Measuring Stakeholder Theory Mindsets: Development and Validation of a Measurement Scale

How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale

Strategic Self‐Regulation for Speaking English as a Foreign Language: Scale Development and Validation

Objective: This study aimed to develop and test a scale for measuring the quality of blended learning models in higher education. Methods: This research adopts a sequential mixed-method approach to construct a new measurement scale. The first phase consisted of the inductive approach to identify the items, followed by exploratory factor analysis. The identified dimensions were tested for reliability and validity in the second phase. Results: The Blended Learning Quality Assessment (BLQA) contains 4 dimensions: Technology Integration, Pedagogy and Curriculum, Physical Infrastructure, and Educator Proficiency. The scale is comprised of 26 items assessing the quality of blended learning programs in higher education. The reliability and validity of the scale were established by confirmatory factor analysis (AVE > 0.6, Cronbach’s alpha > 0.85). Conclusions: In the face of changing student expectations of quality, this study introduces a comprehensive measurement scale by which institutions of higher education may effectively assess their performance. Implications: Results contribute to extant literature by proposing a comprehensive scale to measure the quality of an institution’s blended learning model. The scale integrates digital aspects of pedagogy, delivery, and infrastructure and can be used to identify the dimensions contributing most to student satisfaction.

This research aims to address the lack of research on hotel employee resilience during a crisis (HERC) and the absence of a measurement scale to assess it. A mixed-method approach was used to conceptualize HERC, identify its dimensions, and build a measurement scale. In Study 1, an online survey of 69 employees from upscale hotels was conducted, revealing a five-factor HERC model comprising resistance, adaptability, cooperation, restoration, and thriving. Study 2 developed preliminary measurement items for HERC, which were refined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Study 3 conducted another round of surveys and used a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify the factors generated from the second study. This research provides a comprehensive five-factor model of employee resilience during a crisis and a corresponding measurement scale, offering a theoretical foundation for hotel managers to develop effective strategies to manage crises.

Because no measure for sexual orientation-related rejection sensitivity (RS) for adolescents exists, we aimed to develop and validate the Sexual Minority Adolescent Rejection Sensitivity Scale (SMA-RSS). In Study 1, interviews with 22 sexual minority youth were conducted (M age = 18.86, SD = 3.03). Based on these interviews, 29 scenarios were developed as potential items for the SMA-RSS. In Study 2, exploratory factor analyses were conducted on these 29 scenarios in a sample of 397 sexual minority adolescents (M age = 16.63, SD = 1.07). The 14 best performing items were selected and a two-factor structure best fit the data. In Study 3, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and the test–retest reliability, criterion validity, convergent validity, and incremental validity of the SMA-RSS were assessed in a sample of 499 sexual minority adolescents (M age = 16.61, SD = 1.34). A bifactor model best fit the data and evidence was provided for a strong enough general factor to justify unidimensionality. For criterion validity, the SMA-RSS evidenced small to moderate correlations with minority stressors and mental health indicators. For convergent validity, we found a moderate correlation with general RS. For incremental validity, the SMA-RSS was associated with mental health indicators over and above minority stressors and general RS. Participants were moderately stable in their scores on the SMA-RSS over a one-month period. Taken together, the SMA-RSS captured unique situations in which sexual minority adolescents anxiously expect rejection and can aid in better understanding health disparities among sexual minority adolescents.

The purpose of this study is to identify employability skills among aspiring engineering graduates and develop measurement scale to assess their skill sets. This research has been conducted in two phases: Phase 1 covers the scale development process and Phase 2 covers exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and validation. The findings of EFA resulted in ten factors of employability. Subsequently, CFA identified nine different factors: leadership, critical thinking, numeracy, sociability, using technology, planning and organizing, problem-solving, teamwork, and emotional intelligence skills. The values of CFA met the acceptance level of different fit indices and thus, resulted in a good model fit. Further, the internal consistency of the total scale yielded Cronbach's alpha value (α = 0.82). The threshold values of CR, AVE, and MSV also met the required criteria. Thus, it received a valid and reliable 26-item measurement scale of employability which can prove to be useful for academia, students, and employers in computer science and information technology.

