Multipath routing technique for responding to sniffing attacks in wireless multimedia sensor network environment

With the rapid growth of wireless sensor network technologies and the availability of less expensive hardware such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and microphones has encourage the development of wireless multimedia sensor network. Some application areas for wireless multimedia sensor network are health care monitoring, traffic monitoring, environment monitoring and wildlife monitoring. The constraints of sensors are limited processing capability, limited storage and energy. Energy consumed by sensor during image transmission is very high due to large size of images. Hence, networks lifetime is decreased rapidly. A numbers of techniques have been proposed to enhance the network lifetime. Image compression techniques are one of them. This paper describes the various image compression techniques, which can be used to aid energy efficient wireless multimedia sensor network. Furthermore, we have compared various image compression techniques, so one can find out suitable compression technique for their application.

In the networking research community, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has achieved considerable significance in the past years and it can be used in extensive variety of domains. In recent years, the tremendous growth of WSN does not meet all the necessities of environmental monitoring. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is required to fulfill the requirements of environment monitoring. In this paper, WMSN is used to monitor the agriculture soil environment. In order to ensure optimal use of the sensor nodes in WMSN and accurate access to the collected data,the routing protocols with both energy efficiency and quality of service ( QoS) properties are necessary for the transmission of photo, video and scalar data.This paper proposes a priority aware energy efficient QoS based data transmission for agriculture soil environment and also detects the pest. It utilizes the available bandwidth and data rate in the best way and in order to be more energy efficient during data transmission.For performance analysis, the proposed system is simulated using Java and the results of the experiments suggest that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared to other methods in terms of delay and energy consumption.

Technological developments in the micro-electronics and wireless communications, in addition to obtain ability of cheap CMOS cameras and micro phones, have led to appearance of next generation networks known as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). WMSN can retrieve image, video, audio and scalar sensor data from the physical environment. Wireless multimedia sensor networks will not only enhance existing sensor network applications like tracking, home automation, and environmental monitor, but they will also enable several new applications such as: Advanced Health Care Delivery, Industrial Process Control, Traffic Congestion Avoidance Systems. In this paper a technique called EEQAR is used to select energy efficient QoS routing which is based on cluster hierarchy. To achieve a enhanced performance, EEQAR routing implements cellular topology to form the cluster structure and balance the energy consumption by structure movement. The simulation results shows that EEQAR performs high efficiency on network lifetime and QoS in wireless multimedia sensor network.

With the advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and technology, applicability of WSNs as a system is touching new heights. The development of multimedia nodes has led to the creation of another intelligent distributed system, which can transfer real-time multimedia traffic, ubiquitously. Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are applicable in a wide range of areas including area monitoring and video surveillance. But due to unreliable error-prone communication medium and application specific quality of service (QoS) requirements, routing of real-time multimedia traffic in WMSNs poses a serious problem. The paper discusses various existing routing strategies in WMSNs, with their properties and limitations which lead to open research issues. Further, detailed classification and analytical comparison of discussed protocols are also presented.

This study discusses the application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology to specific dry land agriculture because it was founded in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and a small part of Maluku. Its uniqueness has become a comparative advantage for the regions, especially for the academics of the University of Nusa Cendana (Undana). In general, the use of WSN in agriculture is still basic, relying on analog and manual sensors to obtain information on land conditions and vegetation in the land. Also generally still using scalar data and not optimizing the use of multimedia data, especially data based on videos and images. The contribution and novelty of this research are: (a) The application of multi-sensor technology with the Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) will optimize various data from land conditions so that it is hoped that more analysis of monitoring data results is expected, precise and efficient; (b) The application of WMSN with Internet-of-Thing (IoT) will be applied to the dry land agriculture. This research produces a design for implementing WMSN technology on dry agricultural land which is expected to increase agricultural yields in the area.

