Классификация дефисных лексических единиц с компонентами-причастиями в аналитических статьях англоязычных СМИ

The current article considers the lexicological way of conveying the category of politeness in the Turkish language. It identifies the lexicological means of expressing polite-ness in the Turkish language and their methodological features. The abundance of words of respect in the Turkish language indicates that the level of expression of the category of politeness in the language is extensive. By activity and content, personal pronouns, terms of relationship, and semantic units expressing politeness are parts of lexical means of courtesy. In Turkish, the category of politeness is manifested in personal, interrogative, and also in proper pronouns. Revealed the semantic development of lexical units, thus reflecting the politeness category. The content illustrates the stylistic features’ use of pronouns that convey inconsistency. At the same time, instead of pronouns, the use of words such as bendeniz, köleniz, and kulunuz shows the high level of politeness of the speaker concerning the hearer. Moreover, there is an emphasis on the utilization of kinship terms to express the category of courtesy. As you know, the relationship between members of society is formed based on the relationship of individuals. Therefore, the transmission of politeness using kinship terms is more ancient. Some lexical units expressing good manners include the words hanım, efendi, bay, and bey. In the category of politeness, synonyms are hanımefendi, hanım, bayan, kadın, hatun, kari, which means “woman”. The sequence of the above expressions reflects the politeness level from highest to neutral. The article also discusses the endings that accompany the mentioned lexical units. These include ending with m (-im, -ım / -üm, -um) and ending with -lar, -ler. Besides their categorical function, the above endings are non-categorical and functionally occur in expressing politeness. The article depicts that morphological forms accompany lexical means and serve to supplement the content. The features of lexical and morphological means of using politeness in Turkish are revealed based on these accents.

Introduction. To date, in linguistics, the problem of separating figurative words from other expressive language units remains unresolved. The criteria according to which a given lexical unit is marked as figurative in an explanatory dictionary are unclear. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the types of figurative words and expressions in the Khanty language. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using texts in the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language, employing Wolfgang Steinitz’s “Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der Ostjakischen Sprache” (1966–1991). The author’s approach to the topic is based on an understanding of language as a complex, multi-level system, the individual elements of which are studied by linguists using various methods. The essence of the most important method for us lies in the systematization of concepts that describe units of the same nature and that stand in relations of variability to one another. In our case, figurative words and expressions are examined as expressive means, and their distinctive features are identified against the background of epithets, metaphors, and similes. In the course of textual analysis, all expressive means are first identified, followed by those linguistic units whose semantics contain an indication of the location of the source, the original. The semantics of words whose meanings imply the presence of a figurative component are verified using W. Steinitz’s dialectological and etymological dictionary. It is also assumed that many figurative words and expressions of the Khanty language are already recorded in this dictionary. Results and Discussion. The analysis of speech samples in the Khanty language has revealed the possibility of distinguishing figurative words and expressions from other expressive means and of deriving a specific typology of figurative units in the language. Lexical figurative units include the majority of figurative meanings of words, compound words (including those formed through the transference of meaning of one of their components), and figurative phrases (including those that are part of proverbs and sayings). Contextual figurative units are words and combinations whose figurative component arises within a given specific context. Conclusion. The practical significance of the study lies in the effectiveness of searching for figurative words and expressions in colloquial speech and literary works – that is, in those types of discourse where they are actively used. The prospects for further research are associated with accumulating sufficient material to compile a dictionary of figurative words and expressions in the Khanty language.

The article reveals the essence of an Ancient Greek adjective as a separate part of speech. Thus, the substantive nature of an adjective was examined, including the historical process of its separation as an independent part of speech, with a consequent emphasis on the inseparability of adjectives and nouns by external signs in Ancient Greek. The analysis of the Greek adjectives was made on the grounds of their semantics, morphological features, syntactic functions. The semantic analysis was based on the studying of such concepts as the categorial, word-building and lexical meaning. The categorial meaning is the attribution of an adjective. The smaller semantic-grammatical groups (qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives) were learnt with regard to word formation and lexical motivation. Word-building and lexical meanings were studied basing on the division of adjectives into primary units and derivatives. The meaning of a derivative is interpreted both: due to the analysis of its structure (paying a special attention to the compound units, which are mainly formed on the basis of word combinations), and due as to the relation (strong, weak, metaphorical) of the general meaning of a derivative with the meaning of its components. The word-formation meaning of such units, therefore, is syntagmatic. Their lexical semantics depend also on the context. The basic morphological categories of genus, number and case of a Greek adjective simultaneously indicates its semantic dependence on a noun. The category of degrees of comparison was analyzed on terms of morphological means and such syntactic features as left/right-side valence. The main primary (an attribute) and the secondary (as a predicative) syntactic adjective functions are equally realized in preposition or postposition to the noun in Ancient Greek.