Purpose This study aims to develop and validate a measurement scale capable of identifying and evaluating the factors that influence sustainable entrepreneurship in the context of students of management courses in emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this objective, a methodological protocol was adopted with steps that included a systematic literature review, content and face validation with experts, pilot testing, final data collection and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The final sample consisted of 249 respondents from different regions of Brazil. Findings The results indicated the robustness of the proposed scale, with high reliability indices (overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.947) and internal consistency for all constructs. Factor analysis resulted in the validation of six main factors: attitude, feasibility, benefits, behavior, sustainable entrepreneurial intention and incentives. The division of the behavior factor into two new constructs reinforced the complexity of the phenomenon studied. Research limitations/implications One of the main limitations of this study is that the validation of the sustainable entrepreneurship measurement scale was conducted exclusively in higher education institutions in Brazil, a country with distinct socioeconomic, cultural and political characteristics. The Brazilian context is marked by regional disparities, structural challenges and economic dynamics that influence both higher education and entrepreneurial behavior. Practical implications The theoretical and academic contributions of this study are related to the improvement of knowledge about the measurement of complex phenomena, such as sustainable entrepreneurship, in a higher education context. The validation of the proposed scale strengthens the literature by providing empirical evidence on the multifactorial structure of this phenomenon, demonstrating that it is composed of interrelated dimensions, such as attitudes, feasibility, perceived benefits, behaviors and sustainable intentions. Social implications The social contributions of this study are manifested in the potential influence that measuring sustainable entrepreneurship can have on the training of future leaders and managers committed to sustainable practices. By validating a specific scale to assess attitudes, behaviors and intentions related to sustainable entrepreneurship, this study provides support for educational institutions and educational managers to develop policies and curricula that promote skills and values focused on sustainability. Originality/value This research contributes to theoretical and practical advancement, offering an instrument adapted to the context of emerging countries, capable of supporting educational interventions and public policies aimed at training sustainable entrepreneurs.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a universally accepted measurement scale of Responsible Leadership (RL) based on the triple bottom approach (3BL) which covers environmental, economic, and social aspects at the same time. Systematic literature review of RL conducted along with in-depth interviews conducted with experts of industry and academia. Based on in-depth interviews, a content validity ratio analysis was conducted to examine the content validity of the questionnaire. Explanatory factor analysis using SPSS version 21 and confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS were conducted to test the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. A sample of 329 respondents working in the banking sector was taken for data analysis. Eigenvalues result confirms the triple bottom approach that RL is a three-dimensional construct and measured by economic, social and environmental aspects. These three dimensions explain 66.83% of the total variance explained. Respondents’ demographic shows that the male section is dominant in the banking sector as 83.6% of respondents were male and 16.4% were female. The economic dimension consists of eight items that have a Cronbach alpha value of 0.97, the social dimension has eight items that have a Cronbach alpha value of 0.90, and the environmental dimension consists of nine items that have a Cronbach value of 0.92. Initially, CFA was conducted with 25 items, then implemented modification indices and the final CFA was conducted with 23 items and all indicators of model fitness were found up to standard. The outcome of the present study is in form of a measurement scale based on the triple bottom approach which covers economic, social and environmental aspects of leadership. It is hoped that this scale will be potentially helpful for future researchers to measure RL and check the relationship with other potential variables. This systematic literature review and scale will allow future researchers to explore and conduct empirical studies in banking and other sectors. This paper responded to various calls regarding the universally accepted measurement scale of RL by developing the RL measurement scale.

BackgroundThe inexplicable thought of jumping from a bridge, driving into oncoming traffic or walking in front of an oncoming train is known as the Call of the Void (COV) phenomenon. Previous studies have only focused on one COV aspect: the high place phenomenon (HPP), that is a sudden urge to jump when in a high place. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate the Call of the Void Scale (COVS) to measure the prevalence of a variety of these thoughts, their ego-dystonic character and associated safety behaviors.MethodsThe study sample comprised N = 476 participants (71% female, mean age = 30.85 years, standard deviation = 11.5; age range: 18–67 years). Individuals completed the COVS between August 2023 and February 2024 in an anonymous online survey. We analyzed the scale´s factor structure, reliability, and validity through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Bivariate correlations with existing measures of depression, stress, anxiety and suicidal ideation and behavior were calculated to assess convergent validity.ResultsUsing exploratory factor analysis on half of the sample (n1 = 238), we derived a five-factor structure, which was interpreted as representing the frequency of COV in different situations (“frequency HPP”, “frequency car”, “frequency train”), the ego-dystonic character of the thoughts (“ego-dystonia”), and behavior to suppress or manage the thoughts (“safety behavior”). Confirmatory factor analysis on the other half of the sample (n2 = 238) showed a good fit for the five-factor solution. The subscales frequency HPP, frequency car, frequency train and safety behavior were positively correlated with depression, stress, anxiety and suicidal ideation and behavior. The ego-dystonia subscale was only correlated with the safety behavior subscale.ConclusionThe COVS seems to be a valid tool for the assessment of the Call of the Void phenomenon, measuring the prevalence of these thoughts, their ego-dystonic character and associated safety behaviors. The limitations of this study and implications for future research are discussed.