Applying multimedia to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) adds more challenges due to WSN resource constraints and the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for multimedia transmission. Different multimedia applications may have different QoS requirements, so routing protocols designed for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) should be conversant of these requirements and challenges in order to ensure the efficient use of resources to transfer multimedia packets in an utmost manner. The majority of solutions proposed for WMSN depends on traditional layered based mechanisms which are inefficient for multimedia transmission. In this paper we propose a cross-layer Ant based Routing Protocol for WMSN (CARPM) by using modified ant colony optimization (ACO) technique to enhance the routing efficiency. The proposed protocol uses an improved ACO to search for the best path that are satisfied with the multimedia traffic requirements. While making best decision the weightage is given to energy consumption, and queuing delay. The proposed cross layer scheme works between the routing, MAC, and physical layers. Since, the remaining power and timestamp metrics are exchanged from physical layer to network layer. Dynamics duty cycle assignment is proposed at MAC layer which changes according to traffic rate. The presented algorithm is simulated using NS2 and is proven to satisfy its goals through a series of simulations.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.

Wireless multimedia sensor networks with sensing and processing abilities of multimedia data have recently emerged as one of the most important technologies for high quality monitoring. The routing scheme for multimedia data is an important research issue addressed in wireless multimedia sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a disjointed multipath routing scheme for real-time data transmission in wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses a hybrid routing protocol based on Bluetooth and Zigbee in order to overcome the limitation of low bandwidth in conventional sensor networks. The proposed scheme also performs disjointed multipath routing based on competition to alleviate the delay of routing path setup. To show the superiority of our proposed scheme, we compare it with the existing scheme through performance evaluation. Our experimental results show that our proposed scheme reduces the end-to-end delay by about 30% and the routing path setup costs by about 22% over the existing scheme. Our scheme also increases data reception rates by about 690% over the existing scheme on average.

We have proposed preprocessing techniques for high-efficiency data compression in wireless multimedia sensor networks. To do this, we analyzed the characteristics of multimedia data under the environment of wireless multimedia sensor networks. The proposed preprocessing techniques consider the characteristics of sensed multimedia data to perform the first stage preprocessing by deleting the low priority bits that do not affect the image quality. The second stage preprocessing is also performed for the undeleted high priority bits. By performing these two-stage preprocessing techniques, it is possible to reduce the multimedia data size in large. To show the superiority of our techniques, we simulated the existing multimedia data compression scheme with/without our preprocessing techniques. Our experimental results show that our proposed techniques increase compression ratio while reducing compression operations compared to the existing compression scheme without preprocessing techniques.

Congestion in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) occurs when traffic load allocated to any sensor node is beyond its capacity. It is necessary to control the congestion traffic to support traditional quality of service (such as packet loss ratios, packet delay, wasting energy and throughput) especially, multimedia application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). Congestion control in WSN has been shown to be very effective with respect to extending lifespan of system. Hence to avoid the congestion in WSN, we proposed an efficient protocol called Priority-based Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which prevents an upstream congestion in WSN. The PCCP creates priority table based an importance of each node, and then sends this information to all the nodes within the network. Secondly, the major function of PCCP is to measure congestion level in the network using ratio of packet inter-arrival time along over packet service time. PCCP uses to control upstream congestion along with congestion degree and packet table. PCCP is hop-by-hop upstream congestion control protocol for WSN. PCCP provides work for packet-based computation to optimize congestion control. It can work under both single path & multipath routing. PCCP ensures guarantee of packet loss as well as delay, resulting each node can avoid unfairness and achieve flexible throughput. In this paper, we have proposed that PCCP provides better QoS by controlling network recourse management and network traffic to consuming efficient energy.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) abiding a huge quantity of inexpensive, low consumption and intense sensor nodes and sole or additional decline or base stations. Those nodes are tiny in dimension and can carry out numerous significant affairs, as well as event sensing, in order processing, and data communication. Owed to different compensation such as simplicity of consumption, comprehensive transmission range, and identity association, WSNs have been interchanging the conventional networks. The promising and innovative network of wirelessly connected devices, which consist of video, audio streams, scalar sensor data and others, is Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN). The multimedia data depends on superiority to overhaul (Qos) parameters, like await, channel utilization, network life time throughput and distortion etc is the main aim to optimized delivery of these networks. In multimedia network each packets are communicated with each other so not on time incoming packets and lots of packets are evenly. In WMSNs challenging task to guarantee resource constrained, high data rate, and soft delay limit beside with energy reduced. In this paper, we provide Survey on comparison of different protocol of Wireless sensor network and wirelesss multimedia sensor network like Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks (GPSR), Real-time and Energy Aware Qos routing protocol (REAR), Temporary ordered routing Algorithm (TORA) and Dynamic source routing (DSR). This different protocols with WMSN are compared in requisites of throughput, end-to-end delay, network life time.

