxy, and glass/carbon/epoxy materials are commercially available or in the process of qualification for offshore use. These advanced material components have potential to extend capabilities of existing platform concepts such as Semisubmersibles, TLPs, FPSOs and SPARs. Emerging field development concepts such as deepwater subsea processing and long tie-backs, new floating platform designs (variations of TLP and Spar concepts), new riser systems (submerged platforms, free standing riser towers, and buoyancy systems) may also benefit from the advanced materials components. This paper summarize technical and commercial issues in integration of advanced material components to offshore field development. Introduction As the offshore industry moves aggressively to pursue deeper water developments, composite materials are finding a wide range of new applications for both topside and subsea structures. The number and volume of composite material applications will continually increase provided that the composite industry responds to the unique challenges of the offshore industry. Offshore industry acceptance of these components depends on exploiting the potential of advanced materials to increase the platform performance and cost effectiveness, and to reduce technical risks compared to steel component counterparts. When favorable combinations of these factors exist, technological, economical, and regulatory barriers can be overcome. The relationship among risk, cost, and performance in commercial applications of advanced materials is illustrated in Figure 1. Performance. All commercially available and emerging advanced material components offer superior performance characteristics when compared to their steel counterparts. The performance advantages are typically combinations of lower weight, higher strength, higher fatigue resistance, higher durability, and enhanced corrosion resistance. Constituent properties, along with the design-to-fit characteristics of the advanced materials, are the main reasons for this increase in performance. The performance improvement can be at the component level, such as a corrosion resistant firewater pipe or a keel joint, or at the system integration level where the weight savings and superior performance of individual components allows potential cost and performance benefits in associated platform systems. Light weight composite TLP tendons and risers, for example, may allow significant downsizing of the TLP. Figure 1. Advanced materials technology drivers for offshore applications (Available in full paper) Cost. Although advanced material components are typically more expensive than their steel counterparts, the added costs are often justified by improvements in component or system performance. For deepwater platforms, the cost benefit of advanced materials can be significant when evaluated at the system level. Weight savings in the risers, tendons, and mooring components will lead to more cost-effective floating platform designs. Risk. Offshore industry acceptance of advanced material components is directly related to operational risks. For low risk applications, such as certain topside components, it is easier to address regulatory concerns and to overcome the technical challenges of replacing steel components. For highrisk applications, such as moorings and risers, the regulatory requirements are more stringent, making already significant technical challenges even more difficult. The three drivers (performance, cost, and risk) of offshore advanced materials technology are combined in Figure 1 to ge

Excavations at the Sculptor's Cave (north-east Scotland) during the 1930s and 1970s yielded evidence for activity in the Late Bronze Age, Late Iron Age, and early medieval periods, including a substantial human skeletal assemblage with apparent evidence for the removal, curation, and display of human heads. The present project, combining osteological analysis and a programme of AMS dating, aimed to place the surviving human remains from the site into their appropriate chronological context and to relate them to the broader sequence of human activity in the cave. A series of AMS determinations has demonstrated that the human remains fall into two distinct chronological groups separated by a millennium or more: one from the Mid-Late Bronze Age and one from the Late Iron Age. Osteological analysis suggests that while the Bronze Age group may, as previously suggested, include the remains of the heads of juveniles formerly displayed at the cave entrance, this was not the sole mechanism by which human remains arrived in the cave at this time. The Late Iron Age group provides evidence for decapitation and other violent treatments within the cave itself.

The site of Tell Atchana/Ancient Alalakh is located in the Amuq valley, now in the modern province of Hatay, in Southern Turkey. While it was previously thought that the site was abandoned towards the end of the Late Bronze Age, recent excavations at the site have demonstrated the presence of Iron Age levels, suggesting a prolonged period of occupation. This thesis presents a detailed analysis of the pottery assemblages excavated from the Iron Age levels of Alalakh; makes a major contribution to defining a new chronology for the site of Alalakh and sheds a new light on the last centuries of occupation. Based on the pottery assemblages this thesis proposes a new interpretation of the Early Iron Age period as being not a period of crisis and collapse but of accomplishment and regeneration. Moreover, by applying a more holistic and anthropological approach to the study of ceramics, this thesis investigates the patterns of consumption and of social dynamics in Early Iron Age Alalakh and links them within the broader regional framework of the Northern Levant. The morphological analysis carried out in this thesis defines a typology for the Iron Age pottery assemblages and establishes a relative chronology for the Iron Age levels. This enables the Iron Age settlement on Alalakh to be dated to the Iron Age I and II (12th-9th century BC). The functional analysis performed on the pottery assemblage recovered from square 42.10, the only square that yielded a reliable stratigraphy, results in the identification of the square as an open area devoted to the processing and consumption of food. This approach determines a change in the way food was cooked and displayed, but not in the way it was served and consumed. Finally this thesis draws conclusions related to continuity and change detectable in the local pottery assemblage and proposes a new historical narrative regarding Alalakh and the Amuq valley for the first centuries of the Early Iron Age.

