Modern Nominative Processes In English Academic Discourse

Introduction. The research article in English has recently been under scrutiny by theoretical and applied linguists. The understanding of research article is heterogeneous: it can be defined as a scientific manuscript, an independent text type or a separate genre. In Russian academic discourse the concept of the research article usually implies a scientific publication with the definite word count which is less than a monograph. However, this broad definition comprises a variety of heterogeneous genres. The English academic discourse, on the contrary, specifies research genres manifested in Research, Review, Editorial, Commentary, Clinical Case Report and other text names. Additionally, these research genres can vary according to the scientific discipline. The objective of this paper is to identify and classify academic research genres in medical discourse.Methodology and sources. The research corpus was collected from the original highimpact open-access medical journals, i.e., Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, British Medical Journal, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Brain, Pediatrics, Diabetes, Heart, Journal of Neuroscience. The research procedure involved contextual, semantic and comparative analysis of the journal requirements on the article type and content presented in typical sections About the Journal, Authors Guidelines and Table of Contents.Results and discussion. The analysis has led to the development of differential parameters for further research genres classification. The findings have shown that a variety of research papers under different names can be classified as a system of research genres in the academic discourse represented by medical research publications. We have also found distinct correlations between medical journal requirements and linguistic characteristics of medical research genres.Conclusion. The academic medical discourse functions in a wide spectrum of article types, which can be classified as medical research genres according to discourse parameters.

This paper investigates the distribution and specific properties of anaphoric demonstratives with directly recoverable antecedents in English academic discourse. By analyzing 359 tokens of demonstrative reference of this, that and it with directly recoverable antecedents from the academic section of the online corpus COCA, the paper finds that the general frequency of demonstratives in English academic discourse is that this is more frequent than it and then it is more frequent than that. The main reason underlying this order is due to the different functions of this, that and it to mark topics. These functions correlate with features or purposes of academic discourse. About the types of antecedents, the paper finds that most common antecedents of this are non-nominal and most common antecedents of it and that are nominal. What’s more, three different semantic relations between demonstratives and their antecedents are recognized in this paper: direct coreference, indirect coreference and labeling or rephrasing relations. The paper suggests that the underlying motivation for the interaction between anaphoric demonstratives and their antecedents is the writer’s perception of events in temporal order.

The current article considers the lexicological way of conveying the category of politeness in the Turkish language. It identifies the lexicological means of expressing polite-ness in the Turkish language and their methodological features. The abundance of words of respect in the Turkish language indicates that the level of expression of the category of politeness in the language is extensive. By activity and content, personal pronouns, terms of relationship, and semantic units expressing politeness are parts of lexical means of courtesy. In Turkish, the category of politeness is manifested in personal, interrogative, and also in proper pronouns. Revealed the semantic development of lexical units, thus reflecting the politeness category. The content illustrates the stylistic features’ use of pronouns that convey inconsistency. At the same time, instead of pronouns, the use of words such as bendeniz, köleniz, and kulunuz shows the high level of politeness of the speaker concerning the hearer. Moreover, there is an emphasis on the utilization of kinship terms to express the category of courtesy. As you know, the relationship between members of society is formed based on the relationship of individuals. Therefore, the transmission of politeness using kinship terms is more ancient. Some lexical units expressing good manners include the words hanım, efendi, bay, and bey. In the category of politeness, synonyms are hanımefendi, hanım, bayan, kadın, hatun, kari, which means “woman”. The sequence of the above expressions reflects the politeness level from highest to neutral. The article also discusses the endings that accompany the mentioned lexical units. These include ending with m (-im, -ım / -üm, -um) and ending with -lar, -ler. Besides their categorical function, the above endings are non-categorical and functionally occur in expressing politeness. The article depicts that morphological forms accompany lexical means and serve to supplement the content. The features of lexical and morphological means of using politeness in Turkish are revealed based on these accents.

As a communicative strategy, hedging plays a central role in academic writing. Numerous different linguistic forms can be used to express this strategy. This article attempts to investigate modal auxiliary verbs as the principal means of expressing hedging in English academic discourse. For this purpose, a corpus of 75 primary empirical research articles from economics, linguistics, medicine, natural sciences and engineering was analyzed quantitatively with the help of corpus linguistic method. The results revealed that modal auxiliaries were used most frequently in linguistics and economics and least frequently in engineering and natural sciences while their use in medicine came in between. This seems to suggest that there is noticeable disciplinary variation in the degree of hedging through the use of modal auxiliaries in English research articles. Modal auxiliaries tend to be more common in soft sciences than in hard sciences whereas their use in health sciences in comparison with soft and hard sciences does not seem to show any significant difference.

Introduction. The article deals with the lexical aspect as a linguistic prerequisite for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence of pre-service German teachers. The attention is focused on the lexical and semantic diversity that constitutes the spiritual and material experience of German-speaking countries. Methods.The professional literature on the topic is analyzed in order to obtain an answer about the national and cultural labeling of lexical units. The regulatory concepts of German-speaking peoples are clarified. Purpose.The article emphasizes the grammatically correct use of lexical units in the discourse process. The article defines the identity of the people, primarily reflected in language at the level of lexis and phraseology. The author emphasizes the intercultural nature of the use of words, which appears where there are differences in its reproduction of the real-world picture by representatives of two foreign language cultures. The author emphasizes the importance of verbal and semantic means, enabling pre-service German teachers to develop their intercultural communication skills. The article introduces the verbal and semantic tools of German-speaking countries, whose national variants are the basis for the formation of intercultural communication. Results. Lexical and phraseological units are the first means of acquiring cultural knowledge about countries and forming linguistic and sociocultural competence. A number of examples of lexical units are given in accordance with the national variants of Austrian, Swiss and German. The author focuses on the use of normative literary German, which constitutes the educational and methodological basis for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence, but recognizes the significance and spiritual heritage in the form of words. The article emphasizes the use of commonly used vocabulary, as it constitutes the lion’s share of the linguistic heritage of each nation. Examples of untranslated vocabulary and realia-words, realia-phrases that characterize the everyday life of German-speaking peoples are given. Conclusion. Thus, Teutonisms, Austricisms and Helvetisms as nationally labeled lexical units are described. The paremiological units of the German language, characterized by reproductivity and defining the traditions and customs of the everyday culture of the peoples of the language being taught, are singled out.

The aim of the research is to classify the hyphenated lexical units with participial components found in the analytical articles in British and American mass media. Scientific novelty of the research lies in dividing them into three groups and describing their lexical meaning, morphological properties and syntactic functions. The obtained results showed that hyphenated lexical units with participial components are not homogeneous and fall into three groups. Lexical units from the first group may be called compound words. They are composed of two stems, are closed or hyphenated, have unified grammatical design, perform attributive and predicative functions. Lexical units of the second group are placed between the compound words and derivatives. They are composed of a stem and a semi affix which has a generalized meaning; as a rule perform attributive function. The third group includes composites in which each component has its own lexical meaning. They don’t have unified grammatical design and perform attributive function. They are an intermediate link between the compound words and word combinations.

Background. The article deals with the analysis of cognitive features of the concept HEART in the English language based on the monolingual English lexicographical sources. The heart is often used as a symbol of emotion, love, passion, courage or spirituality. In the English-speaking world, as in many other cultures, the heart is considered an important element that reflects the inner feelings and moral qualities of a person. Moreover, in many cultures and contexts, the heart has a deep symbolic meaning. One of the most vivid symbolic meanings of the lexical unit heart is love. In addition, the heart also symbolizes the emotional center of a person, since in many cultures the heart is considered to be the center of life energy and morality of a person; the heart is associated with endurance, fortitude and vitality, or with divine love, sorrow and mercy. All these examples illustrate the deep symbolic significance of the heart in the culture and language, depicting it as a key symbol of spirituality, the center of human emotions and vital energy. Despite the fact that there is a number of researches dedicated to investigation of the nature of concept and conceptualization this topic is still of paramount importance. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the cognitive peculiarities of the concept HEART based on the material of lexicographic sources. To achieve the goal, six English lexicographic sources have been chosen: Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, Cambridge Dictionary, Free Dictionary, Collins English Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Methods. To reach research objectives the following methods have been chosen: the descriptive method, the constructive method, the comparative analysis, the cognitive analysis. Results. As a result of the investigation of six lexicographic sources of the English language, it has been found out that the concept HEART verbalized by the lexical unit counts 11 conceptual meanings. Conclusions and perspectives. The topic of Cognitive peculiarities of the concept Heart based on English lexicographic sources touches on a number of linguistic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions. The concept of HEART is often explored through the lens of conceptual metaphor theory, a key framework in cognitive linguistics. This theory suggests that abstract concepts are understood through metaphors grounded in physical and experiential realities. Cultural features can be analyzed by comparing how the concept HEART is linguistically and metaphorically expressed in other languages versus English could provide insight into universal versus culture-specific cognitive patterns. Lexicographic analysis from dictionaries (Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, Cambridge Dictionary or Collins English Dictionary) and thesauri can shed light on the semantic networks surrounding heart. Newer corpus-based lexicography tools will allow the study of frequency, collocations, and shifts in the concept’s usage across various registers (literary, colloquial, medical). To add, a discourse-based approach to study concept HEART might investigate how its use reflects societal values or ideologies, such as its role in romantic discourse, motivational speech, or even religious contexts.

