Multicast Versus Broadcast in a MANET

An ad hoc network is a collection of autonomous mobile nodes to forming an instant multihop radio infrastructure-less network in a dynamic topology. Each node in Ad hoc network, functions as host and router at the same time,where maintaining connectivity in a decentralized manner by distributing the network control among the nodes. A large number of routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks are presented since last decade. Topology frequently changing,transmission power and asymmetric links are the main challenge that type of protocols is facing. Therefore, both proactive and reactive routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks show incapability, and sometimes prove to be inefficient under these circumstances. We have previously developed and presented a new multipath hybrid routing protocol in name of Multipath Distance Vector Zone Routing Protocol and we refer to it as MDVZRP. The protocol is implemented in the well known network simulator (ns2). In MDVZRP we assume that all the routes in the routing table are active and usable at any time, unless the node received or discovered a broken link. Therefore, no need to update the routing tables periodically to reduce the periodic update messages and hence we reduce the control traffic in the entire network. The protocol guarantees loop freedom, disjoint paths,and alternative paths in case of break the active path by none frequently maintaining topological map of a zone centered on each node. In this paper, the MDVZRPpsilas performance is evaluated and compared with DSDV and AODV standard protocols delivering CBR traffic. Simulation results show that it gives better performance than DSDV in all situations, and better than AODV, when mobility is low.

Routing protocol is the primary strategy to design any wireless network. In Mobile AdHoc Network many routing protocols are present for sending packets from source to destination. Routing protocols in Mobile AdHoc Networks (MANETs) are reactive routing protocols, proactive routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols. Performance analysis of different routing protocols is the major step before selecting the routing protocol. Routing protocols perform different under different traffic conditions in different environments. In this paper, the TCP and UDP based performance analysis is carried out in reactive routing protocols and proactive routing protocols with different packet size using NS2 simulator under different traffic conditions. The delay, throughput and packet delivery ratio are common measures parameters used for the comparison of performance of reactive protocols and proactive protocols.

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without using any centralized access point, infrastructure, or centralized administration of the mobile networks .Data transmission between two nodes requires multiple hops as nodes transmission range is limited in Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's). Mobility of the networks nodes to makes the situation even more complicated in wireless networks. Multiple routing protocols find optimized routes from a source to some destination. This articles presents performance analysis of three different routing protocols AODV, DSR and ZRP. This article mainly focuses on comparing the performance analysis of three routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANET's). We have used QualNet Simulator 5.0.3 from Scalable Networks to perform the simulations. Performance analysis of AODV, DSR and ZRP is evaluated based on Average end to end delay(s), TTL based hop count and Average Jitters(s), throughput (bits/s) in Mobile ad hoc networks.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) combines telematics with the conventional world of surface transportation infrastructure to fulfill four major transportation goals including safety, environmental protection, efficiency, and economy. The promising technique for building the ITS, VANETs are a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) with unique characteristics such as special mobility patterns, rapidly changeable topology, and temporary network fragmentation. VANETs have the potential to enhance the transportation safety, support traveller information, improve traffic flow, and develop comfort applications. Realizing these applications has resulted in new challenges for VANETs' routing protocols. Providing one-to-many and many-to-many communications for the new applications of VANETs causes the popularity of multicast routing protocols. Therefore, in this paper, at first, some applications which inherently need multicast routing protocols are introduced. Then we precisely look over the usefulness of current multicast routing protocols for VANETs.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has emerged as the self organized wire less interconnection for the various applications in random topology. As most of the multimedia applications require strict QoS guarantee during the communication between a single source and multiple destinations. How ever, achieving reliable multicast transmission in MANET is crucial due to the dynamic network topology caused by the node mobility. This gives rise to the need for an efficient multicast routing strategy. This paper proposes a novel scheme PBMRP-BR (position-based Multicast Routing Protocol for Ad-hoc Network Using Backpressure Restoration) for efficient transmission of multimedia applications in Ad-hoc Network, which provides priorities for routing based on Distance of path, Load at the node (ie, traffic) and queue length at the node(ie, bandwidth). It also keeps the path information including bandwidth resources of each node for routing decisions. The problem of the link failure in the channel during the call in progress thus lead in the degradation of the QoS (Quality of Service).To deal this we are using a Backpressure Technique The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm is able to find a better solution, fast convergence speed and high reliability. The simulation results shows the proposed PBMRP-BR protocol achieve the above objectives and gives the batter results than previous schemes like DSR for the maintenance of overheads and the path reliability. Our proposed scheme will improve the bandwidth utilization by reducing the congestion in the Adhoc wireless network.

