Minimum register requirements for a modulo schedule

Modulo scheduling is an e cient technique for exploiting instruction level parallelism in a variety of loops, resulting in high performance code but increased register requirements. We present a combined approach that schedules the loop operations for the highest steady state throughput and minimum register requirements. Our method determines optimal register requirements for machines with nite resources and for general dependence graphs. We compare the performance of this and other modulo schedulers for a benchmark of 629 loops from the Perfect Club, SPEC-89, and the Livermore Fortran Kernels. Measurements demonstrate the potential of register-sensitive modulo schedulers, which will be useful in evaluating the performance of register-sensitive modulo scheduling heuristics.

This paper analyzes the competitive effects of regulatory minimum capital requirements on an oligopolistic loan market. Before competing in loan rates banks choose their capital structure, thereby making an imperfect commitment to a loan capacity. It is shown that due to this imperfect commitment, regulatory requirements not only increase the marginal cost of loan supply, but can also have a collusive effect resulting in increased profits. This paper derives the threshold value from which capital requirements can turn one round Bertrand competition into a two‐stage interaction with capacity commitment, leading to Cournot outcomes. Therefore, it provides theoretical support for the applicability of the Cournot approach when modeling imperfect loan competition.

Transistor budgets have been increasing at a very fast pace in the last years. This increasing transistor density will lead next generation processors to have a billion transistors available. It is the task of the computer architect to find the best way to use them.Out of order superscalar processors exploit parallelism at the finer grain, exploiting Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP). They issue multiple instructions per cycle, often in an order other than the specified by the programmer, using branch prediction and other speculative execution techniques in order to increase the available parallelism.Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) processors also exploit parallelism at the instruction level, but they mostly rely on the compiler to detect the available parallelism. This increased compiler role allows a simpler design, and can be run at a faster clock rate, compensating for the loss of ILP.Chip Multiprocessors (CMP) join several narrow superscalar/VLIW components into a single processor, and mostly rely on the Thread Level Parallelism (TLP) for performance. The small and simple components can also run at a faster clock rate compensating for the loss of ILP, and significantly increasing throughput.Simultaneous Multithreaded (SMT) processors are based on wide superscalars, and exploit both ILP and TLP by issuing instructions from several different threads to the same pipeline, obtaining the benefits of TLP without sacrificing the ILP on single-threaded applications.For each of these options we will need to find the best balance between performance, design complexity, and power consumption among other factors. Also, the frontiers between them are not clear, and many intermediate design points can be found which leads to better/simpler/cheaper processors for the next generation of high performance computers.

This chapter discusses legislative changes and public policy ideas affecting plan distribution, and is divided into two main section sets. The first set presents and examines recent legislative and regulatory requirement changes affecting plan distribution. In particular, it explains the changing rules for lump-sum calculations for distributions from pension plans, joint-and-survivor annuities, fiduciary obligations on sponsors of plans with annuities, and minimum distribution requirements affecting life annuities. The second and final set of sections, on the other hand, outlines a variety of public policy ideas in this area, and evaluates their pros and cons.

Modern out-of-order processors have increased capacity to exploit instruction level parallelism (ILP) and memory level parallelism (MLP), e.g., by using wide superscalar pipelines and vector execution units, as well as deep buffers for inflight memory requests. These resources, however, often exhibit poor utilization rates on workloads with large working sets, e.g., in-memory databases, key-value stores, and graph analytics, as compilers and hardware struggle to expose ILP and MLP from the instruction stream automatically. In this paper, we introduce the IMLP (Instruction and Memory Level Parallelism) task programming model. IMLP tasks execute as coroutines that yield execution at annotated long-latency operations, e.g., memory accesses, divisions, or unpredictable branches. IMLP tasks are interleaved on a single thread, and integrate well with thread parallelism and vectorization. Our DSL embedded in C++, Cimple, allows exploration of task scheduling and transformations, such as buffering, vectorization, pipelining, and prefetching. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on core algorithms used in in-memory databases that operate on arrays, hash tables, trees, and skip lists. Cimple applications reach 2.5× throughput gains over hardware multithreading on a multi-core, and 6.4× single thread speedup.

Capital Regulation for Position Risk in Banks, Securities Firms and Insurance Companies

Modulo scheduling is a software pipelining technique exploiting instruction-level parallelism (ILP) of VLIW architectures to efficiently implement loops. This paper presents a novel enumeration-based resource-constrained heuristic for modulo scheduling. It takes into consideration the criticality of the nodes, generating near optimal schedules in terms of initiation intervals and register requirements. The scheduling algorithm outperformed better-known heuristics in terms of the quality of schedules, while presenting small compilation time enabling it to be used in a production environment. Experimental results on the VLIW TMS320C6678 DSP processor, showed improved performance on a signal processing set of algorithms.