Terminology represents a significant factor in healthcare communication between specialists and patients. The present paper deals with the lexicosemantic characteristics of multi-word lexical units multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epidural abscess, Huntington’s chorea, and carpal tunnel syndrome. The research questions focus on collocations, word combinations, and concordances in which they regularly appear; the first lemma to the left and the first lemma to the right from the studied lexeme demonstrate the principal positions of our interest. Simultaneously, the researcher considers their semantic restrictions, semantic prosody, and grammatical relations that influence their lexical features. The whole linguistic material is investigated in the framework of the text corpus English Web 2015 (enTenTen15) with the help of the search tool Sketch Engine. To begin the research, the frequencies of these lexical units are elaborated. The researcher also looks into the morphological classification of the studied words as these two factors affect them from the lexicological perspective. The research outcomes confirm that the nervous disease names appear in a wide range of structures, and they considerably contribute to successful communication in the medical surroundings. Moreover, the results indicate that the lexicosemantic behaviour of the terms reflects extralinguistic factors (psychological, social) of individual communication acts. The phenomenon is to be further examined and interpreted within the corpus analyses of other chosen lexical units, not only from the field of medicine. Eventually, the researcher outlines possible pedagogical implications of the research results in the process of teaching English.

The current study investigates the grammatical, rhetorical, and semantic relationship between the introduction of Surat As-Saffat and the textual structures forming the Surah. It assumes that the introduction verses are richly loaded with lexical and grammatical meanings. The title of the study, “Grammatical and Semantic Relationship between the Introduction of Surat As-Saffat and Its Textual Structures: A study in Light of the textual science,” seeks to answer the main question: (1) What are the grammatical and semantic relationship between the introduction verses of this Surah and its subsequent textual structures? This inquiry is further divided into key questions, such as: How are grammatical relationships manifested? (2) How are semantic cohesive relationships established? To answer these questions, the researcher adopted the textual methodology, which offers a theoretical framework for understanding the text as a cohesive grammatical and semantic unit, with an approach encompassing both theoretical and applied dimensions. The study reached several results, the most important of which were horizontal and vertical relationships, including repetition of grammatical style, news styles, and construction styles, in addition to frequent repetition of emphasis, forming a horizontal grammatical relationship noted by the researcher. As for semantic world and sentence structure, the text forms an interconnected semantic world through generative sentences rich in grammatical transformation; key transformational elements include the imperative, the interrogative, and emphasis, linking deep generative sentences with superficial transformational sentences.

The research article presents a pragmatic communicative analysis of the concept «media aggression» as one of the forms of manipulative technologies in the field of public speech. Aggressive language behaviour is considered within the framework of media discourse through the use of language manipulation technologies. The description is given to manipulative nature and goal-setting of the British and American mass media. The concept «verbal aggression» and its forms (explicit and implicit) are differentiated in the media context based on the texts of British and American mass media. Various technologies of explicit and implicit forms of verbal aggression are considered. The methodological concept «information aggressiveness index» is introduced and is calculated on the basis of the presented analytical material. Both headline and text original media materials are analyzed. The nature of information policy is interpreted at the level of interstate relations. The theoretical positions of the research article are illustrated by the original examples of the topical political articles published by British and American media.

У статті розглядається відображення лексем «tourist / турист» в англійській та українській мовних картинах світу. Під картиною світу розуміється спосіб концептуалізації світу, бачення позамовного світу певними етносами й закріплення його вербальними засобами певних мов. Дослідження проводиться на матеріалі туристичних термінів, які виконують комунікативну функцію в професійному середовищі й обслуговують людей, які користуються послугами цієї сфери. Етимологічний аналіз досліджуваних лексем засвідчив їхнє походження зі старофранцузької мови. Зазначається, що в англійській мові запозичення з’явилося набагато раніше, ніж в українській мові. Порівняльний аналіз показує, що англійська одиниця “tourism” є полісемантичною; словники української мови фіксують однозначність лексеми «турист». Обидва слова є складовими словосполучень. Виокремлено сім структурних моделей словосполучень в англійській мові, найчастотнішою серед яких є структура N + N. Серед багатокомпонентних структур переважає модель N + N + N. Оскільки лексема «турист» не вживається в функції означення в українській мові, словосполучень із досліджуваним словом набагато менше. Зафіксовано єдину структурну модель: прикметник + іменник. Акцентується увага на тому, що в українській мові широким є використання похідних від лексеми «турист». В обох мовах зафіксовано складні слова – афіксальні деривати. Зміст лексем «tourist / турист» доповнено синонімами. Підкреслюється, що переважна більшість синонімів англійської мови є ідеографічними. Для української мови характерним є більш широке використання стилістичних синонімів. В обох мовах помітний пласт лексики становлять професійні жаргонізми. З’ясовано, що деякі лексичні одиниці були запозичені з англійської мови в українську, що свідчить про інтенсивність культурно-історичних контактів народів. Виявлено, що лексеми «tourist / турист» мають як спільні для обох мов характеристики, так і марковану специфіку відображення в англійській та українській лінгвокультурах.

