MTSP: Multi-hop Time Synchronization Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

In GPS-denied environments, accurate node localization is vital for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) across various applications, including disaster detection, factory automation, and security. In multi-hop MANETs, some nodes depend on imprecise neighbor nodes as dynamic anchors for cascaded localization because of insufficient base anchors. Due to inaccurate dynamic anchors and node flip ambiguity resulting from non-rigidly distributed dynamic anchors, the current Time of arrival (TOA) method suffers from the exponential growth of cascaded errors in distributed scenarios. The global Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) based on the whole network can be employed for precise anchor analysis. However, the practically accessible information for distributed nodes is insufficient to retrieve the global CRLB. Accordingly, we first derive an approximate but effective local CRLB to restore the global results using limited single-hop information. Aided by this analysis, a multiple maximum likelihood estimator (MMLE) is devised to obtain high-precision dynamic anchors. Finally, we construct error circles with local CRLBs to mitigate flip ambiguity in dynamic changes and propose an advanced iterative Chan-PSO method based on CRLBs (ICPC) for TOA localization. Simulation results validate the robustness of our method in approximating the global CRLB of the target node and controlling linearly cascaded errors in multi-hop distributed MANETs.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

While efforts have been made recently to evaluate the performance of multicasting protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and to evaluate the capacity of ad hoc networks, very little is understood or known about the traffic characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks and its effect on the performance of the existing multicasting protocols. In this paper, traffic models for multicast protocols in MANET are outlined. A literature survey for multicast protocols in MANET is conducted. Classification for most MANET multicast protocols is presented. A research to evaluate the performance of the existing multicast protocols in MANET using self-similarity traffic model is proposed & justified

As technology progresses, networking undergoes continuous evolution to align with contemporary trends. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a pivotal technology facilitating communication among mobile nodes sans a central administering node. MANETs find diverse applications spanning communication networks to battlefield scenarios. Nonetheless, MANETs encounter various challenges, including load balancing, energy efficiency, packet loss, and connection failures. Routing, among these challenges, assumes a pivotal role in defining network performance and connectivity capacity within MANETs. Moreover, the energy consumption of mobile nodes, often reliant on batteries with limited rechargeability, presents a significant concern in MANETs. This paper delves into diverse techniques devised to tackle the issues of energy efficiency and load balancing in MANETs. Additionally, it offers a comparative analysis to consolidate the survey findings. The outcomes of this study enrich our comprehension of energy-efficient and load-balanced routing protocols in MANETs, thereby facilitating the design and deployment of efficient networking solutions.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructureless and distributed communication systems that require sophisticated approaches to routing to cope with node mobility and heterogeneous application requirements. In the past few years, distributed hash table (DHT) has come forth as a useful additional technique to the design and specification of spontaneous and self-organized networks. Researchers have exploited its advantages by implementing it at the network layer and developing scalable routing protocols for MANETs. The implementation of DHT-based routing in a MANET requires different algorithms and specifications compared to routing in the Internet because a MANET has its unique characteristics, such as node mobility, spontaneous networking, decentralized architecture, limited transmission range, dynamic topology, and frequent network partitioning/merging. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of research related to DHT-based routing that aims at enhancing the scalability of MANETs. We present a vivid taxonomy of DHT-based routing protocols and the guidelines to design such protocols for MANETs. We compare the features, strengths, and weaknesses of existing DHT-based routing protocols and highlight key research challenges that are vital to address. The outcome of the analysis serves as a guide for anyone willing to delve into research on DHT-based routing in MANETs.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are consists of mobile devices connected wirelessly. Mobile nodes in MANET are applicable of routing functionality, where messages are forwarded in a multi-hop fashion. In such a communication scheme a routing protocol play an important role in the network performances. The wireless connectivity and node mobility in MANET networks contributes in rapid topological changes, which brings the need for a channel aware routing protocol. To overcome this problem, many channel aware routing metrics are proposed in the literature, however these routing metrics are either utilizing the shared bandwidth to measure the link quality, or they implies less awareness to the link quality. This paper proposed a SNR-based routing metric for Dynamic Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol. This paper starts by investigate and compare the performance among common routing protocols in MANET. Secondly a cross layer approach is proposed for the new routing metric. Simulation scenarios are used for the work of the paper. The new metrics is implemented in one of the MANET common routing protocols DSDV module in MONET++. The results show that SNR-based DSVD improves the performance of the MANET in terms of throughput and delay.

