Mobile Commerce and the Evolving Wireless Technologies

The mobile phone industry has experienced an explosive growth in recent years. Mobile phone subscriber numbers have passed the 1.6 billion mark at the end of 2004. The emerging markets such as China, India, and Brazil contribute this growth. In China, the number of mobile subscribers has already surpassed the number of fixed landline phone subscribers. In Korea, the number of mobile phone Internet subscribers is 34.53 million people or 72% of the population in June 2004 (APEC, 2005). Mobile e-commerce (m-commerce) makes business mobility a reality. Mobile users can access the Internet at anytime and anywhere with ubiquitous, inexpensive computing infrastructure. Mobile wireless services are ranging from mobile phone networks to wireless local area networks. The service provided by mobile phone systems has achieved huge success. Mobile phone users originate from all walks of life and include almost all age groups—from teenagers to retired people. It creates a new method of personal communication without location constraints. As telecommunication technologies are converging at fast speed. We will study mobile phone and personal digital assistant (PDA) related to mobile and wireless telecommunication. Hence, m-commerce is defined as electronic commerce carried out in handheld devices such as mobile phone and PDA through mobile and wireless telecommunication networks.

During the system providers of mobile communication investing much money to deploy 3G mobile communication networks, computer industry proposes another wireless communication technology: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technique, which is also called as IEEE 802.16 communication technology. It is a strong wireless communication technology to provide users being able to quickly and arbitrarily use wireless data communication services, and this technique also has the potential to be a last mile solution of broadband home network connecting to Internet in future. In the example of 802.16a using instead of DSL technique, the theoretical value of transmission range is about 50km and the transmission rate can be up to 75Mbps. In the example of 802.16e using for mobile equipments, the theoretical value of transmission range is about 2-5km and the transmission rate can be up to 15Mbps. Owing to the cost of wireless network infrastructure is lower than that of wire network infrastructure, WiMAX can be regarded as a cheap substitutive scheme of DSL and other broadband wire networks. On the other hand, although the data transmission rate of 3G mobile communication network is faster than the currently mobile telecom network, it is still slower 30 times than that of WiMAX network, and its radio range is also smaller 10 times than that of WiMAX. Therefore, the required number of base station of WiMAX network is fewer than that of 3G mobile communication network, moreover, some parts of frequency bands defined in WiMAX are license-exempt. Present there are 67 member companies of WiMAX Forum in the world using the name of WiMAX to push the standard. The semiconductor giant-Intel corp. fully supports the technique, and the mobile phone and network provider-Nokia corp. also supports this technique standard. Intel corp. begins to include WiMAX technique in its chip platform, and plans to sell the WiMAX chip in the next half year. The analysts of MIC predict that there will be 25% notebooks installed this sort of wireless technique till 2008. Nemcek believes that consumers will get the convenience brought from WiMAX in 3 or 4 years, and the market of WiMAX will grow in 2007 or 2008. In this thesis” Analysis and Implementation of IEEE 802.16 WiMAX System Software Architecture on Linux Operating System” is to analyze and implement WiMAX wireless system on Linux operating system. For system analyzing, study the standard speciation of IEEE 802.16 series at first, then start to design software architecture for Linux system. For system implementation, use standard PC for software implementation, and then for others to follow the system architecture to implement Linux Device Driver for WiMAX. The system architecture will also consider the efficiency of porting and development of the embedded system. Also implement Software Emulate Physical Layer to verity the Linux Device Driver for WiMAX.

The demand for wireless mobile communications services is growing at an explosive rate, with the anticipation that communication to a mobile device anywhere on the globe at all times will be available in the near future. An array of antennas mounted on vehicles, ships, aircraft, satellites, and base stations is expected to play an important role in fulfilling the increased demand of channel requirement for these services, as well as for the realization of the dream that a portable communications device the size of a wristwatch be available at an affordable cost for such services. This paper is the first of a two-part study. It provides a comprehensive treatment, at a level appropriate to nonspecialists, of the use of an antenna array to enhance the efficiency of mobile communications systems. It presents an overview of mobile communications as well as details of how an array may be used in various mobile communications systems, including land-mobile, indoor-radio, and satellite-based systems. It discusses advantages of an array of antennas in a mobile communications system, highlights improvements that are possible by using multiple antennas compared to a single antenna in a system, and provides details on the feasibility of antenna arrays for mobile communications applications.