در تاریخ آمریکا، «بدن سیاه» هم در دوران برده‌داری و هم در دوره معاصر کالایی بوده است که مدیریت خصوصی زندان‌ها تا حدی موجب حبس گسترده سیاه‌پوستان شده است. لغو برده‌داری در حدود 150 سال پیش در مقایسه با 400 سالی که مورد استفاده قرار گرفته هنوز نسبتا جدید است. بنابراین، برخی از رفتارهای شنیع صاحبان برده به سیستم عدالت کیفری منتقل شده و باعث شده است پلیس، هیئت منصفه، قضات و غیره در رفتار با همتایان سفیدپوست خود و مردم سیاه‌پوست نابرابر و غیرعادلانه رفتار کنند. از «اقدامات شیاطین عصیانگر» در دوران برده‌داری گرفته تا پوشش رسانه‌ای نژادپرستانه وحشیگری پلیس علیه سیاه‌پوستان، اعتراضات سیاه‌پوستان، رفتار با مظنونان جنایی و غیره، مشخص شده است که رسانه‌های جمعی آمریکا نقش مهمی در حفظ ساختارهای نژادپرستانه عمیقی دارند که موجب حبس گسترده سیاه‌پوستان شده است. این نوشتار برخی از اقدامات تاریخی علیه سیاه‌پوستان را با شیوه‌های نژادپرستانه معاصر پیوند می‌زند تا نشان دهد که برده‌داری همچنان در آمریکا زنده است و به‌طور مشخص از طریق سیستم عدالت آشکار می‌شود. هدف این نوشتار، تقویت بحث‌های جاری درباره نابودی بقایای برده‌داری در آمریکاست.

The work discusses modern nominative processes in English academic discourse. The research material is English neologisms taken from online articles and lexicographic sources. The article notes that the emergence of new units, the formation of new lexical meanings is connected with the constant work of the mind of a person, a cognitive process that can be understood and associated with the work of the intellect of a person. The appearance of new lexical units gives rise to an important process in comprehending the reality around us. This particular stage can be defined as the culmination of the whole process if capabilities in discourse and cognition in English; it is an essential part to study nominated objects and phenomena of reality, their characteristic features which are crucial in a person’s life. The article notes that the evaluative capabilities of neologisms, their lexical and semantic resources are revealed in a certain discursive environment as well as the emergence and consolidation in use of new lexical units themselves. Globalization influences the study of academic discourse: on the one hand, international educational programs appear, as a result of reforms the content and requirements of programs in different countries are unified; on the other hand, in the worldview of different countries, the attitude towards education, towards its value dominants is changing. The article emphasizes that the consideration of word-building models, the study of cognitive stereotypes that determine the specifics of English academic discourse can be called the most important and key sign of discursive varieties.

The article discusses the semantic and stylistic status of the English language words and word combinations nominating a representative of the Negroid race. The authors also searched for functional analogs of these designations in the modern Russian language. The research is based on the English-language and Russian-language explanatory dictionaries. The decision to study this semantic group is due to its direct relation to the first politically correct euphemisms. The relevance of the work is associated with researchers' increased interest in politically correct vocabulary and insufficient attention to the specifics of its use in scientific discourse. The authors attempt to provide a preliminary classification of lexical units with regard to the scientific discourse, considering their presence or absence in the selected explanatory dictionaries, as well as stylistic notes and comments. It is recommended to assign each studied designation to one of three categories in view of its supposed compatibility with the scientific discourse: 1) lexical units that can be used as common words and word combinations; 2) lexical units which need to be clarified or justified within the given work; 3) lexical units not recommended for such texts. Further research assumes a more detailed justification and possible refinement of the presented classification within a separate scientific paper.