Two Peat-finds from Djursland.Between 1940 and 1947 large quantities of pottery, mainly from the New Stone Age and from the Early Iron Age, were found in Danish peat bogs. Djursland, in Jutland, is one of the areas from which particularly rich hauls reached the National Museum, and two of these discoveries, from the Celtic Iron Age, are here described.Torsager Dairy: 600 metres east of Torsager Church. Here numerous pre­historic objects were found at a depth of about one metre, over a stretch of 400 metres about 20-40 metres from the shore of the peat bog). The skull of a woman, aged about 40-50, lay in the peat, without jawbone or any other part of the skeleton. Of ten bones of horses found, seven were pelvic bones, lying together in a heap. Three pieces of broken wooden tools were found, and in addition well over 100 whole or fragmentary pottery vessels, of which 19 have been preserved. They were without doubt all unbroken when they were deposited in the bog. The rim sections are rounded, thickened or straight cut, the handles ribbon-shaped and the bases broad and flat or else ring-bases, while ornamentation consisted of an offset shoulder or of one or two lines running round the shoulder (figs. 1-2). Comparison with Becker's material from Trelleborg) and with the pottery discovered in the lower level of the Borremose moat shows clearly that the greater part belongs to the Northeast Jutland cultural group in Becker's Period II. This is a clear case of offerings in a sacred peat bog, and as Torsager has always been a religious centre in Christian times and, to judge by the name, was also of cult importance before Christendom, this discovery can be equated with the sacrificial deposits from Vimose and Torsbjerg, both also places where the names suggest a heathen cult centre.Albøge Peat Bog: a little east of Albøge town. Here, in a packet of peat only 70 metres across containing a 4 metre thick peat layer, a large number of prehistoric objects vere found). Apart from a Stone Age pottery vessel and a wooden cart axle, which lay deeper, all the objects were found a half to one metre below the surface, at a height of about two metres above the bed of the bog. 6 pottery vessels, 15 bones of mammals, one hammer stone and 5 fragments of flint axes were found scattered individually. In addition there were found about 80-85 pottery vessels, almost all in small fragments, an iron sword and a pottery spindle-whorl. All these lay in 23 heaps of sherds, each about three-quarters of a metre in diameter and consisting of sherds from a large number of vessels, sherds of normally fired, underfired and overfired vessels being found mixed up with lumps of raw clay. The largest heap contained 672 sherds. The spindle-whorl, which lay in the bottom of a vessel, had been made from a sherd. The sword was of typical La Tene type, with a tang and sloping shoulders. Among the pottery material (figs. 3-4) occurred rims of round, thickened, straightcut and fluted types; handles were ribbon-shaped, fluted or X-shaped, a ring-base occurred once, and ornamentation was un­common. Parallels can be found at Trelleborg), in the upper layer of the Borremose moat and at Kraghede). This pottery also belongs to the Northeast Jutland group within the Late Celtic Iron Age, but while three of the individually found vessels and five of the heaps of sherds belong to Becker's Period II two of the sherd heaps must be ascribed to Period III and seven to the transi­tional stage II/III or to Period III. The present writer interprets this discovery as rubbish discarded from pottery manufacture, each heap representing a single clearing up of a workshop. This, therefore, in contrast to the Torsager discovery, must be considered a completely secular deposit.Painted pottery: is very rare in Denmark. To date eight painted vessels are known from the Early Roman Iron Age, from Vendsyssel and South Jut­land), and one vessel from the Late Celtic Period, from Bukkerup peat bog on Funen. In the Albøge discovery there were eleven painted sherds and in the Torsager discovery one (fig. 5). Including these discoveries the use of black paint is known from the Celtic Iron Age and of gray and white paint from the Roman Period. The following patterns occur: dots, centre-pointed circles, zigzags, triangles, "crescent-friezes" and vertical and horizontal stripes. As these are the same patterns as are used in incised ornamentation, and as the shapes of the vessels are local, we may conclude that a native school of pottery painting existed in the Early Iron Age, with its roots in Central EuropePovl Simonsen