This study examines a linguistic phenomenon, which is using English neologisms by Iraqi Kurdish Facebook users on their Facebook platforms. Nowadays, hundreds of newly established English lexical units such as blogger, tweet, Facebook, WhatsApp, share, etc.… flow into English lexicon daily due to the innovative technology, internet websites, and all sorts of social media; hence, some of these new words find their way into world language’s vocabulary through the netzines communications. The paper aims to (1) explore the extent of using English neologisms by Iraqi Kurd Facebook users on Facebook, (2) determine the morphological classes of these words (3) reveal the most prominent reasons and factors behind using such English neologisms, and (4) pinpoint their significance in Kurdish lexicon. To achieve the aims of the study, data are obtained in two ways; first, compiling a list of 500 English neologisms through a thorough observation from numerous Kurdish public page posts and updates and comments of a reliable number of personal FB accounts of Iraqi Kurd FB users. Second, ask 56 active FB users, who are all BA, MA and PhD holders with good English background to tick the English neologisms from the list above.

This article explores Ukrainian vocabulary related to structures, as documented in Russian-Ukrainian dictionaries published between 1917 and 1933, including the Moscow–Ukrainian Dictionary (1918) by V. Dubrovskyi, the Russian–Ukrainian Dictionary (1918) by S. Ivanytskyi and F. Shumlyanskyi, and the Russian–Ukrainian Dictionary (1924–1933) edited by A. Krymskyi and S. Efremov. The study was carried out by using digital lexicographic systems developed from printed dictionaries, as well as a custom database of nouns. Overall, the analysed material comprises more than fifteen hundred lexical units. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the vocabulary recorded in the above-mentioned dictionaries within the framework of the main identified groups of structures, namely: (1) structures intended for performing certain types of work, producing goods, or providing specific services; (2) residential buildings and their parts; (3) utility structures; and (4) engineering structures. It examines the semantic, word-formation, and stylistic features of these terms across different lexicographic sources from the period, comparing them with their modern equivalents. Specific examples are used to illustrate the process of actualization of certain lexemes and the peculiarities of their use in language and speech. It has been established that almost all the analysed groups of structures contain lexemes that have been re-actualized, some of which have returned to active use with new or slightly modified meanings.

Gestures Expressing Opposition in English Academic Discourse (on the material of lectures)

Semantic frames are formal structures describing situations, actions or events, e.g., Commerce buy, Kidnapping, or Exchange. Each frame provides a set of frame elements or semantic roles corresponding to participants of the situation and lexical units (LUs)—words and phrases that can evoke this particular frame in texts. For example, for the frame Kidnapping, two key roles are Perpetrator and the Victim, and this frame can be evoked with lexical units abduct, kidnap, or snatcher. While formally sound, the scarce availability of semantic frame resources and their limited lexical coverage hinders the wider adoption of frame semantics across languages and domains. To tackle this problem, firstly, we propose a method that takes as input a few frame-annotated sentences and generates alternative lexical realizations of lexical units and semantic roles matching the original frame definition. Secondly, we show that the obtained synthetically generated semantic frame annotated examples help to improve the quality of frame-semantic parsing. To evaluate our proposed approach, we decompose our work into two parts. In the first part of text augmentation for LUs and roles, we experiment with various types of models such as distributional thesauri, non-contextualized word embeddings (word2vec, fastText, GloVe), and Transformer-based contextualized models, such as BERT or XLNet. We perform the intrinsic evaluation of these induced lexical substitutes using FrameNet gold annotations. Models based on Transformers show overall superior performance, however, they do not always outperform simpler models (based on static embeddings) unless information about the target word is suitably injected. However, we observe that non-contextualized models also show comparable performance on the task of LU expansion. We also show that combining substitutes of individual models can significantly improve the quality of final substitutes. Because intrinsic evaluation scores are highly dependent on the gold dataset and the frame preservation, and cannot be ensured by an automatic evaluation mechanism because of the incompleteness of gold datasets, we also carried out experiments with manual evaluation on sample datasets to further analyze the usefulness of our approach. The results show that the manual evaluation framework significantly outperforms automatic evaluation for lexical substitution. For extrinsic evaluation, the second part of this work assesses the utility of these lexical substitutes for the improvement of frame-semantic parsing. We took a small set of frame-annotated sentences and augmented them by replacing corresponding target words with their closest substitutes, obtained from best-performing models. Our extensive experiments on the original and augmented set of annotations with two semantic parsers show that our method is effective for improving the downstream parsing task by training set augmentation, as well as for quickly building FrameNet-like resources for new languages or subject domains.