Mobile wireless technology is developing extremely fast in Present times. It is emerging in all the fields of mobile communication such as internet access, location based services, video conferencing system, mobile financial services, mobile entertainment services etc. Mobile networking refers to technology that can support voice and/or data network connectivity using wireless, via a radio transmission solution. In the past, wireless communications predominantly used circuit switching to carry voice over a network; however, more recently both voice and data are being transmitted over both circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. This paper will through the light on evolution of mobile Wireless Communication Technologies along with their significance and to compare the advantages of one over the other. Keywords: Wireless Technologies, 1G to 5G, Cellular Architecture, Mobile Radiation

Understanding the Design of Mobile Social Networking

Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. This thesis deals with the comparative study of wireless cellular technologies namely First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, and Fourth Generation. A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. The First Generation were referred to as cellular, which was later shortened to “cell”, Cell phone signals were based on analog system transmissions, and First Generation devices were comparatively less heavy and expensive. Second Generation phones deploy GSM technology. Global System for Mobile communications or GSM uses digital modulation to improve voice quality but the network offers limited data service. The Third Generation revolution allowed mobile telephone customers to use audio, graphics and video applications. Fourth Generation is short for fourth-generation cell phones or/and hand held devices.

A highly innovative global broadband mobile communication system concept

IntroductionThe popularity of mobile communication systems has increased remarkably during the last decade and the market demand still continues to increase.As a fundamental part of these systems, antenna is one of the most important design issues in modern mobile communication units.Although there are several similar definitions, an antenna can be mainly described as a device, which transforms the electromagnetic waves in an antenna to radiating waves in an unbounded medium such as air in transmitting mode and vice versa in receiving mode.Because antennas are dependent on frequency, they are designed to operate for certain frequency bands.The rapid growth of mobile communication systems has forced to the use of novel antennas for base and mobile station applications (mobile phone, notebook computer, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.).Earlier, mobile systems were designed to operate for one of the frequency bands of 2G (second generation) systems, which are Digital Cellular System (DCS), Personal Communications Service (PCS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks.Currently, many mobile communication systems use several frequency bands such as GSM 900/1800/1900 bands (890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz); Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and UMTS 3G expansion bands (1900-2200 MHz and 2500-2700 MHz); and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)/Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) bands (2400-2500 MHz and 5100-5800 MHz) where the list of frequently used frequency bands is given in Table 1 ( Best, 2008).Conventionally, because a single antenna can not operate at all of these frequency bands of mobile communication, multiple different antennas covering these bands separately should be used.However, usage of many antennas is usually limited by the volume and cost constraints of the applications.Therefore, multiband and wideband antennas are essential to provide multifunctional operations for mobile communication.A multiband antenna in a mobile communication system can be defined as the antenna operating at distinct frequency bands, but not at the intermediate frequencies between bands.For example, a triple band antenna for GSM 900/1800/1900 bands can cover the frequency bands 890-960 MHz and 1710-1990 MHz (Ali et al., 2003); however, it does not operate properly at the frequencies such as 1200 MHz or 2500 MHz.On the other hand, a wideband antenna operates at every frequency points within a given frequency band.For example, a wideband antenna covering UMTS, extended UMTS and WLAN 2400 bands functions at every frequency points www.intechopen.com

The subject of research in this article is the process of building a mobile communication system that operates under electronic countermeasures. The aim is to develop recommendations for building a wireless mobile communication system that operates effectively in a complex interfering electromagnetic environment. The strategy for building a mobile wireless communication system is based on the use of a grouping of low-altitude UAVs with ultra-wideband signal technology circulating in control and communication channels, with the integration of artificial intelligence elements into its structure. The objective of this study is to ensure the stable and secure operation of a wireless mobile communication system despite electronic countermeasures. The methods of analytical, temporal positional pulse coding, and fuzzy logical inference were used to make decisions on the transfer of service in the network. The following results were obtained. A strategy for building a wireless mobile communication system despite electronic countermeasures has been developed. It is shown that in order to obtain high noise immunity of control and communication channels and to protect information from interception, wireless ultra-wideband communication technology should be used. This will provide large volumes and speeds of information transmission. A technical solution for the design of an ultra-wideband transceiver antenna system is proposed. Moreover, it is recommended to use the results of data processing in a fuzzy decision-making system for the transfer of service between mobile network nodes in conditions of interference. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows. The use of ultra-wideband channels makes it possible to increase the number of control and communication channels in a wireless mobile system almost unlimitedly. The preliminary distribution of orthogonal codes between the channels realizes the process of control and communication without the interception of information and mutual interference. The use of the time-position-pulse coding method prevents the occurrence of intercharacter distortions of the encoding ultrashort pulses. This also reduces the level of distortion of information signals caused by multipath propagation, which guarantees the security of information in the system. The use of a fuzzy decision-making system for the transfer of services between mobile network nodes allows dynamically changing the network topology in real time and maintaining high quality of service under electronic countermeasures.