Khirbet er-Rumele was known as Sarha in the Late Bronze Age (EA 273.21) but in the Iron Age its name was changed to that of its shrine—Beth-Shemesh. Zorah (Tell Sar'a), offshoot settlement of Beth-Shemesh, continued to use the name of the mother city. Perhaps it served as refuge for Beth-Shemesh, producing the fictitious fortress of Rehoboam (2 Chron. 11.10), but pottery findings can not be dated to before Iron Age IIB (900/850 BCE). Eshtaol (= Išwa') was an offshoot settlement of Zorah (Iron Age HC). The Danites did not migrate to the north (twelfth, eleventh or tenth century BCE) leaving the Samson-clan in the south (Judg. 13–18). Rather, they came south following the campaigns by Tiglat Pileser III against Israel, settling first near Kiriath-jearim and then in the Zorah-Eshtaol region. They legitimized their claim by ‘Danitizing’ the local hero Samson and through the fictional northward migration which allowed the portrayal of the current settlement as a return to ancestral grounds.

We named the Prehistoric and primitive times by materials--- the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age are just the vivid description of the importance of the material. Some experts called the present “Synthetic material times”, the future “Allergenic material times”. In product design, new materials, as an important element of component performance, plays an important role in improving the product's features and enriching the product’s content. In this paper, I will make a reasonable description on the performance of new materials and functional requirements of products, providing designers with a selection of ideas.

It is a great privilege and honor for me to serve as the Editor-in-Chief of Advanced Materials Science and Technology (AMST). I want to express my heartfelt thanks to the editorial team for their efforts to make the journal going to the success. AMST, founded in 2019, is publishing research papers of high quality in the field of materials science and technology. Materials science and industry are entering a new era of green, high-end and intelligent, under pressure from the global community on the environment and energy needs[1-3]. Many countries are developing strategies for clean energy and low-carbon innovation. This depends to a great extent on the innovation research of new materials, functional materials and intelligent materials and development of related science and technology[4,5]. It is under such background and requirement that our journal, AMST, was founded and is fast growing, providing a platform to the scientific community for the exchange of knowledge about the chemistry and technology of new materials, especially to the increasingly inter- and multidisciplinary nature of materials-based research. Our journal is to give some insight into the opportunities and challenges related to advanced materials science and technology, and to call on more researchers participating actively in and sharing the chance. AMST is serving our readers with high level papers under our rigorous but fair peer-review procedures, and publish on a not-for-profit basis for the benefit of the scientific community. Indeed, we try our best to take the journal forward to continue growing as a trusted and respected gold open access venue for the publication of high quality, impactful results on the frontiers of materials-based research. We hope you enjoy this rising star in materials research as much as we do, and wonderful future issues is coming.

Although hill-forts from the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age associated with Lusatian culture appear in vast areas of modern Poland, they are absent in Pomerania beside the Lower Oder region. This scarcity is surprising, especially taking into account the relatively numerous appearances of hill-forts in Greater Poland, the region directly neighbouring Pomerania to the south. On the other hand, investigations conducted in the 1960s and 1970s to verify Pomeranian hill-forts described as originating from the Early Medieval and Medieval periods resulted in the detection of at least a dozen sites with material from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The aim of this paper is to present the problem of the supposed presence of Lusatian culture hill-forts in the central part of Polish Pomerania. It is highly probable that this kind of settlement played an important role in interregional contacts between eastern and western parts of Pomerania, together with Greater Poland and probably also Nordic Bronze Age zones. In a wider perspective, their role in the course and working of the Amber Road at the end of the Bronze Age should also be taken into account and investigated. It seems that new tools available for archaeologists, like Lidar data, modern geophysics and aerial photography, may provide new openings and new perspectives on research into this case study. Key words: Central Pomerania, Lusatian culture, Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, hill-forts, fortified settlements, trade/exchange routes, archaeological cartography. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ab.v24i0.1565

The present issue of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) contains 113 selected manuscripts submitted to the 8th Global Conference on Materials Science and Engineering (CMSE 2019), which was held during November 12-15, 2019 in Sanya, Hainan Province, China, and was sponsored by Sage Publishing. Since 2012, CMSE provides an annual international academic platform for participants from all over the world to share new theoretical and experimental approaches and findings in all aspects of materials science and engineering.This conference attracted 150 participants from universities, research institutes and technological innovative enterprises from 17 countries. The conference had parallel sessions with dedicated selected topics on: Advanced Material Technologies, Energy materials and Semiconductors, Nanomaterials, Surface and Coatings Technology, Characterization & Testing and Structural materials. The technical program consisted of 4 keynote, 15 invited, 43 oral and 31 poster presentations.The electronic submission, double-blind peer reviewing, revision and polishing procedures for the selected manuscripts complied with high standards and requirements for regular international peer-reviewed publications. The contribution of our regular reviewers and authors ensured a high level and novelty of CMSE2019 reports, while sponsors, Technical and Organizing Committees provided a state-of-the-art technical background and creative atmosphere.