Development and validation of the Food Disgust Scale

Digital competences represent essential skills for adapting to 21st-century conditions; encompassing the safe and critical use of information society technologies for work, daily life, and communication. Determining the digital competence levels of individuals is crucial to guide interventions aimed at enhancing these competences. This study presents the development process of a Digital Competence Scale for Faculty Members (DCS-FM), designed specifically to assess the digital competence levels of higher education instructors. The data collection process took place during the 2020–2021 academic year among faculty members working at ... University in ... province of Türkiye. Researchers collected the data themselves to ensure consistency and reliability throughout the process. As part of the validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, yielding a six-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the six-factor structure demonstrated good model fit indices. In the process of developing the scale and conducting validity and reliability studies, data were collected from a total of 740 unique faculty members. The scale development process involved two pilot applications and one main application, with exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, and item analyses conducted throughout. Confirmatory factor analysis of the collected data yielded a 30-item scale encompassing six factors. These factors align with the European Framework for Digital Competence of Educators (known as ‘DigCompEdu’) developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Based on the validity and reliability analysis results and findings, it can be concluded that the scale possesses the sufficient psychometric properties sought in the literature.

Stakeholder theory, as its proponents make plain, is best regarded practically or pragmatically, rather than as theory in any rarified sense. In the realm of many practicing social scientists, a theory will be assessed in terms of the comprehensiveness of its account of the problems it addresses. Stakeholder theory has no such comprehensive or explanatory aims. Instead it aims to be useful, to provide tools that managers can use to better create value for the range of their constituents, tools that constituencies can use to improve their dealings with managers, and tools that theorists can use to better understand how value creation and trade take place.

In today's technologies, in line with the needs of the age, social platforms have taken their place in education with increasing importance day by day. Especially in the pandemic process, which requires distance education, the tendency to social media has increased. Therefore, the attitudes of secondary school students towards the use of YouTube for learning purposes have gained importance. For this reason, it is aimed to develop the YouTube Usage Scale (YUS), which can be used to determine secondary school students' attitudes toward YouTube use. Thus, in the study, it was foreseen to determine the behavioral intentions of secondary school students to use YouTube as a Learning Resource and to reveal the factors affecting this behavioral intention. The research population consists of all secondary school students studying in the Malazgirt district of Muş province, located in the eastern part of Turkey, in the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample of the study is represented by 644 students selected by the random sampling method. The content validity of the YUS was provided by expert opinion. The construct validity was validated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). For content validity, a 47-item draft YUS was submitted to the opinion of a group of 14 experts in the field. The content validity of the 42-item YUS was ensured. In the construct validity studies of YUS, EFA was performed with a total of 644 secondary school students studying in the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades. CFA was carried out with the participation of 311 secondary school students excluding the EFA sample group. EFA showed that YUS consisted of 4 sub-dimensions and 25 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.91 in the reliability analysis of YUS. Also, in reliability studies, it was determined that the subscales had summability and no response bias. The fit-order between the four-factor structure determined as a result of EFA and the sample data was examined using the AMOS 24.0 program within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). First- and second-order confirmatory analysis models were used in the data-model fit calculations. As a result of the study, the validity and reliability of the 24-items YUS scale were produced. Thus, the structures explaining the behavioral factors of secondary school students were defined, and the relationship of these structures with other factors was determined.

BackgroundAs the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic is prolonged, psychological responses to the pandemic have changed, and a new scale to reflect these changes needs to be developed. In this study, we attempt to develop and validate the COVID-19 Impact Scale (CIS) to measure the psychological stress responses of the COVID-19 pandemic, including emotional responses and difficulty with activities of daily living.MethodsWe recruited 2152 participants. Participants completed the CIS, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), and other mental health related measures. The factor structure, reliability, and validity of the CIS were analyzed. In addition, the validity of the scale was confirmed by its relationships to the existing measures assessing fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, subjective well-being, and suicidal ideation.ResultsUsing exploratory factor analysis (N1 = 1076), we derived a one-factor structure. In confirmatory factor analysis (N2 = 1076), the one-factor model showed good to excellent fitness. The CIS was positively correlated with depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, fear of COVID-19 and negatively correlated with subjective well-being. The FCV-19S did not show significant correlations with subjective well-being or suicidal ideation, and FCV-19S’s explanatory powers on depression and anxiety were lower than those of the CIS.ConclusionsThese results support that the CIS is a valid assessment of emotional problems and deterioration of the quality of life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the limitations of this study and future research directions are discussed.

This study explored key dimensions of customers’ experiences with peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodations through Airbnb in China and developed a corresponding measurement scale. Thirty-four in-depth interviews were conducted with Airbnb customers. A pilot study and main survey were implemented to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis was performed, and five factors related to the customer experience were extracted: tangible and sensory experiences, host, cultural experience, interaction with peer guests, and location. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using data gathered from the main survey. This study contributes to the literature by capturing customers’ holistic experiences in the Chinese market via empirical testing. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.