Modern applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) demands stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Multipath routing is a promising solution to accomplish the required level of QoS. Typically, wireless links in WMSN are highly unreliable and unpredictable. The unreliable nature of these links substantially affects the performance of the network. Link quality estimation has been an active area of research in sensor networks for the last few years. This paper presents Energy and ETX aware Multipath Geographic Routing (EEMGR) scheme that reinforces routes with high-quality links. It incorporates adaptive cost function which selects the next hop based on ETX, remaining energy, and distance of the neighboring 1-hop node to the sink. Several node-disjoint routing paths are discovered by EEMGR connecting the source node and the sink node. NetTopo algorithm level simulation results reveal that proposed EEMGR scheme chooses good quality links and improves network lifetime as compared to state-of-the-art Two-phase geographical Greedy Forwarding (TPGF) routing scheme.

The smart grid incorporates a two-way communication system between customers and the utility for advanced monitoring and intelligent control of supply and demand. Wireless multimedia sensor network can be treated as an organic supplement and a peripheral network in this two-way communication system. However, the challenging smart grid environment makes it difficult to achieve a high quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor network. This article proposes a prioritization mechanism that considers the heterogeneous characteristics of smart grid traffic. Specifically, an innovative channel allocation and traffic scheduling scheme, named the preemptive tidal flow queuing model, is presented. This scheme achieves differentiated services for diverse communication data when the wireless multimedia sensor network accesses the core network and ensures the performance for high-priority data at the expense of the performance for low-priority data. Simulation analyses show that the performance for high-priority messages can be reliably guaranteed and that the preemptive tidal flow queuing model satisfies the requirements for a wireless multimedia sensor network operating in the smart grid environment. This article offers three main contributions: the development of a prioritization mechanism specifically for a wireless multimedia sensor network in the smart grid environment, the proposal of the preemptive tidal flow queuing model, and the presentation of formulas and simulations to verify the performance of the preemptive tidal flow queuing model.

Improvements in nanotechnology have introduced contemporary sensory devices that are capable of gathering multimedia data in form of images, audio and video. Wireless multimedia sensor networks handles such type of heterogeneous traffic. Since these networks are an emergent of wireless sensor networks, they inherit constraints that exist in these traditional networks. This paper is a survey of characteristics and requirements of wireless multimedia sensor networks and approaches to mitigating existing challenges in these networks. Further presents a review of recent research on multipath routing protocols and multi-channel media access protocols that offer quality of service assurances in handling multimedia data. The survey shows that there still exist bottlenecks in current routing solutions when applied to wireless multimedia sensor networks due to the nature of traffic involved as well as inherent characteristics, requirements and constraints. The findings are useful in the discovery of solutions to the challenges and issues. The authors further suggest approaches and plausible solutions to the problems in order to assist in the development of protocols that achieve quality of service in wireless multimedia sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has limited resources such as energy, computation and transmission capacity. These resources are not sufficient for transmitting large amount of data collected by the sensor nodes. Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) generates large amount of data that requires more energy and transmission capacity as compared to scalar data. So it is desired to perform in-network data compression in WMSN. In this paper the authors have used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique for data compression. PCA can be efficiently used in wireless multimedia sensor network to reduce the energy consumption, reduce the network load and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that PCA based compression conserves energy of sensor nodes and prolongs the lifetime of WMSN.