Solar Turbines Incorporated (Solar), under cooperative agreement number DE-FC26-0CH11049, has conducted development activities to improve the durability of the Mercury 50 combustion system to 30,000 hours life and reduced life cycle costs. This project is part of Advanced Materials in the Advanced Industrial Gas Turbines program in DOE's Office of Distributed Energy. The targeted development engine was the Mercury{trademark} 50 gas turbine, which was developed by Solar under the DOE Advanced Turbine Systems program (DOE contract number DE-FC21-95MC31173). As a generator set, the Mercury 50 is used for distributed power and combined heat and power generation and is designed to achieve 38.5% electrical efficiency, reduced cost of electricity, and single digit emissions. The original program goal was 20,000 hours life, however, this goal was increased to be consistent with Solar's standard 30,000 hour time before overhaul for production engines. Through changes to the combustor design to incorporate effusion cooling in the Generation 3 Mercury 50 engine, which resulted in a drop in the combustor wall temperature, the current standard thermal barrier coated liner was predicted to have 18,000 hours life. With the addition of the advanced materials technology being evaluated under this program, the combustor life is predicted to be over 30,000 hours. The ultimate goal of the program was to demonstrate a fully integrated Mercury 50 combustion system, modified with advanced materials technologies, at a host site for a minimum of 4,000 hours. Solar was the Prime Contractor on the program team, which includes participation of other gas turbine manufacturers, various advanced material and coating suppliers, nationally recognized test laboratories, and multiple industrial end-user field demonstration sites. The program focused on a dual path development route to define an optimum mix of technologies for the Mercury 50 and future gas turbine products. For liner and injector development, multiple concepts including high thermal resistance thermal barrier coatings (TBC), oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCC), and monolithic ceramics were evaluated before down-selection to the most promising candidate materials for field evaluation. Preliminary, component and sub-scale testing was conducted to determine material properties and demonstrate proof-of-concept. Full-scale rig and engine testing was used to validated engine performance prior to field evaluation at a Qualcomm Inc. cogeneration site located in San Diego, California. To ensure that the CFCC liners with the EBC proposed under this program would meet the target life, field evaluations of ceramic matrix composite liners in Centaur{reg_sign} 50 gas turbine engines, which had previously been conducted under the DOE sponsored Ceramic Stationary Gas Turbine program (DE-AC02-92CE40960), was continued under this program at commercial end-user sites under Program Subtask 1A - Extended CFCC Materials Durability Testing. The goal of these field demonstrations was to demonstrate significant component life, with milestones of 20,000 and 30,000 hours. Solar personnel monitor the condition of the liners at the field demonstration sites through periodic borescope inspections and emissions measurements. This program was highly successful at evaluating advanced materials and down-selecting promising solutions for use in gas turbine combustions systems. The addition of the advanced materials technology has enabled the predicted life of the Mercury 50 combustion system to reach 30,000 hours, which is Solar's typical time before overhaul for production engines. In particular, a 40 mil thick advanced Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) system was selected over various other TBC systems, ODS liners and CFCC liners for the 4,000-hour field evaluation under the program. This advanced TBC is now production bill-of-material at various thicknesses up to 40 mils for all of Solar's advanced backside-cooled combustor liners (Centaur 50, Taurus 60, Mars 100, Taurus 70, Taurus 65, Titan 130, Titan 250 and Mercury 50). This TBC coating system significantly outperformed all other TBC systems evaluated under the program. The initial field unit, with the 40 mil advanced TBC developed under this program, has far exceeded the 4,000-hour requirement of the program, accumulating over 20,000 hours of commercial operation at Qualcomm Inc. in San Diego, CA. The 40 mil advanced TBC remains in excellent condition, with no evidence of chipping or spalling. The engine will continue operation until the unit is due for overhaul at approximately 30,000 hours. The Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloy injector tip testing and evaluation was also successful, however, the ODS injector tip development on this program was terminated, primarily due to the fact that the Mercury 50 injector tip was redesigned (Generation 3) by Combustion Engineering.