Modelling of a multi-seam hard coal deposit using IT tools

В статье показаны особенности построения геологических и геолого-гидродинамических моделей для решения различных задач: поисков, разведки, разработки и проектирования применения МУН. В зависимости от поставленных задач наиболее простые модели должны постепенно и непрерывно усложняться. При построении геологических моделей необходимо учитывать все геологические запасы, находящиеся в недрах рассматриваемого объекта, независимо от того, можно их сегодня извлечь или нет. При этом следует уделять большое внимание так называемым плотным (в современном понимании) разделам между пластами и изучению их роли в процессах фильтрации. Для месторождений ТЗН необходимо изучение деталей геологического строения и особенно трещиноватости при построении геолого-фильтрационных моделей, поскольку эти детали оказывают определяющее влияние на эффективность процессов разработки. Так же и при применении МУН. Приведены принципиально новые подходы к моделированию: переход от балансовых к геологическим запасам нефти, учет на поздней стадии разработки крупных месторождений процессов переформирования залежей нефти, вовлечение в разработку ранее неучтенных ресурсов в низко- и ультранизкопроницаемых пластов, техногенного изменения месторождений в процессе длительной эксплуатации, процессов подпитки углеводородами из глубин недр The paper presents special aspects, associated with construction of geological and reservoir simulation models for addressing various challenges related to oil prospecting, exploration, field development and EOR design applications. Depending on the objectives, the simplest models require constant step-wise refinement. Geological models must take into account the total amount of in-place reserves trapped in the productive formation, regardless of whether they are economically recoverable to date or not. At the same time, great attention must be paid to so-called tight (in modern understanding) interlayers and their function in fluid flow processes. During construction of geological and fluid flow models for hard-to-recover oil fields, details of geological structure must be well studied; particularly, the fracture network, because such details are critical for efficient field development. This is the same with EOR applications. The paper presents fundamentally new approaches to the modeling process: transition from economic reserves to original oil-in-place volumes, consideration of large oil fields reformation processes at late stages of development, production of unrecorded reserves in low- and ultra-low-permeability reservoirs, long production induced changes in the field, hydrocarbon migration processes from deep petroleum subsurface

The article is devoted to analyzing the possibilities and effectiveness of integrating information technology into classical methods of teaching foreign languages. It considers the main principles of traditional methods, reveals their strengths and weaknesses in the modern educational context. An overview of current IT tools and resources applicable to linguodidactics is provided, ranging from interactive online platforms and multimedia tools to artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Special attention is given to models and practical examples of integrating IT into grammatical, translational, direct, audio-lingual, and communicative teaching methods. The article also presents results from an empirical study that included a survey of teachers and students. This allowed us to assess the current level of application of IT, identify perceived advantages, and main challenges from the perspective of direct participants in the educational process. Based on the data obtained, conclusions are formulated about the potential of blended learning and practical recommendations are proposed to teachers, educational institutions, and developers of IT solutions for further improvement of foreign language teaching methods in the context of digitalization.

Digitalization of enterprise management using Russian software is the main trend in the development of the country's mining sector. Sharp fluctuations in demand and prices in the mineral markets, as well as the development of technical tools for mechanization and automation of technological processes along with a systematic increase in their cost affect the financial performance of mining companies. This determines the need for a rapid adoption of technical, technological and organizational decisions, which, along with the requirements of the company's owners and regulators to obtain prompt, reliable and the most complete information about the production process explains the urgent need for the prompt introduction of digital control systems for mining operations. In the article the authors describe an algorithm to design a digital model of the mining and geological system, including a digital geological model of the deposit, digital models of mine workings and the surface topography, based on the experience of creating three-dimensional digital models of complex-structured coal deposits. The basic software suite for designing a digital management system for mining operations is the MINEFRAME mining and geological information system developed at the Mining Institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. MINEFRAME allows to perform a full range of tasks aimed at creation of a digital 3D model of the mining and geological system for a coal deposit with the possibility to account for the complex bedding in the modelling. High accuracy and correctness of the input geological sampling data is achieved by means of tools to check for errors in the tables of borehole collar coordinates, inclinometry and sampling. The wireframe modelling methods implemented in MINEFRAME provide the possibility to create wireframe models of seams with high detail in the fracture zones.