We propose a rate-adaptive multicast (RAM) routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) that is multirate-aware. During the process of path discovery, the quality of wireless links is estimated to suggest optimal transmission rates, which are then used to calculate the total transmission time incurred by the mobile nodes on a path. Among several considered paths from a source to a destination, RAM selects the path with the lowest total transmission time. Simulation results have shown that RAM outperforms single-rate multicast in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet end-to-end delay, and throughput of the multicast group. In this paper, we apply RAM to effectively support video multicast in MANETs

Mobile adhoc network are self configured and self maintained network without any central authority. The MANET has the problem of robustness and control overhead issues for designing the network. Due to the mobility of the node the topology of the network changes and link instability issues occurs. The proposed protocol deals with the above issues using Fuzzy Logic on scalable multipath on-demand routing protocol for mobile adhoc network. The proposed fuzzy based protocol provides a new approach for stable on demand routing to improve the performance of the network. The proposed protocol provides minimum control overheads, minimum delay and improved packet delivery ratio based stable link.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) utilizes more nodes to forward messages and information from source node to destination node and these nodes are battery-powered devices. Thus, Energy saving is always vital role of Routing Protocols which need to maximize the lifetime of WSN. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are self-starting and self-constructing multichip wireless networks in which, the assembly of the system deviates vigorously. This is mainly due to the mobility of the nodes. The nodes in the network not only act as hosts but also as routers that route data from other nodes in network. MANETs require an efficient routing protocol that achieves the quality of service (QoS) mechanism. They are not considering the mobility as one constraint for those problems. Because, mobility of nodes causes frequent link failures and high error rates, so it makes difficult to maintain the desired QoS in the network. To overcome those problems, we propose mobility aware routing protocol for MANET using hybrid optimization (MARP-HO) algorithm, which maximizes the QoS in data transmission. The proposed routing protocol comprises of two phases. The clustering process consists of cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection. First, the energy efficient clustering is done by improved animal migration optimization (IAMO) algorithm. Then, we gather multiple constraints are energy consumption, received signal strength, mobility and cooperative rate from each cluster member. The gathered constraints used to compute the node cost of each cluster member, here the highest cost node act as CH of cluster. Second, we compute routing path between source–destination using improved ant colony optimization (IACO) algorithm. The proposed MARP-HO routing protocol is compared with existing state-of-art routing protocols in terms of energy consumption, delivery ratio, loss ratio, link stability, delay, network lifetime, number of dead nodes and throughput.

Mobile devices are able to build their own networks, which are referred to as mobile ad hoc networks. These networks do not require any kind of permanent wiring or other infrastructure (MANETs). The success of MANETs and their adaptability to a variety of tasks is, to a considerable extent, based on the routing protocols that they use. Using metrics such as routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, we compare and contrast the various routing protocols that can be employed in MANETs, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. This comparison and contrast is carried out in this study. In addition to this, we discuss the simulation tools that are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of MANET routing algorithms and define the several performance indicators that may be utilizedin the course of this endeavor. This paper makes a contribution to an ongoing body of research into the analysis of routing protocols in MANETs by offering guidance to network engineers and researchers on how to select the most appropriate routing protocol and simulation tool for a particular MANET scenario. In doing so, the paper maximizes the potential for effective and efficient communication between mobile nodes, which is one of the main goals of the research.

