Measurement of Surface Roughness by Computer Vision in Planning Operations

The application of sequence stratigraphy concepts to reservoir de scription involves the correlation of different types of (bounding) surfaces from well to well to produce a high resolution reservoir zonation. A stochastic model has been developed for describing the geometry of different types of surfaces, and a reservoir zonation is constructed by simulating a number of surfaces from the base of the reservoir upwards. The surfaces are modelled as transformed Gaussian random fields. Conditioning on observed depths is performed by kriging, including inequality constraints for surfaces not observed in a well due to subsequent erosion. This paper focusses on the stochastic model for a particular type of surface containing erosional valleys. The valleys are modelled by fibre processes and correlated Gaussian random functions. Prior distributions for valley location and geometry are defined and updated to posterior distributions by simulating from the prior model conditioned on the observations. Information such as the depth of the boundaries observed in the wells, and the well pattern with respect to valley orientation, width and sinuosity, is thus utilized in the parameter inference.

The extent of adsorption (Γ21) of DNA from aqueous solution on different hydrophobic and hydrophilic solid surfaces has been compared as a function of pH, temperature, ionic strength of the medium, and denaturants. Γ21 at a given surface (except sephadex) increases with an increase of the nucleotide concentration (X2) of DNA in mole fraction units, but it attains a monolayer saturation value Γ2m when X2 attains a value X2m. In most cases Γ21 increases further when X2 ≫ X2m. Various neutral electrolytes like LiCl, KCl, CsCl, KBr, CaCl2, and Na2SO4, surfactants like SDS and Triton-X 100, the denaturing action of heat, and the addition of acid and alkali have been observed to play an important role during the study of the adsorption of DNA on charcoal powder. Further, a comparative study has been performed to examine the relative affinity of DNA toward different types of solid surfaces. The significant role of different types of surfaces in controlling the adsorption process has been explained in terms of Gibbs' surface excess quantities. The experimental results have been interpreted in terms of maximum work due to the free energy change of DNA adsorption on various solid surfaces and more quantitatively in terms of the standard free energy change (ΔG°) for the saturation of the surface by DNA as a result of the change in the nucleotide concentration in the bulk from zero to unity in mole fraction units.

A 160-kpixel 1/3-in CCD (charge coupled device) image sensor is described based on signal charge summation of four pixels, predicted by computer simulation to realize a wide dynamic range. The device, called a preprocessing CCD, has 85 dB dynamic range and 16- mu m/sup 2/ optical aperture area unit pixel. The pixel size of this device is effectively the same as that of a 1-in optical-format 2-Mpixel CCD image sensor. Using the configuration, the vertical and horizontal CCD register-drive frequencies are one-half and a one-quarter, respectively, those of the conventional CCD. A schematic diagram of this device is shown. The image area has 333 (H)*494 (V) pixels and measures 4.86 (H)*3.66 (V)mm/sup 2/. The pixel is 15.67 (H)*7.5 (V) mu m/sup 2/. The vertical shift register consists of a four-phase CCD driven by a 7.9-kHz clock. The horizontal shift register uses a single two-phase CCD driven by a 31.6-MHz clock.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Kerr electro-optic technique is used to investigate electric field and space charge effects using large Kerr constant propylene carbonate as the dielectric liquid with Kerr constant B≈1.22×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> m/V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . However, improved accuracy of this technique to measure space charge distributions remains an important goal. This paper describes inversion algorithm research on obtaining accurate space charge distributions from Kerr measurements. The original charge-coupled device (CCD) image of light intensity was converted into grayscale values for improved calculation. The grayscale CCD image was transformed into the frequency domain through a two-dimensional Fourier transformation. Butterworth filtering techniques were employed for edge enhancement algorithms. The most important parameter for calculation of space charge distributions are the integer fringe numbers n in the sequence of light and dark fringes measured by the CCD camera. Comparison of the improved algorithm and traditional methods for calculating electric field and space charge distributions between a pair of stainless steel parallel plate electrodes was investigated. The space charge dynamics were also calculated after processing the CCD images with some improvements. The results showed the electric field was essentially uniform at early times of pulsed high voltages. This uniformity indicated the absence of space charge during the early transient interval, while a bipolar charge injection was found in the central region between electrodes at later times. For longer times the electric field and space charge distributions slowly became uniform again. Grayscale processing and Butterworth filtering played an important role in the improvement of the algorithm for better image quality and edge enhancement.

Charge coupled devices (CCD) have several advantages over tube camera imaging devices. These advantages include: geometric stability, high dynamic range (12, 14, or 16 bits) and photometric linearity. In order to achieve low-readout noise the readout is usually limited to 50 kpixels per second. The readout time is several times longer than video rates; the slow readout at less than video rates is the major disadvantage. A new CCD imager has been coupled to a Nipkow disk, confocal light microscope and its performance is evaluated using both reflected light and low-light-level fluorescence imaging. The CCD imager is a TK515, silicon CCD which is sensitiveequalsve from the UV to the near-IR. The sensor is a full frame area imager, with CCDs fabricated using a buried channel, three-level polysilicon gate process with very high charge-transfer efficiency (>0.9999) and low dark current. Low noise on-chip amplifiers provide and interface to external preamplifiers with readout noise typically <10 electrons at -90 degree(s) C, and 50 kpixels/second data rate. The chip is a thinned, back-illuminated device with anti-reflection coatings. The quantum efficiency is >80% at 400 nm and >90% at 600 nm. To determine its performance the Tektronix CCD was mounted in a Photometrics liquid cooled camera, attached to a Technical Instruments K2Bio confocal microscope.

A 111-Mega pixel, 92x92 mm 2 , full-frame CCD imager with 9x9 um 2 pixel size has been developed for use in scientific applications. Recent interest for ultra-high resolution imagers for electronic imaging OEM customers in various scientific markets, including biotechnology, microscopy, crystallography, astronomy, spectroscopy, and aerial reconnaissance markets has lead to the development of the STA1600A 111-Mega pixel monochromatic charge-coupled device. Innovative design techniques were utilized in the early development of this device, yielding low RMS noise and high MTF for readout speeds ranging from 1 Mpixel/s to 25 Mpixel/sec. This paper will provide detailed information on the design and performance capabilities of the STA1600A, as we ll as background information on the commercial uses of this device. Key Words : Charge Coupled Device (CCD), Charge Transfer Efficiency (CTE), RMS Noise, Quantum Efficiency (QE) 1. INTRODUCTION Charge Coupled Devices have been used for aerial reconnaissance since there invention, but due to fabrication constraints the utilization of these imagers has been limited. Airborne reconnaissance requires that the sensors are both large format (able to cover a large field of view) and contain extremely high resolution. Due to the aggressive requirements the CCD must meet several performance requirements: hi gh signal to noise ratio (SNR) or dynamic range, large pixel full well capacity, high spatial resolution, and high speed readout for increased frame rate. Semiconductor Technology Associates (STA) is an indepe ndent company, providing custom CCD imagers for over 7 years. STA is currently working to push technology into a new regime with the development of the ultrahigh resolution CCD (up to the maximum limit of a 150 mm wafer). Most aerial reconnaissance systems are using time delay integration (TDI) devices due to stability and high speed performance. Howeve r, the recently developed STA1600 has used advancements in silicon fabrication technology to create a full frame imager that meets the previously stated performance requirements, thus improving the capabilities of the current systems.

An Image sensor is converts an image into a digital signal. Both CCD (charged coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) image sensor technologies are essential for image capturing. CMOS image sensor is still in their early years, still it's set to develop but CCD has number of advantages over CMOS. CCD will give you a assurance for more compact, high image quality and potentially more efficient camera. Both CCD and CMOS Technologies have explained in this paper and also how images are captured as well as types for both types of image sensors have been descried. Some issues such as performance characteristics for better image quality for photography have been covered.

In a light-pen single-camera three-dimensional (3-D) coordinate vision measurement system, a key step is the fast and precise center location for the light spot contour images of the LED control points obtained by the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. A novel center location scheme for the light spot contour images is proposed in this key step. This scheme uses a geodesic active contour model to obtain every light spot's contour edge simultaneously. Then the center coordinate of every light spot is measured using a subpixel scheme. Compared to the common scheme using the edge detection and the contour tracking, this scheme is highly precise and fast for the center location of every light spot in a CCD image.