<p>The utilization of geothermal reservoirs as alternative energy source is becoming increasingly important worldwide. Details of rock properties, structures, heat transfer and resulting interactions are the basis for the implementation of a sustainable reservoir management, but are often not well enough understood. The investigated warm water reservoir in Waiwera, New Zealand, has been known for many centuries. Triggered by overproduction in the third quarter of the 20th century, the reservoir pressure dropped significantly and in the 1970s the natural seeps on the beach dried up [1]. However, the shutdown of the main user's pumps (Waiwera Thermal Pools) in 2018 led to renewed temporary and location-specific artesian activity. The question now is whether the seeps on the beach will also reappear?</p><p>Hydrogeological models are the basis for a sustainable management of groundwater resources. The key point for the Waiwera reservoir is the amount of geothermal water which is permanently available. However, models are also used to describe the current hydraulic and thermal situation of the study area [2].</p><p>An expedition was carried out in 2019 to investigate the artesian activity of the reservoir, which has been observed again since 2018, and to build a new geological model. For the first time, thermal cameras carried by unmanned aerial systems (UAS) show the emergence of warm water at the beach and photogrammetric analyses carried out allow structural and lithological mapping on exposed cliffs where localized thermal anomalies were identified for the first time. The Waitemata formation found there is considered as analogue of the reservoir rock and thus serves for an improved understanding of the subsurface reservoir properties. The analyses show individual water and heat conducting lithologies and thus provide details about geological units that also constitute the geothermal reservoir at depth.</p><p>Based on the field exploration and the associated structural interpretations, a geological and thermal 3D model is now available for the first time, which will be employed to improve calibration of the hydraulic conditions of the warm water reservoir. Further, the model will be applied in the context of a sustainable reservoir management to clarify the question about the natural seeps on the beach. The reappearance of artesian activity in the Waiwera area due to significant adaptation of production rates is unique but the improved understanding of the interaction between rock properties, existing structures and heat transfer will also enable other reservoirs to be better understood.</p><p>[1] Kühn M., Stöfen H. (2005) A reactive flow model of the geothermal reservoir Waiwera, New Zealand. Hydrogeology Journal 13, 606-626</p><p>[2] Kühn M., Altmannsberger C., Hens C. (2016) Waiwera’s warm water reservoir – What is the significance of models? Grundwasser 21, 107-117</p>

Deficiency of fossil minerals, limited reserves of conventional hydrocarbon raw materials indicates the need to involve in the fuel and energy complex of other sources of hydrocarbons. Fields of super-viscous oil are one of the sources. Development of super-viscous oil deposits opens new challenges in the field of building geological models associated with the shallow occurrence of these deposits. This article is devoted to the study of sediments of the Permian sedimentary complex containing super-viscous oil deposits. Study object is Sheshmian sandstone pack of the Ufimian stage. The pack is composed of sands and sandstones with different degree of carbonate cementation with small interlayers of siltstones. Cementation is the main factor which affect reservoir quality. In the process of analysis and preparation of the initial data and, subsequently, the geological model construction, the main features of the super-viscous oil deposits were revealed.

Realistic geological modeling can be considered as the first objective in a reservoir characterization workflow. This term describes the process of building static 3-D reservoir models based on available a priori information, geological interpretations and quantitative geological, seismic, and production data. The definition of the best “realistic geological model” to be produced has to be discussed depending on the target objective: to produce a simulation which honors at best the geological parameters and the seismic derived constraints or to produce a simulation which will fit at best the production data. The incorporation of seismic information is a crucial element in reservoir geological modeling. Many recent research works have focused on the introduction in probabilistic models of secondary data characterized by a relationship, often indirect, with the reservoir properties. Due to the different scales of resolution between seismic and geology and to the complex relationship between rock properties and seismic response, a logical process can be to firstly extract geological properties from seismic data and second to constrain the facies simulation using these properties. The extraction of soft geological information from seismic data relies on statistical calibration with well data. Mainly two approaches can be used, either based on supervised segmentation or on estimation techniques. The obtained information consists in variables correlated with the facies distribution. Depending on the available information the variables can be related to the total thickness of the studied stratigraphic unit (leading to 2D constraints as maps) or to small volumes inside the unit (3D constraints). IFP-CG (Institut francais du petrole - Centre de Geostatistique of the Ecole des Mines) have developed an innovative methodology to generate facies proportions grids from well data, sedimentological conceptual models (maps and zonations), and constrained with seismic derived information. The objective of this paper is to present an analysis and evaluation of the real impact of these seismic derived constraints on the reservoir geological model in terms of quantification of uncertainties, heterogeneities distribution, and key geological characteristics. In the geomodelisation workflow, this work takes place when the structural framework of the reservoir is determined and also when the geological conceptual model is defined in terms of interpretation, environment, and layering. Its purpose is to investigate possible variations in parameterization of the scenarios of filling the space with geological properties. Using a real data case, different constraints and different methods of seismic integration are compared. Their impact of seismic in the framework of the truncated gaussian methodology and compared to the impact of the uncertainty on geological data.