Introduction In the past 10 years there has been a radical change in laws governing the oil and gas industry. These changes are due to environmental emphasis and public support. We have been reluctant to change from the regular way of doing things. The nature of the industry is exploration in low-population, inaccessible areas where it was not considered necessary to take adequate precautions. Oil and gas were and still are a low yield for investors; economy is demanded on every front. Ten years ago you were lucky if you received $3.00 a barrel for your oil, and 20 cents a thousand for your gas. The economic squeeze has not been eliminated; inflation has taken its toll; the cost of material, machinery, equipment and personnel, life of well contracts, depletion of the more prolific shallow reserves still does not make oil and gas the most appealing investment available. Many states as well as the national energy policy writes us off as a depleted industry. States, if not by choice, also downgrade our importance by national pressures. The oil and gas industry cannot be written off; we have a very demanding and important part to play in the energy picture during our lifetimes and that of our children. There is no utopian cheap fuel of any kind in history. Drilling and producing smaller wells, deeper wells, and enhanced recovery are expensive. With federal regulations on all energy industry, we will continue to be competitive, and the leader in energy resources. Some of you remember the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency; their first regulations were directed toward Protection Agency; their first regulations were directed toward oil spills. I asked at one meeting, "Why are you directing your efforts toward the oil industry while other, more hazardous and toxic materials are prevalent?" The response was that oil spills could be detected with just a rainbow showing up on the water; therefore, they are the easiest pollutant to detect. The EPA would begin with oil and expand to other areas. The Santa Barbara Channel and the Michigan gas blowout received national attention and had a great influence on the various state and federal laws. In West Virginia a salt-water pollution problem had a significant effect on their laws. pollution problem had a significant effect on their laws. It is interesting to note as you are reading the various state laws the emphasis that is placed on a single accident or problem, and what the state feels is primarily important in that problem, and what the state feels is primarily important in that specific state. It is very apparent that all state laws continually are being upgraded to meet federal demands. An excellent example is the EPA. Their regulations allow a state so much time to upgrade their regulations to meet their minimum requirements, or they will be the regulator. They, along with so many federal agencies, have matching money for an assistance program to aid the states in inventories, policing and reporting. One of the basic requirements is for the state's highest elected official to pledge the state to meet their requirements. In this study we will review the oil and gas laws of Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee. It is interesting to note in every case that the regulatory agency for oil and gas is a subordinate of some other agency (except Tennessee). REGISTRATION In Kentucky there is no defined process for registration. They do require an affidavit of transfer of ownership, and also require bonding by the new owner. In Virginia all drillers, owners, and operators must register. West Virginia requires all owners to register with the department. In case of a corporation or out-of-state owner, a responsible agent who is a resident must be named, and any change in agents must be reported within 5 days.

The energy industry continues adapting to changes driven by the spread of distributed energy resources (DERs), regulatory mandates, and customer demand for cleaner and on‐site energy solutions. Distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) have become essential software platforms for electric distribution utilities to manage, optimize, and integrate DERs such as rooftop solar, battery storage, electric vehicles (EVs), and demand response programs into their operations. DERMS provide utilities with real‐time visibility, control, and coordination of DERs, ensuring grid stability and reliability, while also optimizing distribution assets and compliance with regulatory requirements.

The article summarizes the main principles, regulatory requirements, as well as innovative changes and international experience of agricultural construction for industrial animal husbandry. The author presents new technologies for the construction of facilities for industrial animal husbandry, the specifics of the construction of industrial robotic complexes and farms. The use of a rapidly erected Ruukki building based on light metal structures and a frame made of light steel thin-walled structures and the specifics of creating a microclimate in premises for industrial maintenance are represented, which makes it possible to reduce the level of capital investments in production, increase labor productivity and the profitability of animal husbandry. It has been proven that the industrialization of animal husbandry is mainly related to the volumetric planning solutions of agricultural enterprises, and the use of new volumetric planning solutions in the construction of farms and complexes, monoblock and multi-story buildings is more effective in comparison with the pavilion construction of the farm, which is characterized by: a relatively small, separate room for keeping livestock and accommodating other services; a significant building area, extensive engineering communications, a low level of mechanization, high specific labor costs and operating costs. The role of perfect sewage networks and treatment facilities in the functioning of buildings for industrial animal husbandry is presented. Special emphasis is placed on the fact that in order to introduce a more effective technology of keeping animals without tethers, standard reinforced concrete premises are often reconstructed or new easily assembled structures are built. Certain problematic aspects of the functioning of livestock complexes for the environment, in particular for water resources and the atmosphere, are also outlined. The author proposed the production of biogas from them as a promising way to solve the problems of environmental protection, obtaining alternative energy resources and integrated use of industrial animal husbandry waste. In order to simplify the operation of the farm, to comply with zoohygienic, physiological and technological standards and the requirements of industrial animal husbandry, it is recommended to introduce a round farm.

Under the Revised International Capital Framework, debtors’ credit ratings and probabilities of default in credit portfolios have a key role in determining minimum regulatory capital requirements. To measure discriminatory power of rating systems, methods such as the area under a ROC curve, the Accuracy Ratio and PowerStat are often used both in academic studies and in practice. This paper shows that these measures need to be interpreted with caution since their values hinge crucially on the characteristics of the portfolio under consideration and not just on the quality of the rating system.

Chapter 2 - What Is “Capital” Management?

Are non-risk based capital requirements for insurance companies binding?

BackgroundNurse prescribing of medicines is increasing worldwide, but there is limited research in Europe. The objective of this study was to analyse which countries in Europe have adopted laws on nurse prescribing.MethodsCross-country comparative analysis of reforms on nurse prescribing, based on an expert survey (TaskShift2Nurses Survey) and an OECD study. Country experts provided country-specific information, which was complemented with the peer-reviewed and grey literature. The analysis was based on policy and thematic analyses.ResultsIn Europe, as of 2019, a total of 13 countries have adopted laws on nurse prescribing, of which 12 apply nationwide (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (UK)) and one regionally, to the Canton Vaud (Switzerland). Eight countries adopted laws since 2010. The extent of prescribing rights ranged from nearly all medicines within nurses’ specialisations (Ireland for nurse prescribers, Netherlands for nurse specialists, UK for independent nurse prescribers) to a limited set of medicines (Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden). All countries have regulatory and minimum educational requirements in place to ensure patient safety; the majority require some form of physician oversight.ConclusionsThe role of nurses has expanded in Europe over the last decade, as demonstrated by the adoption of new laws on prescribing rights.

Evidence on the Response of US Banks to Changes in Capital Requirements