Naḥal No‘am

In April 2018, a rescue excavation was conducted near Eyal Interchange (Permit No. A-8255; map ref. 196223-324/679077-291; Fig. 1). The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by the Israel Electric Corporation, was conducted by O. Danziger, assisted by Y. Amrani (administration), N. Gubenko (area supervision and flint identification), M. Kahan (surveying and drafting), A. Peretz (field photography), R. Toueg, and L. Brailovsky (preliminary inspections), A. 'Azab and A. Glick.

In December 2019 and January 2020, a salvage excavation was conducted at Avi t al Junction, near Kibbutz ‘Ein Zivan in Golan (Permit Nos. A-8633, A-8668; map ref. 273550/777125; Figs. 1, 2), prior to digging an infrastructure trench and erecting an electricity pylon at the site. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Israel Electric Corporation, was directed by U. Berger, with the assistance of Y. Yaakobi (administration), A. Kleiner and A. Wiegmann (aerial photography and surveying), A. Shapiro (GPS), G. Sharon (scientific assistance), R. Be’eri (archaeological supervision), T. Moab (educational program) and H. Tahan-Rosen (pottery drawing). Youths from Regavim High School in Golan Heights, youths and staff from the ‘En el-Asad pre-military training program and laborers from Nazareth and Kafr Manda participated in the excavation as well.

In March 2020, a salvage excavation was conducted along the Negev Junction–Neot H ovav power line (Permit No. A-8707; map ref. 184110–339/555218–458; Fig. 1) prior to the construction of a high-voltage line. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and funded by the Israel Electric Corporation, was directed by T. Abulafia and M. Birkenfeld with the assistance of Y. Alamor (administration), E. Aladjem (surveying and drone photography), E. Boaretto and J. Ibrahim of the Weizmann Institute (radiocarbon dating and sedimentology), and students and volunteers.

In July 2016, a salvage excavation was undertaken in Caesarea (Permit No. A-7757; map ref. 190406-845/711907-76) prior to replacement of three electric poles. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Israel Electric Corporation, was directed by M. Masarwa, with the assistance of Y. Amrani and E. Bachar (administration), R. Mishayev, R. Liran and M. Kahan (surveying and drafting), A. Peretz (field photography) and M. Shuiskaya (pottery drawing), as well as K. Sa'id (Central District Archaeologist) and P. Gendelman (consulting and guidance).

During January and February 2018, a salvage excavation was conducted in a building at 33 'Aqabat el-Saraya Street in Jerusalem's Old City (Permit No. A-8224; map ref. 222050/631730; Fig. 1), prior to renovation work. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by Simone Kuba (for JEA), was directed by Z. 'Adawi, with the assistance of D. Levi (GPS), V. Essman (surveying and drafting), A. Wiegmann, O. Rose and D. Salman (photography and digital documentation) and B. Dolinka (pottery reading).

In September 2019, a salvage excavation was conducted on the eastern outskirts of Tel Shilat (for background and references, see Tendler 2014; Permit No. A-8588; map ref 202392-445/647272-323; Fig. 1), prior to construction. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by Eli Ben Gad, was directed by V. Eshed (field photography), with the assistance of Y. Amrani and E. Bachar (administration), I. Jonish (field photography and digital documentation) and M. Kunin (measurements and drawing).

In May 2017, a salvage excavation was conducted on Beit Hanina Road in Jerusalem, along the outskirts of the ‘Atarot industrial zone, near the intersection of the airport road and Highway 60 (Permit No. A-8001; map ref. 221333-42/640008-20; Fig. 1), after ancient remains were discovered in an antiquities inspection prior to widening the road. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by the Moriah Company, was directed by D. Gellman (photography), with the assistance of N. Nehama (administration), D. Tanami (metal detection), V. Essman (surveying), N. Zak (plan), B. Touri (inspection, safety and digital documentation), I. Lidsky-Reznikov (pottery drawing), I. Raznitsky (metallurgical laboratory), C. Amit (studio photography) and R. Kool (numismatics).

