Modernising Australia's military high frequency communication system

The role of commercial services within a military satellite communication system and their ability to support the communication requirements of the fixed and mobile military users has been the subject of considerable interest. Although commercial services are currently employed in the UK military communication systems, their implementation is typically restricted to the leasing of point to point circuits, on an as required basis. This paper considers the potential application of commercial satellite and terrestrial services for the next generation military communication systems. In considering the relative benefits of commercial satcom, it is important to assess not only the provision of in orbit transponders, but also the impact on ground management systems and user terminals, to support an integrated architecture.

With the integration of information and communication systems into military operations, the issue of their cyber defense is becoming increasingly important. The main target for cyberattacks are databases that mostly contain confidential information. One of the most effective approaches to ensuring cybersecurity of databases of military information and communication systems is to use the intelligent capabilities of a SIEM system. SIEM allows real-time monitoring, analysis and response to potential cyber incidents. The article proposes a methodology for detecting cyber incidents by a SIEM system in databases of military information and communication systems. The main emphasis is placed on the multi-level protection of databases, which includes protection at the operating system level, the database level and the database management system, as well as the network level of protection. In order to improve the efficiency of cyber incident detection at the level of SIEM data analysis, an improved methodology based on fuzzy logic is used. Improvement of the methodology is achieved by introducing weights of antecedents in fuzzy rules, which allows, in some cases, to identify cyber incidents more accurately compared to existing models and methods. The weights of the antecedents of fuzzy rules are determined using the method of pairwise comparisons based on the rankings made on the 9-point Saaty scale. A decision-making algorithm for identifying cyber incidents based on the analysis of fuzzy rules and the weights of their antecedents is presented. An example of calculating the weights of antecedents of fuzzy rules using the method of pairwise comparisons based on rank estimates is given.

The article presents the general provisions and essence of the approach to building a mathematical model of the functioning of an automated military radio communication system in the process of its protection against radio reconnaissance by radio exchange along rational routes. The main components of the mathematical model of the functioning of an automated military radio communication system in the process of its protection against radio reconnaissance by radio exchange along rational routes with low intelligence availability are considered. The general structure of a mathematical model of the functioning of an automated military radio communication system in the process of its protection against radio reconnaissance by radio exchange along rational routes is proposed. It is shown that in the basic modeling unit of the subprocess of determining the rational routes of radio exchange among the set of possible ones, an optimization problem is solved. The result of solving this optimization problem is presented in tabular form for convenience. The analytical expressions for the third-rank tensor of the intelligence accessibility of individual branches of the radio communication system structure are obtained.

Transmission planning for military and commercial satellite communications systems has traditionally followed separate (but parallel) paths and led to the development of distinct sets of tools which can handle either only military satellite systems or only commercial satellite systems. With the need to operate DoD communications networks on both military and commercial satellites a unified transmission planning model is required which can model both types of satellite systems in a common framework. This paper proposes a unified approach to transmission planning for military and commercial satellite systems, and discusses both the common requirements for such a transmission planning model, and those requirements specific to the structure and operation of military satellites such as the use of saturated transponders, null-forming multi-beam antennas, special waveform modulation techniques, jamming threats, etc., which need to be treated differently from their commercial counterparts. Software models are proposed for some of the key requirements, and issues related to their implementation are discussed. The paper also describes the capabilities of existing software which can be used for transmission planning on commercial satellites, and how it can be augmented to function in the military satellite communications environment.

한국군은 미래 군 위성통신의 요구 사항에 걸맞은 한국형 군 위성통신 체계 구축을 위하여 고속대용량, 생존성 보장, All IP 통신, 기동성 보장과 같은 발전 방향을 목표로 차기 군 위성통신 체계를 개발하고 있다. 본 논문은 차기 군 위성통신 체계의 최적 자원 할당과 IP 네트워킹 기술에 집중하여, MF-TDMA 자원 할당, 랜덤 액세스, 위성/지상 연동망 구조, 그리고 PEP의 세부 연구 분야에 대하여 연구 내용 조사 및 분석을 실시하였다. 각 연구분야에 대한 기존 연구는 채널 효율 및 처리량의 증가를 위한 연구가 주를 이루고 있다. 이에 더하여 차기 군 위성통신 체계를 위한 연구는 이기종 단말, Full Mesh 환경, 분산망, 위성/지상 연동망, 항재밍 등의 특성 들을 고려해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 특수성을 고려하여 각 분야 별 핵심 연구 이슈들을 제시하고, 주요 이슈에 대하여는 모의실험을 통한 결과를 제시하였다. Korean military is developing the next generation military satellite communications system in order to achieve the requirements of future military satellite communication such as high speed, high capacity, survivability, all IP networking, and on-the-move. In this paper, we survey and analyze the research interests about optimal resource allocation and IP networking such as MF-TDMA, random access, satellite IP routing, and PEP. Conventional researches have focused on the increase in channel throughput and efficiency. In addition to these measurements, we consider heterogeneous satellite terminals, full mesh topology, distributed network, anti-jamming, and the like which are the special characteristics of the next generation military satellite communications system. Based on this, we present key research issues and evaluation on the issues by simulation.

