動機と行動の関連性についての素朴理論

Protective behavioral strategy use and motivations for drinking: Exploring Alternatives to Drinking strategies

Positive and negative eWOM motivations and hotel customers’ eWOM behavior: Does personality matter?

In the present study, using complex network analysis, we conducted a one-year including two semesters to investigate the effect of social network intervention on college students’ social perception biases. One hundred and seventy college students participated in this study. Social network intervention was implemented in the second semester. Through changing individuals’ social neighbors and being augmented with four collaborative activities, modeling analysis showed students’ social perception biases were contingent on the level of homophily of their personal networks. Results also showed students’ social perception biases were significantly reduced after old social relationships being broken up and new social relationships being built. Furthermore, in the individual interviews, students reported heterogeneous re-grouping ensued by social network intervention offered them with opportunities of “Diversity of thinking”, “Creation of argumentative climates” and “Open-mindedness and inclusiveness change”.

Motivation is a way that is done by giving encouragement to students to be more enthusiastic and passionate in the learning process, especially in the field of Arabic studies. Motivation is an important thing to note because motivation can improve morale, loyalty, responsibility, discipline, creativity, and enthusiasm of students. The purpose of this paper is to determine the efforts of lecturers in providing motivation to students in learning Arabic. Arabic is a part of religion, and knowing that the law is obligatory, because actually understanding the Book and as-Sunnah is a matter that is mandatory, and can not be understood except with Arabic. The data used are primary data obtained through interviews and observations. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis method. After an analysis, it can be concluded that the Arabic language education lecturer at the Raudhatul Jannah Arabic Language Education Institute (LPBA RJ) has provided motivation to students. Motivation provided Types of motivation used are positive and negative motivations. Positive motivation in the form of appreciation, praise, or prizes. While negative motivation is in the form of a reprimand.

Ambivalent Childbearing Motivations: Predicting Condom Use by Urban, African-American, Female Youth

Gender is a construction in line with social perception and judgment. An important means of this construction is through languages. When natural language processing tools, such as word embeddings, associate gender with the relevant categories of social perception and judgment, it is likely to cause bias and harm to those groups that do not conform to the mainstream social perception and judgment. Using 12,251 Chinese word embeddings as intermedium, this paper studies the relationship between social perception and judgment categories and gender. The results reveal that these grammatical gender-neutral Chinese word embeddings show a certain gender bias, which is consistent with the mainstream society's perception and judgment of gender. Men are judged by their actions and perceived as bad, easily-disgusted, bad-tempered and rational roles while women are judged by their appearances and perceived as perfect, either happy or sad, and emotional roles.

Fundamental Social Motives are the most prominent taxonomy of human motives developed using an evolutionary framework. While covering several motives related to evolutionary fitness, this taxonomy does not cover an additional motivational force closely associated to fertility ? reproductive motivation. In the present research, we explored the relations between Positive and Negative Childbearing Motives, Fundamental Social Motives, and planned number of children and age of first reproduction as the proxies for reproductive fitness. The results showed that reproductive motivation largely falls outside the latent structure of Fundamental Social Motives (the only exception was Affiliation Independence which loaded on Negative Childbearing Motives), hence, they represent distinct motivations. The network model showed that Positive and Negative Childbearing Motives have different but conceptually meaningful associations with Fundamental Social Motives. Positive Childbearing Motives are strongly positively related to Kin Care Family, followed by Mate Retention Breakup Concern, while the Negative Childbearing Motives have the highest associations with Affiliation Independence, Self-Protection, Status seeking, and Affiliation Exclusion. Finally, regression models showed that reproductive motivation has additional predictive abilities in explaining the variation of planned number of children and age of first reproduction compared to Fundamental Social Motives. We believe that the current data suggest the fruitfulness of examining reproductive motivation together with the Fundamental Social Motives. This would enhance the ability of evolutionary social scientists to examine and explain current behavioral evolution.

High stressors can be experienced by employees, both by civil servants and private sector employees. This could have an impact on the positive and negative behaviors of employees and could eventually affect employee performance. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of stressors on deviant behavior (negative and positive) and work performance of civil servants in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research is a survey research using questionnaires given in private to civil servants as respondents, with a purposive sampling technique. Research results concluded that; (1) stressor of individual and task demands has a significant positive effect on negative behavior, (2) stressor of role demand has no significant effect on negative behavior, (3) stressor of individual demand has a significant negative effect on positive behavior, (5) stressor of task demand has no significant effect on positive behavior, (6) stressor of role demand has no significant effect on positive behavior, (7) negative attitudes have a significant negative effect on employee performance, and(8) positive behaviors have a significant positive effect on employee performance.

Previous research into intergroup attribution has addressed mainly the behavior of groups to which members are ascribed (e.g. gender, race). The attribution processes of groups of which membership is achieved (e.g. friendship groups) is less well understood, and the current study sought to address this. Fifty-five undergraduate participants were asked to explain the positive and negative behavior of a member of the in-group and a member of the out-group. As predicted, the participants attributed an in-group member's positive behavior more, and their negative behavior less, to internal, global, and specific causes than they did the corresponding behavior of an out-group member. There was also evidence that the participants employed a strategy of out-group derogation in their attributions: they made a higher intemality rating for an out-group member's negative behavior than they did for that person's positive behavior. It is proposed that the current study's use of achieved groups maximized participants' levels of group identification, and that this in turn motivated behavioral strategies aimed at protecting that identity.

The present study tested the hypothesis that jurors' impressions of an absentee witness and his or her testimony are biased by the -individual who reads the deposition. A total of 88 undergraduates watched a videotape of testimony in which the respondent, presented as either the actual witness or a surrogate reader, displayed either a positive or negative demeanor. Results showed that the demeanor of the reader (an irrelevant cue), as well as the witness (a relevant cue), affected subjects' verdicts and perceptions of testimonial credibility. These findings illustrate a bias in social perception and persuasion that can be termed a "messenger effect." The implications for the increased use of videotaped depositions in the courtroom are discussed.

Brèves de « douleurs »

Incidence des conditions de travail sur le maintien dans l’emploi des salariés : un sujet d’actualité

Demonstrating Bias in Social Perception and Social Cognition

The aim of this study was to explore the mediating effects of adult attachment and marital satisfaction on the relationship between childhood maternal attachment and parenting behavior. A total of 372 mothers of preschoolers completed questionnaires on childhood maternal attachment, adult attachment, marital satisfaction, and parenting behavior. Adult attachment was analyzed by distinguishing between attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. Parenting behavior was categorized into positive and negative behaviors. For the main analyses, Preacher and Hayes’s PROCESS macro program was used to examine serial mediating effects. The results revealed that attachment anxiety mediated the effects of mothers’ childhood attachment experiences on both positive and negative parenting behavior. However, attachment avoidance only mediated the effects on positive parenting behavior. Marital satisfaction mediated the effects of mothers’ childhood attachment experiences on both positive and negative parenting behavior. Notably, the sequential mediating effects of attachment anxiety and marital satisfaction were not significant for either positive or negative parenting behavior. By contrast, the sequential mediating effects of attachment avoidance and marital satisfaction were significant for both positive and negative parenting behavior. These findings elucidate the predictive factors for parenting behavior within a process model framework, providing valuable insights for parental education and counseling aimed at enhancing mothers' parenting practices.

This research has been performed to examine the effects of the “Mother Home-Visit Education Program on the mother’s attitudes and empathy levels of the mothers who have 2-4 years-old children in middle socio-economic levels. The study group has been composed of 110 middle socio-economic level mothers divided into the equal number of experimental (55) and control group (55). The experiment design is based on the pre-test and post-test. Mothers have received 10-weeks the “Mother Home-Visit Education Program.” The experimental intervetion aims to measure whether the “Mother Home-Visit Education Program” has an effect on the mothers’ positive and negative behaviors by decreasing and increasing them and a change on the mothers’ empathy levels. Findings obtained with the “General Knowledge Form” and the “ Hammel Mothers Attitudes Scale” and the “Empathic Tendency Scale” which were analyzed by the t-Test. At the end of the research, there was no meaningful differences in the control group mothers. However, the experimental group mothers have exhibited less authoritative, less excessive protective, and less inconsistent behavior attitudes and more democratic attitudes. Moreover, when we compare the control and experimental groups in terms of the empathy levels, the mothers in the experimental group have an increase level of the empathy levels and those in the control group have an decrease level of the empathy levels. As a result, the “Mother Home-Visit Education Program” has effect by increasing the mothers’ positive behaviors, decreasing the mothers’ negative behaviors, and increasing the mothers’ empathy levels