Ad-hoc networking allows users to form temporary wireless networks without existing infrastructure. Each node acts both as host and router and must therefore be willing to forward packets for other nodes. This is done using a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) routing protocol. Frequent topology changes make such routing challenging. Existing protocols include dynamic source routing (DSR), the cluster-based routing protocol (CBRP), and the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol, among others. Using existing protocols, however, some nodes may be unduly loaded and end-to-end delay may be high. Further, existing protocols are hard to upgrade once they are in use. To address these problems, a new routing protocol, MARP, using mobile agents is presented. Mobile agents are software entities that can move between network nodes and execute programs they carry with them wherever they are running. Our agent-based algorithm implements a demand-based protocol that provides efficient routing at the application layer. A proof of concept implementation has been developed using Aglets and simulated to evaluate its performance. The details of the protocol and its performance are reported in this paper.

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are self-configured and self-maintained network without any central authority. In MANET the route discovery from source node to destination node is a critical issue due to frequent changes in network topology and mobility of nodes. The MANET consists of problems such as load balancing, scalability, stability, reliability security and robustness. It is therefore necessary to check node stability with respect to node mobility and Bandwidth during path establishment. The Scalable Multipath On-demand Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (SMORT) is suitable for Scalability only. The proposed protocol is an advanced version of SMORT which includes additional stability factor. This paper presents a new multipath routing protocol, stable and scalable on-demand routing for mobile ad hoc networks which improves the lifetime of the network and improves the performance.

Designing mobility and power aware routing protocols have made the main focus of the early contributions to the field of Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs). However, almost all conventional routing protocols for MANETs suffer from their lack of adaptivity leading to their performance degradation under varying network conditions. In fact, this is due to both simplistic conception hypotheses they made about the network and to the use of some prefixed parameters in protocols implementations. Currently, artificial intelligence methods like Reinforcement Learning (RL) are widely used to design adaptive routing strategies for MANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of RL-based routing protocols for MANETs. Besides, we propose some future research directions in this area.

Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is critical. As such, there are many routing protocols that have been proposed over the years. Each routing protocol has weaknesses and strengths. Currently, much of research on routing protocols in MANETs concentrates on literature reviews, performance comparison and proposition of new protocols. However, there has been very little or no attempt to examine the possibility of combining several routing protocols for effective routing in MANET. By highlighting the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of eight routing protocols selected from the Flat Routing, Hierarchical/hybrid Routing, and Geographical Position Assisted Routing protocols, this article attempts to establish whether different routing protocols in MANETs can be combined for effective routing. A hypothetical situation that uses a combined Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) and Location-Aided Routing (LAR) for cluster networking is used for the sake of the proposition. This paper refers to such protocol as ZRP-LAR driven. According to the findings from the literature review on MANETs routing protocols, this study establishes that it is possible to combine more than one routing protocols in MANETs to achieve effectiveness in packets transmission.

Nowadays, with the miniaturization of communication devices, dense and highly mobile ad-hoc networks are very common. Besides, more and more devices have several radio interfaces. In such an environment, multi-path routing should be considered. Yet, only few multi-path ad-hoc routing protocols take into account the radio-interferences which might arise between two geographically close routes. Moreover, they generally only forbid the addition of interfering paths rather than looking for a different, more optimized, solution. This paper presents NICE-MRP, a novel multi-path routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks giving efficient solutions with respect to physical radio-interferences between paths. This protocol discovers and stores several combinations of non-interfering multi-path routes. The best multi-path route is used to transmit data, whereas alternative multi-path routes are kept to dynamically react to route breakages due to mobility and node failures. Compared to other well-known protocols, NICE-MRP presents good qualities in terms of latency, overhead and packet losses. Besides, these results end to be rather independent from the degree of mobility.