The article dwells upon the study of speech acts produced within the frames of the English academic discourse wherein the illocutionary act represents an ultimate unit to consider. Hence, there is an attempt made herein to look into the notion of performativity of English verbs, with the verb “to suggest” being an integral part of the English modals can/may-comprising constructions and playing a key role in this analysis. The field of this study is dedicated to the semantics of an event in academic medical discourse, aimed at revealing the possible trends for mental representations in the course of medicine-related texts reading as well as modelling possible scenarios of such events and their occurrence. The aforementioned information with due account of such terms as plau-sibility, certainty and likelihood that are of high importance when it comes to the medicine and health-related topics, brings across the purpose of this study. This work is thus aimed at proving (and finding the corresponding evidence or reasoning) the fact that the verb “to suggest” belongs to the performative ones. Such methods as due observation and systematic analysis help us reveal the comprehensive properties of the verb “to suggest” as a basis underlying the author’s intentions and representing the new special type of performatives named “implicitly assertive” as suggested by Y.M. Suleymanova in her study dedicated to the performative types.In the course of this study, we consider a handful of possible scenarios with can/may-comprising constructions following the main clause introduced by the verb “to suggest” and apply the theory of speech acts developed by J. Austin. The findings we obtain herein bring us to the conclusion that the verb “to suggest” should be referred to as a performative verb, belonging to the so named class of “implicitly assertive performatives”.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the devices to display the peculiarities of children’s behavior and activity in the work of Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas». The object of this study is the lexical units and stylistic means to represent the children’s actions in the series of stories by Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas». The subject is the psychological and linguistic approaches to interpret the specifics of the representation of educational and gaming activities, communication, and the interaction of junior pupils in this work. Methods of stylistic analysis of the text, which helped to find out the means to create a comic effect in the work of Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas», comparative analysis, descriptive methods are used in this linguistic research. Identifying the writer’s humour and irony to reflect the desire of children to assert themselves in the team, to demonstrate their creative energy in everything they do, to realize their original projects is the finding of research. The main lexical stylistic means to create humor in the works of Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas» are as follows: irony, epithets, comparison, hyperbole, personification, enumeration. The practical value of the research is to use the results of it for optimize the processes of learning the lexical stylistic means to represent the children’s behavior and activity in the works of Ukrainian and French writers as well as in real life.

This article examines the role of lexical and phraseological means in the expression of concepts in the Uzbek language. In contemporary linguistics, the concept is understood as a complex cognitive and cultural unit that reflects the interaction of language, thought, and national worldview. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest in cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and the semantic mechanisms through which language verbalizes culturally significant knowledge. The purpose of the article is to identify the specific functions of lexical and phraseological units in representing concepts in Uzbek and to determine their semantic, expressive, and cultural potential. The research is based on descriptive, semantic, comparative, contextual, and linguocultural methods. The analysis demonstrates that lexical units serve as primary nominative means of conceptual expression, while phraseological units deepen, intensify, evaluate, and culturally specify conceptual content. In Uzbek, concepts such as “ko‘ngil,” “or,” “vatan,” “mehnat,” “mehr,” and “sabr” are represented not only through direct lexical nomination but also through stable figurative expressions that reveal national mentality and value orientations. The findings show that conceptual expression in Uzbek is characterized by the interaction of denotative and connotative meanings, the unity of nominative and evaluative functions, and the important role of phraseological imagery in preserving collective cultural memory. The article concludes that the study of lexical and phraseological means of conceptual expression contributes to a deeper understanding of the Uzbek linguistic worldview and opens new prospects for research in semantics, phraseology, lexicography, cognitive linguistics, and language teaching methodology.

The article states that in early 21st century, Slavic linguistics lexicographic arrangement of the dialect appeared to preserve the original lexical stock shaped through a national outlook and mentality, as well as cultural values of the creative Ukrainian nation. The article is aimed to represent the dialect stock of the Ukrainian lexicography in the early 21st century, as well as to stress the importance of a dialect text as a source for arranging a regional dictionary. That has accentuated the dialect text proper as a source for arranging a regional dictionary that includes specially represented patois lexical units, their registration according to the dialects and their expansion in the area under consideration. The approach enables a detailed description of the status quo, its peculiar features represented in the differentiated names, as well as peculiar stressed forms, regular and sporadic shifts in vowels and consonants in the registered lexical units. In spontaneous speech, lexical meanings are more complete and more objectively revealed, being largely enforced by new meanings in microtexts. The authors have proved that arranging dictionaries by meaningful texts complete reveals the registered units, as well as regional and local ones in spontaneous speech in various word-building, phonetic and grammatical variants in the dialect aspect. Broad comments provided for the entries are taken from dialect texts and ensure progress to a next narrative fragment promoting a way to learning other linguistic units characteristic of dialects. The dictionary grows into a hypertext, leading the reader from one registered unit to another, providing ethnic linguistic information while revealing a specific status quo interpreted by dialect speakers.