Error analysis and visualization of 3D geological models of mineral deposits

The planning stages of mining require comprehensive and detailed analyses. The proper determination of the orebody boundary is one of the most important points to provide optimum model structure and projections. The limits can be determined by different methods based on the site geology. Although some three dimensional (3D) models were proposed for providing detailed information concerning a mine deposit, developing a solid model via a3Dapproach is novelty. In other words, surface modeling should be performed for creating a solid model and determining limits of the deposit. In this way, sensible generation of the surface model can be achieved. This study investigated the estimation capability of the polynomial approach, which is a novel spatial interpolation method, for modeling a coal deposit surface. The performance of the proposed model was compared with some conventional methods in the literature. The results showed that the polynomial interpolation method is an effective method to employ for surface modeling of a mine deposit.

Section-constrained local geological interface dynamic updating method based on the HRBF surface

The sustainable management of groundwater resources is essential to municipalities worldwide due to increasing water demand. Planning for the optimized use of groundwater resources requires reliable estimation of hydraulic parameters such as hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss). However, estimation of hydraulic parameters can be difficult with dedicated pumping tests while municipal wells are in operation. In this study, the K and Ss of a highly heterogeneous, multi-aquifer/aquitard system are estimated through the inverse modeling of water-level data from observation wells collected during municipal well operations. In particular, four different geological models are calibrated by coupling HydroGeoSphere (HGS) with the parameter estimation code PEST. The joint analysis of water-level records resulting from fluctuating pumping and injection operations amounts to a hydraulic tomography (HT) analysis. The four geological models are well calibrated and yield reliable estimates that are consistent with previously studies. Overall, this research reveals that: (1) the HT analysis of municipal well records is feasible and yields reliable K and Ss estimates for individual geological units where drawdown records are available; (2) these estimates are obtained at the scale of intended use, unlike small-scale estimates typically obtained through other characterization methods; (3) the HT analysis can be conducted using existing data, which leads to substantial cost savings; and (4) data collected during municipal well operations can be used in the development of new groundwater models or in the calibration of existing groundwater models, thus they are valuable and should be archived.

Energy inputs such as electricity and fuels are essential to facilitate industrial, commercial and household activities. The characteristics of electricity and fuel demand are determined by the objectives of the main users: households need affordable, steady and safe availability, while commerce and industry demand an economically competitive, secure and sustainable supply of electricity and fuel. Thus the price and availability of energy are important determinants of economic competitiveness (through lower inputs, production and transport costs), energy supply security (to ensure stable industrial, commerce and household activities) and sustainable development (through sustainable management of natural resources, energy efficiency, environmental and climate control measures).