Developing and implementing an industry code of conduct : Jermain, D. O. The Electricity Journal, 2002, 15, (10), 35–42

This paper presents two different methods of static voltage stability analysis, one using indices based on the singular value decomposition of the system Jacobian matrix (SVD Method), while the other is based on finding a path of the system load flow equations solutions in presence of a load parameter (continuation method). Both methods were successfully implemented and applied on the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) network consisting of about 200 nodes. The voltage collapse critical points were determined by both methods for different conditions, and the regions most exposed to voltage collapse in the network were identified.

This paper determines three alternative Hopkinson tariffs to replace the Israel Electric Corporation's time‐of‐use (TOU) energy rate. The first apportions any system residual revenue requirement between customer classes, based on their respective historic peak demands. The second collects the same revenue as the current TOU rates. The third allocates generation revenue requirements for base‐load and peaking generation plants in proportion to the base‐load and peak‐period energy consumption of each class, and allocates transmission and distribution revenue requirements in proportion to the connected load of each class. We show that a Hopkinson tariff with demand subscription is an attractive alternative to TOU rates, especially when quantity rationing is essential to maintaining a balance between the provision of energy and the demand for it. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Assessing the options for a competitive electricity market in Israel

A new coal fired power plant constructed by the Israel Electric Corporation on the Mediterranean coast off Hadera, Israel, requires the import of 3.3 million tons of coal per year. As there is no port on the Israeli Mediterranean coast capable of handling the 60,000 to 140,000 DWT bulk carriers required for transferring of coal, several studies were conducted in order to decide on the most feasible facility for mooring and unloading these boats. Rather than expand existing ports or build a new protected port, a decision was finally taken to construct an unprotected offshore terminal at the power plant site. The terminal was designed to accommodate bulk carriers of up to 140,000 DWT in the first stage, and up to 170,000 DWT with future expansion. The design of the coal unloading terminal in an unprotected environment created the need to develop design criteria as well as operational and structural systems that will respond to problems arising from unloading bulk in the open sea. As there was no known precedent of an unprotected unloading terminal, the criteria was based on experience in existing offshore loading terminals, laboratory tests and engineering judgment. The construction of an unprotected offshore terminal, at a cost of $60 million (excluding mechanical equipment), represents a considerable saving of time and money in comparison to the expansion of existing ports or construction of a new protected facility.

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models give good predictions of coal combustion in utility boilers if the coal combustion kinetic parameters are known. We developed a three-step methodology to provide reliable prediction of the behavior of a coal in a utility boiler: (1) Obtaining the combustion kinetic model parameters from a series of experiments in a test facility, CFD codes and optimization algorithm. (2) Validation of the combustion kinetic parameters by comparison of different experimental data with simulation results obtained by the set of combustion kinetic parameters. (3) The extracted kinetic parameters are then used for simulations of full-scale boilers using the same CFD code. Three to four bituminous and sub-bituminous coals with known behavior in Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) 550MW opposite-wall (3 coals) and 575MW tangential-fired (4 coals) boilers were used to show the capability of the method. An unfamiliar bituminous coal was then examined prior of its firing in the utility boilers and prediction of its combustion behavior in the two boilers was carried out. This methodology was used to examine a Venezuelan coal that was found to yield high LOI.

This paper presents a novel approach to the CI interdependencies analysis, based on the DBN formalism. An original modeling procedure is illustrated, which divides the DBN in three distinct levels: an atomic events level, a propagation level, and a services level. The first level models the adverse events that may impact on the analyzed CIs, the second one properly captures interdependencies among CIs' services and devices, and the last one allows to monitor the state of provided services. The resulting DBN permits to perform three kinds of analysis: a reliability study, which allows to find structural weaknesses of interconnected CIs, an adverse events propagation study, which highlights the role interdependency plays in the propagation of adverse events, and a failure prediction analysis, that can serve as an useful guide to the fault localization process (failures may have many different explanations due to interdependency). A specific case study provided by Israel Electric Corporation is considered, and explicative simulations are presented and discussed in detail.

This paper presents a novel approach to the critical infrastructure (CI) interdependencies analysis, based on the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) formalism. Our original modeling procedure divides the DBN in three levels: an atomic events level, which models the adverse events impacting on the analyzed CIs, a propagation level, which captures CI interdependencies, and a services level, which allows to monitor the state of provided services. Three types of analyses can be performed: a reliability study, an adverse events propagation study, and a failure identification analysis. A case study provided by Israel Electric Corporation is considered, and explicative simulations are presented and discussed in detail.