The Australian Military and Its Justice System: Development, Organisation and Disciplinary Structure

A comprehensive review of the surgical management of injuries sustained by deployed members of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) during Operation SLIPPER and HIGHROAD in Afghanistan has not previously been undertaken. Understanding the mechanism of injury, injury types sustained and surgical intervention undertaken should provide valuable information for future health planning and surgical capability determination. Retrospective chart review of scanned medical records of injured personnel identified through casualty register examination was undertaken. There were 259 ADF personnel injured in Afghanistan between January 2002 and December 2021, of which 53 were seriously (SI), or very seriously injured (VSI). Case notes for 90 of 101 casualties including those sustaining VSI, SI and those classified as being in satisfactory condition, but likely requiring surgery and/or returned to Australia following trauma, were available for review. Most patients with VSI/SI required surgery (93%) and most were returned to Australia following injury (91%). Almost two-thirds (64.4%) of initial surgery was undertaken at a Role 2 E medical treatment facility (MTF). Gun-shot wound (GSW) was the commonest injuring mechanism (47%) followed by blast injury (39.6%). Orthopaedic (32.2%) and soft tissue initial wound surgery (47.1%) were the commonest surgical procedures. Surgical management of military trauma was undertaken at multiple sites by multiple surgical teams from different nationalities delivering exceptional results and conforming to modern principles of damage control surgery. The military trauma system is distinctly different from its civilian counterpart with dispersion of assets requiring multiple episodes of casualty movement between echelons of care rather than centralization at level 1 trauma centres. Despite this, excellent results are achievable. Strengthening lines of communication and documentation would reinforce the ability of the military trauma system to continue to provide such results, and regular oversight and review of surgical caseload would align military trauma surgery with civilian standards. The benchmark set by the United States Department of Defense Trauma Registry should be replicated for Australian led combat operations and modified to facilitate interoperability to support future coalition combat operations.

Ultra-WideBand (UWB) communication systems are usually classified as any communication system whose instantaneous bandwidth is many times greater than the minimum bandwidth required to deliver information. UWB communication is fundamentally different from all other communication techniques because it employs extremely narrow Radio Frequency (RF) pulses to communicate between transmitters and receivers. Utilizing short-duration pulses as the building blocks for communications directly generates a very wide bandwidth and offers several advantages, such as large throughput, covertness, robustness to jamming, and coexistence with current radio services. UWB technology offers a promising solution to the RF spectrum drought by allowing new services to coexist with current radio systems with minimal or no interference. This coexistence brings the advantage of avoiding the expensive spectrum licensing fees that providers of all other radio services must pay. In this chapter, the application of UWB technology in military areas has been summarized. Its wider applications has been evaluated over several leading technology including military technology systems, government sectors, communication systems, surveillance systems, rescuing, logistics entertainment, public transport, and others.

5 - Applications

This paper describes one layer in the Intersystem protocol hierarchy, which is a mechanism for internetworking among existing and planned military satellite communication systems. With this mechanism, the combined systems form a world-wide satellite communication network serving tens of thousands of end users, many of whom are mobile, using many different communication link protocols. Since the interconnection of separate communication systems via the Intersystem is not allowed to change their internal structure or communication protocols, the Intersystem protocol hierarchy is primarily a common set of higher layer coordination protocols that will overlay the existing protocols in each member system. This paper describes the higher layer coordination protocols.

Accelerated investments on wind power projects because of the great demand for renewable energy are increasing the concerns about deteriorating effects of wind turbines on the performance of civil and military radar, navigation and communications systems. In this study, the authors introduce a preliminary set of analysis for assessing the performance of electronic systems such as radar, communications and navigation systems and the degrading/deteriorating effects of wind turbines. The analysis quantifies the performance degradation in the electronic systems. The proposed study can be used as a tool by decision makers in the planning and designing phases of both electronic systems and wind turbines to reduce the adverse effects of the wind farms on the mentioned systems.

: Optical transmission of analog RF signals is potentially useful in a number of applications including RF distribution systems. Such systems can be used in commercial CATV and wireless communications and in military communication and radar systems. With compatible components used at transmitters and receivers, analog fiber optic links suffer much less performance degradation than conventional coaxial cable links as the system bandwidth increases. In the first year program we studied large Optical Cavity waveguide modulator design and demonstrated a low optical insertion loss waveguide modulator at 1.34 microns wavelength (as low as 8 dB w/o AR coating). This design is based Upon the matching of the mode profile of the fiber and the modulator waveguides. The design is extended to 1.55 microns wavelength. We also demonstrated a novel scheme of bias-tracking of the electroabsorption waveguide modulator. The scheme is based upon the photocurrent generated at the modulator. Effective tracking is obtained as the polarization, wavelength (or ambient temperature), and power of the input light are varied. Experimental evidence was obtained for a combined Franz-Keldysh effect and Quantum Confined Stark Effect modulator for a large multi-octave spurious free dynamic range. Low loss planar photoelastic waveguide on both InP and GaAs substrates was achieved.

Transform-domain and DSP based secure speech communication system

This paper presents a vision for a future capability-based military communications system that considers user requirements. Historically, the military has developed and fielded many specialized communications systems. While these systems solved immediate communications problems, they were not designed to operate with other systems. As information has become more important to the execution of war, the stove-pipe nature of the communications systems deployed by the military is no longer acceptable. Realizing this, the military has begun the transformation of communications to a network-centric communications paradigm. However, the specialized communications systems were developed in response to the widely varying environments related to military communications. These environments, and the necessity for effective communications within these environments, do not disappear under the network-centric paradigm. In fact, network-centric communications allows for one message to cross many of these environments by transiting multiple networks. The military would also like one communications approach that is capable of working well in multiple environments. This paper presents preliminary work on the creation of a framework that allows for a reconfigurable device that is capable of adapting to the physical and network environments. The framework returns to the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) architecture with the addition of a standardized intra-layer control interface for control information exchange, a standardized data interface and a proposed device architecture based on the software radio.

Chapter 5 - Applications