封溪护渔之目的在于让河川休养生息，资源得以永续经营，然而至今于封溪河段仍可见不当疏浚或兴筑大型公共设施与景观餐厅等行为。本研究对苗栗县的封溪护渔执行成效进行检讨，发现其成败系于地方意见领袖的价值观与环境态度，是影响居民决定支持或反对的重要关键。至于公部门在护渔行动中所处之角色，则常是被动消极而非从整体资源保育的角度着眼，且其业务常彼此重迭，也连带影响河川环境管理之效率。鉴于现阶段之护渔工作仅局限于鱼类资源之保护，对于业已破坏或不当使用之河域资源，迄未建立环境监测系统以及拟订复育计划，因此局限了封溪护渔的效益，本研究据此建议应透过环境教育，动员民间的力量在河川环境复育方面扮演更积极的角色。 The objective of river enclosing and fish protection is to recuperate river ecology in an attempt to achieve sustainable management of natural resources. However, improper dredging works and construction of public facilities, as well as panoramic restaurants beside rivers, still commonly occur today. This project examined cases of river reserves at Miaoli, for their policies and implementation effects towards the river enclosing and fish protection. We found that the values and environmental attitudes of the local representatives were critical for residents to support or oppose certain reserve development. On the other hand, the public sectors generally played a passive role and did not operate based on the integral viewpoint of resource conservation. Additionally, the affairs of the public sectors often overlap which impact on the efficiency of environmental management. As the existing efforts of river reserve are mainly confined to protecting fish resources, holistic restoration strategies and environmental monitoring system for controlling land use and restoring natural ecology of disturbed land and ecology are deficient. This study suggested that environmental education with a more active and powerful role in environmental restoration played by the grassroots is considered important and should be encouraged.

Geological models consistent with the physics of sediment transport and deposition are increasingly becoming popular for the evaluation and development of water, oil and gas reservoirs. Several statistical methods have been used for the geologic modeling but they are based on very scarce information which does not consider the underlying physical principles that control the process of sediment deposition. Flow-based sedimentary models that consider depositional and physical principles for the distribution of sediments in space can be used to help generate geologically realistic models. However, these models have an important limitation, in that, it is impossible to assimilate reservoir specific information in these models. In order to overcome this limitation, an approach utilizing the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) technique for sequentially conditioning the sedimentary process model to chrono-stratigraphic information recorded at wells is presented in this paper. The EnKF technique allows the conditioning of sedimentary models to petrophysical and poro-elastic acoustic measurements from seismic and well-logs. Starting from initial probability distributions representing the uncertainty in state variables, an iterative updating process is implemented within the EnKF framework. The ensemble of state variables is adjusted so that the updated model parameters, when used in the sediment deposition model will yield a match to the conditioning data. This method was initially tested with a 1-Dimensional sedimentary deposit model for quasi-steady state turbidity currents. The geologic model was then extended to a 2-Dimensional space and the probabilistic method of Lattice Boltzmann Simulation was implemented using the three-speed D2Q9 lattice.<br><br>Besides presenting a novel application of EnKF for arriving at data-conditioned, sedimentary process models, the paper also sheds light on the capabilities and limitations of the EnKF approach for data conditioning.<br&gt

With the rapid development of China’s economic construction and the increasing scale of the project, more and more complex engineering geological problems have put forward higher requirements for engineering geological researchers. As the core link of engineering geological research, engineering geological evaluation provides a key scientific basis for solving engineering geological problems. The engineering geological evaluation model is a good tool and means to support the realization of the evaluation method. Therefore, it is urgent to study three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation modeling systematically. In view of the current situation that the construction methods of the three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation model in the field of infrastructure construction at home and abroad are not uniform, this paper briefly summarizes the research progress of the three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation model. It focuses on three-dimensional geological modeling and the three-dimensional engineering geological space evaluation index system. This study discusses the main methods for comprehensive engineering geological evaluation and the construction of a three-dimensional geological model. At the same time, in response to the low accuracy of current three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation models and their insufficient integration with numerical simulations, this paper proposes improvement suggestions and outlines the development trends of such models. The purpose of this paper is to deepen the engineering geological evaluation work, promote its sustainable development, and lay the foundation for the study of a three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation model so as to cope with more complex engineering geological challenges in the future.

Samples and geologic models are the basis of recoverable resources models. They are pillars of mineral resources and reserves estimation. The geologic model, the most subjective part, is one of the pillars for the determination of an economic block model and requires detailed knowledge of geology, including structures, lithologies, alteration, mineralization types, and genesis of the deposit. A basic conceptual error can cause significant economic losses. Given the relevance, subjectivity, and uncertainties of the information provided for the construction of the geologic model, this paper discusses some of the key variables to be considered for a practical guide to the process of interpretation and building of a robust 3-D geologic model and proposes best practices to avoid or mitigate errors and risks in grade estimation.