Current work is focused on the influence of friction in deep drawing process. Friction measurements were also conducted using a modified tribotester based on strip sliding between tools. Four different tool surfaces were tested under similar contact conditions regarding contact area, normal pressure, sliding speed, lubricant and surface characteristics to calculate the friction coefficient between the tool surface and a high strength low alloy steel sheet HSLA 380. The results showed that friction coefficient varies over a wide range with different lubricating conditions and different sliding velocities. For some sliding velocities, the coefficient of friction is stable and low, while for others it is unstable and higher. Results of the experiments reveal that this novel tribotester is a very useful tool to evaluate and compare the friction between steel sheet and tool surfaces in alloyed steel for cold working applications. The outcomes have only small dispersion within the different test series, which indicates a stable process with good repeatability. The test method enables comparison of different surface finishes and treatments, lubricants and coatings in terms of friction and galling under conditions similar to those found in sheet metal forming processes. The four different types of surfaces considered for this study were grinded, polished, nitrided and quenched/tempered. The main difference among the tested tools in this work was the surface roughness, which was found to have a strong influence on friction.

The static x-ray imager (SXI) is a diagnostic used at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure the position of the x rays produced by lasers hitting a gold foil target. The intensity distribution taken by the SXI camera during a NIF shot is used to determine how accurately NIF can aim laser beams. This is critical to proper NIF operation. Imagers are located at the top and the bottom of the NIF target chamber. The charge coupled device (CCD) chip is an x-ray sensitive silicon sensor, with a large format array (2k x 2k), 24 microm square pixels, and 15 microm thick. A multianode Manson x-ray source, operating up to 10 kV and 10 W, was used to characterize and calibrate the imagers. The output beam is heavily filtered to narrow the spectral beam width, giving a typical resolution E/DeltaE approximately = 10. The x-ray beam intensity was measured using an x-ray photodiode that has an accuracy better than 1% up to the Si K edge and better than 5% at higher energies. The x-ray beam provides full CCD illumination and is flat, within +/-1% maximum to minimum. The spectral efficiency was measured at ten energy bands ranging from 930 to 8470 eV. We observed an energy dependent pixel sensitivity variation that showed continuous change over a large portion of the CCD. The maximum sensitivity variation occurred at 8470 eV. The geometric pattern did not change at lower energies, but the maximum contrast decreased and was not observable below 4 keV. We were also able to observe debris, damage, and surface defects on the CCD chip. The Manson source is a powerful tool for characterizing the imaging errors of an x-ray CCD imager. These errors are quite different from those found in a visible CCD imager.

Hermetic glass-to-metal sealing (GMTS) technology combines metal and glass and can be used to construct vacuum tubes; electric discharge tubes; semiconductor diodes; reed switches; and pressure-tight glass-to-metal windows, optical windows, and lenses in electronics or electronic systems. The hermetic and mechanically strong seals engineered using GTMS are highly reliable, making them suitable for deployment in harsh environments and for applications requiring high performance. However, it has always been challenging to precisely and robustly join glass and metal due to the significant disparities in their properties. In this study, the laser transmission welding of borosilicate glass and aluminum alloy using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to achieve hermetic glass–metal seals was experimentally investigated. This research focused on various processing parameters and the influence of surface conditions on bonding quality. Three different types of surfaces—a polished surface, a surface subjected to preoxidation, and a laser-modified surface—were compared. To evaluate the weld strength, shear-tensile separation forces were measured. The analysis of fracture and separation encompassed detailed examinations of the weld morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition. The results revealed that increasing the laser welding energy initially enhanced the weld strength until a saturation point was reached. Among the three different surface treatments tested, the laser surface modification of aluminum alloy yielded the highest weld strength. The maximum achieved bond force exceeded 35.38 N, demonstrating the feasibility of using cost-effective pulsed laser welding for glass-to-metal sealing. The results were significantly better than those from previous research in which aluminum alloy surfaces were pretreated using microarc oxidation.