This paper presents an intelligent early packet discard (I-EPD) for RTP-based video streaming over a multi-hop MANET (mobile ad hoc network). In a multi-hop MANET, the quality of transferring real-time video streams could be seriously degraded, since every intermediate node (IN) functionally like forwarding device does not possess large buffer and sufficient bandwidth. Even worse, a selected forwarding node could leave or power off unexpectedly which breaks the route to destination. Thus, a video packet temporarily buffered in ad hoc nodes may exceed its end-to-end jitter constraint when either a congested or failed link occurs; a stale video packet is useless even if it can reach destination after network traffic becomes smooth or failed route is reconfigured. In the proposed I-EPD, an IN can intelligently determine whether a buffered video packet should be discarded based on an estimated time constraint which is calculated from the RTP timestamps and the round trip time (RTT) measured by RTCP For the purpose of validation, we implement the I-EPD scheme on a Linux-based embedded system to demonstrate that with I-EPD buffer utilization on IN can be more effective and unnecessary bandwidth wastage can be avoided.

The prime characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) are infrastructure free, absence of centralized authority and dynamic nature of nodes which are more vulnerable to security attacks. Reliability and security are prime issues to protect information and nodes in a network during communication which has received more research interest in designing a dynamic secured routing scheme. QoS is set of service requirement that needs to be satisfied by the network during the data transmission in the network. From the perception of QoS best effort protocols ensure optimum network operation in a unpredictable mobile environment. The multimedia applications are intolerable towards delay and reliability which are the features of mobile network, hence the potentials of MANET were not utilized in multimedia applications. These issues of delay and reliability of packet transmission in MANET are contributed by stability of the communication link even during the mobility of the nodes Its a necessity to analyze the performance of various secured routing protocols based on the stability of the communication link in case of mobility of nodes during data transfer. This paper is focused on a comparative study of various secured reactive routing protocols in MANET signifying the connectivity stability during the mobility of the nodes.

Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

We propose a routing mechanism with distributed Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithms for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) based on IEEE 802.11e EDCA MAC protocol. A new flow can be admitted by the network only if it can find a path to sustain its traffic. Bloom filter is used here to detect the flows via each node, and the CAC routing decisions are made according to the number of flows of each node. Simulation results show that with our distributed CAC algorithm, the existing flows can be well protected in multi-hop MANET; the new added flows can make good use of the bandwidth resources without affecting the neighbor flows. Due to the space-efficient character of Bloom filter, it can be properly used in MANET, whose nodes have limited storage space and computational ability.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without using any centralized access point, infrastructure, or centralized administration of the mobile networks .Data transmission between two nodes requires multiple hops as nodes transmission range is limited in Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's). Mobility of the networks nodes to makes the situation even more complicated in wireless networks. Multiple routing protocols find optimized routes from a source to some destination. This articles presents performance analysis of three different routing protocols AODV, DSR and ZRP. This article mainly focuses on comparing the performance analysis of three routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANET's). We have used QualNet Simulator 5.0.3 from Scalable Networks to perform the simulations. Performance analysis of AODV, DSR and ZRP is evaluated based on Average end to end delay(s), TTL based hop count and Average Jitters(s), throughput (bits/s) in Mobile ad hoc networks.

Reputed Packet Delivery Using Efficient Audit Misbehaviour Detection and Monitoring Method in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks