舶用機関事故分析に基づく教育訓練モデル構築の試みについて

In marine engineering programmes, simulators are the key infrastructures to support learning outcomes comply with the designated minimum competencies within the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). The practical training concept in full mission engine room simulators (FM-ERSs) includes the key aspects such as competency selection, scenario description, task identification, observation procedure, data gathering, initial condition preparation, briefing, conducting exercises, assessment and debriefing. At this insight, the learning outcomes are highly depending upon assessment system aligning with the knowledge, understanding and proficiency to consistently prove whether the competencies are achieved or not. To achieve a comprehensive competency analysis, this paper offers a methodological approach based on Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The proposed assessment system is demonstrated with different scenarios (i.e. test, start and prepare D/G-II for standby) applied to 16 marine engineering students in a team context. The demonstration study yields the individual performance and team achievements through the given tasks. Consequently, the suggested assessment system contributes to marine engineering competencies in term of enhancing learning outcomes, instructor capability, course and infrastructure development. Furthermore, the assessment approach can be extended to practical studies in other disciplines.

The asymptotically distribution-free (ADF) test statistic for covariance structure analysis (CSA) has been reported to perform very poorly in simulation studies, i.e. it leads to inaccurate decisions regarding the adequacy of models of psychological processes. It is shown in the present study that the poor performance of the ADF test statistic is due to inadequate estimation of the weight matrix (W = gamma -1), which is a critical quantity in the ADF theory. Bootstrap procedures based on Hall's bias reduction perspective are proposed to correct the ADF test statistic. It is shown that the bootstrap correction of additive bias on the ADF test statistic yields the desired tail behaviour as the sample size reaches 500 for a 15-variable-3-factor confirmatory factor-analytic model, even if the distribution of the observed variables is not multivariate normal and the latent factors are dependent. These results help to revive the ADF theory in CSA.

Complex adaptive systems are a special kind of self-organizing system with emergent properties and adaptive capacity in response to changing external conditions. In this article, we investigate the proposition that international environmental law, as a network of treaties and institutions, exhibits some key characteristics of a complex adaptive system. This proposition is premised on the scientific understanding that the Earth system displays properties of a complex adaptive system. If so, international environmental law, as a control system, may benefit from the insights gained and from being modelled in ways more appropriately aligned with the functioning of the Earth system itself. In this exploratory review, we found evidence suggesting that international environmental law is a complex system where treaties and institutions self-organize and exhibit emergent properties. Furthermore, we contend that international environmental law as a whole is adapting to exogenous changes through an institutional process akin to natural selection in biological evolution. However, the adequacy of the direction and rate of adaptation for the purpose of safeguarding the integrity of Earth’s life-support system is questioned. This paper concludes with an emphasis on the need for system-level interventions to steer the direction of self-organization while maintaining institutional diversity. This recommendation stands in contrast to the reductionist approach to institutional fragmentation and aims at embracing the existing complexity in international environmental law.

This publication contains: the Final Act of the International Conference on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel, held in London in 1995 resolutions adopted by the Conference a complete text of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995 The Convention presents comprehensive regulations governing the training and certification of fishing vessel personnel.

Methods to teach schoolchildren how to perform and retain cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills: A systematic review and meta-analysis

There are environmental problems at sea and some of them are specific. The International Maritime Organization is on the way of strict controlling permanently intensification regulations. One of the most important of them is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). To prevent uncontrolled and undesired actions of seafarers officers are interested in strong methods including motivating others and themselves as leadership skills are requested by practice and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). After considering different types of motives, factors in/decreasing their effectiveness existing at sea, the authors developed the practical research, analyzed the revealed data on the nature of the dominating motives among cadets of the Maritime University and the seafarers, and concluded highly developed awareness of the existing pollution at sea. Established forming experiment proved that the deep awareness of environmental problems adds to the inside, the strongest environmental motivation to fallow International regulations, acceptable from both behavioral and self-controlling points of view. Further actualized professional self-organization strategy helped to educational ecological project development, which were involved in the working courses.

In 2017, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), with mandatory requirements covering the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. In this conjunction, the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) were amended in 2018. New training requirements were made applicable for dedicated personnel in charge of a navigational watch on ships with a Polar Ship Certificate (PSC) operating in polar waters. In association with the new training requirements amending the STCW Convention, the IMO, and Transport Canada (flag state authority) signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2017, for Canada to develop and deliver four regional capacity-building “train-the-trainer” workshops. The objectives of these events were to assist maritime education and training (MET) institutes in enhancing the skills and competence of instructors, to develop competence-based STCW training programs, for dedicated personnel on ships operating in polar waters. This paper examines the first workshop conducted in Canada (2019), to understand the mechanisms in the interaction taking place between the IMO and the Canadian workshop developers and instructors, using the System Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). Individual expert interviews are performed, with the main contributors directly involved in developing and conducting the workshop, to evaluate the event’s contribution to improving and specifying the STCW Convention’s training requirements, as referenced in the Polar Code, for seafarers operating in polar waters.

Operation and management of ships is a typical service system including human factors. In recent years, the maritime industry has become increasingly concerned about human factors against maritime accidents, which have still remained high rate. The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978/2010 (STCW convention) made that maritime resource management (MRM) is a requirement for seafarers' qualifications, including BRM (Bridge Resource Management) for the navigation department and ERM (Engine Room Resource Management) for the engine department. This paper focuses on ERM, which is a method to operate a ship safely by appropriately managing and effectively utilizing resources in the ship engine area. The STCW code lists the following requirements for ERM: (1) allocation, assignment and prioritization of resources (2) effective communication (3) assertiveness and leadership (4) obtaining and maintaining situational awareness (5) consideration of team experience.MRM has been developed based on Crew Resource Management (CRM), which has been developed in the aviation industry and has been one of the important issues in human factors research, by fitting the characteristics and target tasks of ships. At present, MRM capability is being developed through training-based methods. However, MRM does not depend solely on the abilities and skills of individuals, but can be demonstrated by organizations. In addition, as the equipment on ships becomes more complicated in response to environmental regulations and efficient operation, it is becoming more difficult for the personnel in the engine department to manage and control all the resources alone. In the future, it will be necessary to provide remote support from the members onshore, to make data visible efficiently by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT), and to develop mechanisms and systems to support ERM in the actual field.In this paper, we propose a conceptual model of support system for ERM using human awareness and IoT sensors, and an ERM concept that extends to remote members onshore including engineering supervisors and maintenance personnel in shipbuilding companies. The proposed model uses not only an IoT system to collect sensor data from the main engine, generator, and other equipment on board the ship, but also the smart voice messaging system that allows the crew to share and store their operations and observations (human awareness). This model is classified as Internet of Everything (IoE) since it consists of IoT and human awareness. The smart voice messaging system had been developed for collaboration management in various services including maintenance by authors (Uchihira et al., Collaboration management by smart voice messaging for physical and adaptive intelligent services, PICMET 2013). The proposed ERM support system based on IoE is still conceptual model. We evaluated effectiveness of the proposed system by interviewing several ship managers. As a result, it was found that the system has the potential to support the resource management of equipment and personnel, which is the objective of MRM. Unique points of the proposed model include (1) ERM model extended to remote members onshore and (2) ERM support system utilizing both IoT sensor data and human awareness together.

The International Maritime Organisation widely amended the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafarers in 1995 (STCW-95) and the amendment fully came into force on August 1, 2002. This study applied absorbing finite steady first-order Markov Chain to estimate Taiwan deck officers' supply trend and also to understand the supply trend of Taiwan deck officers after the execution of STCW-95 International Convention. The purpose of this study is to forecast the supply trend of Taiwan deck officers and to understand the probability of hierarchical transform of each level, and the average time of serving onboard.

Maritime safety is a fundamental aspect of the maritime industry that heavily relies on the competence and preparedness of the crew in dealing with emergency situations. The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) establishes a safety training framework that must be met by every crew member worldwide. This research aims to highlight the urgency of STCW-based safety training, evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation, and identify the challenges faced in its execution on the ground. The methods used include literature review and descriptive analysis of training standards as well as case studies from several maritime incidents. The study results show that STCW-based safety training significantly improves the readiness of crew members to handle emergencies, reduces the risk of accidents, and strengthens the safety culture onboard. However, there are obstacles in the implementation of the training, such as disparities in facilities, limitations in trainer resources, and differences in compliance levels between countries. Therefore, stricter supervision, improvement in training quality, and harmonization of implementation standards at the global level are required.

No. 23001. International Convention on standards of training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers, 1978. Concluded at London on 7 July 1978

The existence of sophisticated and integrated cyberspace aboard ships with information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) makes cybersecurity a crucial concern for the maritime sector. The marine sector has benefited greatly from information and communication technologies, but they have also made ship systems and maritime infrastructure more susceptible to cyberattacks. Cyberattacks on ships have the potential to result in fatalities, severe financial losses, environmental damage, and other negative effects. A model course or specification for maritime cyber security education and training through the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 1978 has not yet been published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), despite the fact that MSC.428 mandates cyber security risk management in the safety management system on ships to combat cyber-attacks and improve cyber resistance in maritime environments. The Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) technique is used in this work to offer a model for a curriculum for cyber security in the Maritime Education and Training (MET) system. It is possible to identify each competency’s priority in the MET system’s cyber security curriculum by comparing the relative weights assigned to each one. The results of the research provide the Met Institutions with the ability to be proactive and include cyber security knowledge and abilities into proposed curricula.

Global maritime traffic is increasing, and the development of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) is progressing. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is developing regulations for the introduction of MASS, and aims to issue a mandatory MASS Code in 2032. In preparation for the increasing realization of MASS, research on Maritime Education and Training (MET) based on International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarers, 1978 (STCW) is being conducted, however studies have not yet been carried out on the implications for MET as defined by various international regulations such as International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) other than STCW. The purpose of this paper is to capture an overview of the changes in MET that are not limited to STCW in regards to the advent of MASS by conducting a questionnaire of professional seafarers in ocean shipping companies. Cooperation was obtained from 100 captains and deck officers to clarify this objective. An analysis of the survey results indicated that “Watchkeeping” was the most selected item for matters related to STCW. Other results showed that Safety Management System, which is specified in International Safety Management Code, and Ship Security Plan, which is specified in International Ship and Port Facility Security Code were major points of consideration for the respondents.

This course provides training for Masters, chief engineer officers, chief mates, second engineer officers and any person with immediate responsibility for loading, unloading, care in transit, handling of cargo, tank cleaning or other cargo related operations on liquefied gas tankers. The course takes full account of section A-V/1-2 of the STCW Code adopted by the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, as amended, including the Manila amendments 2010.

Developing countries, despite being the major suppliers of maritime manpower, lag in their future-proof competence development. This study explores whether the current maritime education and training (MET) practices for marine engineering education in a developing nation are perceived as sufficient by the early-stage marine engineers. The current competence requirements set by the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW’74 as amended) are compared and contrasted against the current MET practices as well as the future needs for remotely controlled autonomous ship operations. Bangladesh, a maritime nation in the Southeast Asia region was selected as a developing nation for this study. An online survey was conducted among early-stage professional marine engineers. The analysis of 62 valid responses revealed that current MET practices are significantly perceived to be satisfactory for acquiring non-technical competencies, such as being proficient in the English language, but are less satisfactory for instilling technical competencies such as of electrical and electronics, knowledge regarding seaworthiness of ships, as well as medical first aid. In addition, the findings highlight the perceived gaps in existing marine engineering education as well as the need for future studies focused on re-training the future maritime workforce that could potentially improve MET strategies and practices in the developing nations.