In this paper we derive analytical solutions for potential problems on different types of surfaces, such as cylinders, cones and spheres. These solutions complement the solution obtained for a sphere. Besides examining modes of truncation for a sphere, we also provide a complete coverage of all modes of truncation for cylinders and cones. Our interest focuses on two-dimensional conducting surfaces, that are fed with point sources of current. Our solution gave explicitly the voltage distribution on these surfaces, results that can straight-forwardly be applied to pressure profiles of a fluid flow in a gap between surfaces. Yet since every physical set-up takes place in the R 3 space, some adjustments were required. We focused on three types of geometric surfaces: cylinder, cone and sphere. As being effectively two-dimensional problems, the use of analytic functions and conformal maps has been used to obtain analytical solutions for all these geometries, all are mapped into the complex plane. Special attention is paid to examine particular cases of truncated ends by taking into account boundary conditions and flux considerations. We used reflections on cylinder inversions on cone and explore a spherical version of inversion on a sphere in order to satisfy the boundary conditions.

We report the development of a biped-robot system with real-time surface recognition and walking-speed adjustment to control the robot motion during walking on different types of surfaces. Four types of test surfaces (i.e. rough foam (RF), smooth foam (SF), thin carpet (TC) and smooth table (ST)) are considered in the system verification. For surface-property recognition we use ultra-thin-membrane force sensors, mounted under the robot feet, and a classification circuit, implemented on an Arduino Uno board. The walking-speed adjustment is performed with an external control circuit, which receives the surface-recognition signal from the classification circuit and sends a feedback signal to the robot controller (i.e. RCB-4HV) for adjusting the walking speed accordingly. We applied the nearest-neighbor-classification algorithm with the Euclidean-distance measure and a set of reference data, to distinguish between the four test surfaces based on the robot's real-time walking pattern. The mean absolute value (MAV) feature descriptor is used to generate four different types of reference walking pattern, corresponding to the four different surfaces. In our experiments it is observed, that the ST surface performs best in terms of average surface-recognition latency (SRL) (~3.6 sec) during walking on same surface. On the other hand, the surface transition from TC to SF showed minimum surface-transition latency (STL) (~8.2 sec) with correct speed change from 135 to 160 robot-motor-configuration frames per stride (frames/stride), while the transition from SF to TC surfaces showed maximum STL (~11.6 sec) including speed change from 160 to 135 frames/stride. The obtained results are useful for development of the next generation of surface-recognition and speed-adjustment systems, implemented in humanoid robots to enable balanced and stable walking in environments with multiple changed surface properties.

Many carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite parts need to be edged trimmed before use to ensure both geometry and mechanical performance of the part edge matches the design intent. Measurement and control of machining induced surface damage of composite material is key to ensuring the part retains its strength and fatigue properties. Typically, the overall surface roughness of the machined face is taken to be an indicator of the amount of damage to the surface, and it is important that the measurement and prediction of surface roughness is completed reliably. It is known that the surface damage is heavily dependent on the fibre orientation of the composite and cutting tool edge condition. This research has developed a new ply-by-ply surface roughness measurement methods using optical focus variation surface analysis and image segmentation for calculating areal surface roughness parameters of a machined carbon fibre composite laminate. Machining experiments have been completed using a polycrystalline diamond edge trimming tool at increasing levels of cutting edge radius. Optical surface measurement and µ-CT scanning have been used to assess machining induced surface and sub-surface defects on individual fibre orientations. Statistical analysis has been used to assess the significance of machining parameters on Sa (arithmetic mean height of area) and Sv (areal magnitude of maximum valley depth) areal roughness parameters, on both overall roughness and ply-by-ply fibre orientations. Empirical models have been developed to predict surface roughness parameters using statistical methods. It has been shown that cutting edge degradation, fibre orientation and feed rate will significantly affect the cutting mechanism, machining induced surface defects and surface roughness parameters.

Use of a CCD imager for simultaneous DSC–chemiluminescence and multiple sample polymer degradation studies