As technological innovations have progressed, the ability of social enterprises to find creative solutions to social problems in the global economy has increased. Social electronic enterprises (e-enterprises) contribute to the well-being of society by utilizing information and communications technology that has a financial component in addition to social and environmental objectives. Social e-entrepreneurship is an effective dynamic way that organizations can achieve social objectives that facilitate change in the international environment. More recently, innovation in information and communications technology has increased the ability of individuals to establish social e-enterprises. This paper discusses the role of technological innovations in providing opportunities for social e-enterprises to develop based on mobile online services. The influence of mobile online communities in developing social e-enterprises is investigated along with how mobile communication has encouraged individuals and organisations to be involved in social e-enterprises. The changing mobile social software communications devices that have allowed individuals to build social e-enterprises using technological innovations from the internet are stated. Recommendations for the continued development of social e-enterprises that utilize emerging technological innovations are included in the paper with suggestions for future research.

Mobile communication systems rely on radiofrequency waves to operate. Given the popularity and ubiquity of mobile communication devices as well as network densification, the level of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure to the public is expected to rise significantly over the next few years. Although there is no clear evidence linking short-term exposure to EMF emission from wireless communication systems with adverse health effects, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that EMF radiation is possibly carcinogenic. To cope with the concerns of the general public, the European Environmental Agency has recommended non-technical precautionary approaches to minimize exposure to EMF emissions. Rather than relying on these non-technical approaches, EMF, latency, network resilience and connection density, alongside traditional criteria such as spectral efficiency and energy efficiency are expected to take centre stage in the development of 5G systems. This book focuses on innovative EMF exposure research for future generations of mobile and wireless communications. This timely publication highlights the novel work done on reducing EMF emissions in future mobile communication systems and how to develop smart integrated technical solutions.

With the formidable growth of various booming wireless communication services that require ever increasing data throughputs, the conventional microwave band below 10 GHz, which is currently used by almost all mobile communication systems, is going to reach its saturation point within just a few years. Therefore, the attention of radio system designers has been pushed toward ever higher segments of the frequency spectrum in a quest for increased capacity. In this article we investigate the feasibility, advantages, and challenges of future wireless communications over the Eband frequencies. We start with a brief review of the history of the E-band spectrum and its light licensing policy as well as benefits/challenges. Then we introduce the propagation characteristics of E-band signals, based on which some potential fixed and mobile applications at the E-band are investigated. In particular, we analyze the achievability of a nontrivial multiplexing gain in fixed point-to-point E-band links, and propose an E-band mobile broadband (EMB) system as a candidate for the next generation mobile communication networks. The channelization and frame structure of the EMB system are discussed in detail.

Location-based service (LBS) is a kind of mobile valueadded services in mobile communication systems. The development of mobile positioning techniques promotes application of LBS. This paper presents a type of architecture of LBS. In this architecture, TDOA positioning modules are appended into the mobile basestations in order to implement LBS. LBS gateway and application platform are two vital parts in this architecture. LBS gateway modules are added into MSC of the mobile communication networks. LBS application platform is similar to a mobile location server. TDOA positioning modules deal with rough location testing and simple data computing. LBS gateway is a comprehensive management device which processes location information related to the mobile users. LBS application platform incepts location information processed in LBS gateway, cooperates with the mobile terminal and sends location information to the mobile users by proper data format. LBS application platform is developed based on ArcIMS map server which provides a lot of APIs. The application programming flowchart for LBS is implemented in detail in this paper. The real testing in the mobile communication systems shows that the proposed LBS can provide exact location services for mobile users.

In the past decade, wireless communications experienced an explosive growth period and became an integral part of modern society. The convenience and flexibility offered by mobile communications have made it one of the fastest growing areas of telecommunications. Mobile communication systems have experienced rapid growth in the number of users as well as the range of services provided during the last two decades. The Global System for Mobile communications, GSM, is a pan-European Mobile communication system in the 900 MHz band which was first introduced in the early years of this decade. An increasing demand for data transmission services over the GSM system has been driven by the wide use of the internet applications. In this thesis, we focus on the survey of GSM for wireless communication, which is one of the most widely deployed second generation wireless cellular systems in the world. While voice was the primary service provided early communication systems, current systems offer other transmission services. One of the most commonly used cellular systems is based on the Global System for Mobile communication, GSM, standard. We briefly introduce the GSM System configuration and major properties. It included five parts. It is about service and features, architecture of GSM system, channel and frame structure of GSM, GSM security features, data in the GSM System.

This paper is focused on the specification of future generations of wireless mobile communication networks. The paper throws light on the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology along with their significance and advantages of one over the other. 5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before. 5G technology is offering the services in different fields like Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. The 5G design is based on user-centric mobile environment with many wireless and mobile technologies on the ground. WWWW that is World Wide Wireless Web allows complete wireless communication with almost no limitation, Multi-Media Newspapers, watch TV programs with the clarity as to that of an HD TV.