Objective: The objective of this article is to build up the concept field of media texts’ headings referring to COVID-19 in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is based both on the principles of frequency of use of tokens and nominal word combinations, which reflect the development of events related to the pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headings which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methods: The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has given an opportunity to define the way and language means of presentation of the mentioned concept and its concept field. It also has made it possible to demonstrate the language means, which show the journalists’ intentions to present information to the audience, and has allowed to describe the interconnection between language interpretation character and variants of texts axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, particularly the analysis of left and right combination of words in the text, has identified subjective and objective relationships in the concept’s presentation, and the measure of saturation of the concept field with metaphoric and metonymic models, which are based on axiological principles. Component analysis has disclosed the peculiarities of structure of meaning of separate semantic variants of words. Results: In the result of studying 467 headings of articles in mass media the concept field COVID-19 was built. It was fulfilled on the base of presentation of a medical term as a concept. Definition of axiological variability of headings as the basis of seleection of lexical and grammatical means, and presentation of core concept in its subjective and objective relationships inside the sentence/ utterance were done. Conclusions: The language means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and varied functions. The commonness is in informing the population about development of events and the difference is in the ways of transferring the evaluative component of information. The grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headings with negative and partially positive content.

Developing Students’ Media Literacy in the English Language Teaching Context

Background. The article focuses on the analysis of the conceptualization of the lexeme heart in the English language based on a fantasy novel “Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire” written by British author J. K. Rowling. Despite the fact that there are a lot of researches dedicated to the problem of concept and conceptualization the topic of investigation is still of crucial importance as the matter of concept is of great popularity these days. The purpose of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of conceptualization of the lexeme heart in the novel «Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire». The research has the following objectives: 1) to read the text to find all the cases of the lexeme heart being used either as a component of a phrase and collocation or as a part of other compound words; 2) to analyze each case carefully to define the peculiarities of conceptualization of the lexeme heart; 3) to reveal and list all the peculiar features of conceptualization of the lexeme heart in the novel «Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire». Methods. To reach the aim of the research the following methods have been chosen: the descriptive method, the comparative analysis, the constructive method, the cognitive analysis. Results. Due to the results of the investigation, 21 different lexical units with the lexeme heart have been found in the novel «Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire» by J. K. Rowling. The singled out 21 lexical units have been grouped into four different categories: 13 phrases with the lexeme heart, 4 compounds, 2 derivatives and 2 collocations with the lexeme heart out of 21 lexical elements which have been counted while analyzing all the revealed cases. Discussion. Having analyzed all 21 lexical units with the lexeme heart, 14 peculiarities of conceptualization of the studied lexeme have been revealed: feeling of fear, center of something, change in opinion, feeling of worry and disappointment, feeling of excitement and joy, energy, memory, dedication, generosity and kindness, feeling of sadness, feeling of happiness, enthusiasm, someone’s true character, true and secret feelings

The purpose of the article is to reveal the devices to display the peculiarities of children’s behavior and activity in the work of Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas». The object of this study is the lexical units and stylistic means to represent the children’s actions in the series of stories by Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas». The subject is the psychological and linguistic approaches to interpret the specifics of the representation of educational and gaming activities, communication, and the interaction of junior pupils in this work. Methods of stylistic analysis of the text, which helped to find out the means to create a comic effect in the work of Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas», comparative analysis, descriptive methods are used in this linguistic research. Identifying the writer’s humour and irony to reflect the desire of children to assert themselves in the team, to demonstrate their creative energy in everything they do, to realize their original projects is the finding of research. The main lexical stylistic means to create humor in the works of Renй Gosсinny «Le Petit Nicolas» are as follows: irony, epithets, comparison, hyperbole, personification, enumeration. The practical value of the research is to use the results of it for optimize the processes of learning the lexical stylistic means to represent the children’s behavior and activity in the works of Ukrainian and French writers as well as in real life.

This article examines the role of lexical and phraseological means in the expression of concepts in the Uzbek language. In contemporary linguistics, the concept is understood as a complex cognitive and cultural unit that reflects the interaction of language, thought, and national worldview. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest in cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and the semantic mechanisms through which language verbalizes culturally significant knowledge. The purpose of the article is to identify the specific functions of lexical and phraseological units in representing concepts in Uzbek and to determine their semantic, expressive, and cultural potential. The research is based on descriptive, semantic, comparative, contextual, and linguocultural methods. The analysis demonstrates that lexical units serve as primary nominative means of conceptual expression, while phraseological units deepen, intensify, evaluate, and culturally specify conceptual content. In Uzbek, concepts such as “ko‘ngil,” “or,” “vatan,” “mehnat,” “mehr,” and “sabr” are represented not only through direct lexical nomination but also through stable figurative expressions that reveal national mentality and value orientations. The findings show that conceptual expression in Uzbek is characterized by the interaction of denotative and connotative meanings, the unity of nominative and evaluative functions, and the important role of phraseological imagery in preserving collective cultural memory. The article concludes that the study of lexical and phraseological means of conceptual expression contributes to a deeper understanding of the Uzbek linguistic worldview and opens new prospects for research in semantics, phraseology, lexicography, cognitive linguistics, and language teaching methodology.