Naḥal Zaḥal

In April 2018, a rescue excavation was conducted near Eyal Interchange (Permit No. A-8255; map ref. 196223-324/679077-291; Fig. 1). The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by the Israel Electric Corporation, was conducted by O. Danziger, assisted by Y. Amrani (administration), N. Gubenko (area supervision and flint identification), M. Kahan (surveying and drafting), A. Peretz (field photography), R. Toueg, and L. Brailovsky (preliminary inspections), A. 'Azab and A. Glick.

In December 2019 and January 2020, a salvage excavation was conducted at Avi t al Junction, near Kibbutz ‘Ein Zivan in Golan (Permit Nos. A-8633, A-8668; map ref. 273550/777125; Figs. 1, 2), prior to digging an infrastructure trench and erecting an electricity pylon at the site. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Israel Electric Corporation, was directed by U. Berger, with the assistance of Y. Yaakobi (administration), A. Kleiner and A. Wiegmann (aerial photography and surveying), A. Shapiro (GPS), G. Sharon (scientific assistance), R. Be’eri (archaeological supervision), T. Moab (educational program) and H. Tahan-Rosen (pottery drawing). Youths from Regavim High School in Golan Heights, youths and staff from the ‘En el-Asad pre-military training program and laborers from Nazareth and Kafr Manda participated in the excavation as well.

In July 2016, a salvage excavation was undertaken in Caesarea (Permit No. A-7757; map ref. 190406-845/711907-76) prior to replacement of three electric poles. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Israel Electric Corporation, was directed by M. Masarwa, with the assistance of Y. Amrani and E. Bachar (administration), R. Mishayev, R. Liran and M. Kahan (surveying and drafting), A. Peretz (field photography) and M. Shuiskaya (pottery drawing), as well as K. Sa'id (Central District Archaeologist) and P. Gendelman (consulting and guidance).

In March 2020, a salvage excavation was conducted at the Na h al No‘am designated antiquity site (Permit No. A-8725; map ref. 18065/60782; Fig. 1), prior to the erection of a high-tension pylon. The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Israel Electric Corporation Ltd., was directed by N. Lect Ben Ami, with the assistance of Y. Alamor (administration), M. Kahan (surveying and drafting), A. Fraiberg (digital documentation), A. Golani (scientific guidance), G. Seriy (safety) and V. Lifshits, N.S. Paran and S. Ganor of the IAA Southern Region.

In April–May 2017, a trial excavation was conducted in Na h al Yarmut (Permit No. A-7989; map ref. 19706–16/62720–6), prior to the widening of Highway 38. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Netivei Israel—National Transport Infrastructure Company, was directed by A. Eirikh-Rose, with the assistance of A. Shalev and M. Oron (trial trenches), R. Ben-Chelouche and B. Storchan (area supervision), M. Kahan (surveying), A. Wiegmann (photogrammetry) and A. Shadman (project management). Subsequently, a salvage excavation was undertaken in October–December 2017 (License No. B-457/2017) on behalf of Kedem Company and Tel Aviv University. The excavation was directed by K. Zutovski of Tel Aviv University and A. Eirikh-Rose of the Israel Antiquities Authority, in collaboration with A. Gopher and C. Ashkenazi. Further assistance was provided by G. Mavronanos, A. Rotem, B. Efrati, S. Galmor, Y. Parush, T. Xenia-Atali and Y. Kedar (area supervision), A. Ze’evi (administration and drone photography) and B. Gross and A. Shavit (excavation management and general assistance). The following report presents finds from the two excavations.

In April–June 2020, a salvage excavation was conducted southwest of Kibbutz Z or‘a, on the banks of Na h al Soreq (Permit No. A-8716; map ref. 195860/629529; Fig. 1), prior to laying a sewage pipeline. The excavation, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Mei Shemesh Water Corporation Ltd., was directed by A. Levy, with the assistance of N. Nehama (administration), A. Eirikh-Rose, M. Shemer and I. Milevski (scientific guidance), M. Anton (physical anthropology), S. Halevi and A. Wiegmann (photogrammetry and drone photography), A. Zakaim (plans and sections), I. Lidsky-Reznikov (pottery drawing) and O. Dubovsky (flint drawing).

In November 2017 and April 2018, two salvage excavations were conducted in Compound C in Be'er Sheva‘ (Area A-Permit No. A-8136, map ref. 180425-66/571941-3; Area B-Permit No. A-8273, map ref. 180413-56/571934-61). The excavations, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by Be'er Sheva‘ Municipality, were directed by D. Eisenberg-Degen (field photography), with the assistance of A. Alamor (administration), M. Kahan (surveying and drafting), V. Lifshits and E. Aladjem (drone photography), Y. Abadi-Reiss (flints and Chalcolithic finds), I. Lidsky-Reznikov (finds drawing), C. Amit (studio photography), I. Reznitsky (coin cleaning), M. Smilanski (flint drawing) C. Hersch (glass drawing) and S. Talis (Iron Age finds). With thanks to T. Sapir, S. Tsur, T. Erickson-Gini, Y. Levi and A. Inbar.

Developing and implementing an industry code of conduct : Jermain, D. O. The Electricity Journal, 2002, 15, (10), 35–42

This paper presents two different methods of static voltage stability analysis, one using indices based on the singular value decomposition of the system Jacobian matrix (SVD Method), while the other is based on finding a path of the system load flow equations solutions in presence of a load parameter (continuation method). Both methods were successfully implemented and applied on the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) network consisting of about 200 nodes. The voltage collapse critical points were determined by both methods for different conditions, and the regions most exposed to voltage collapse in the network were identified.

This paper determines three alternative Hopkinson tariffs to replace the Israel Electric Corporation's time‐of‐use (TOU) energy rate. The first apportions any system residual revenue requirement between customer classes, based on their respective historic peak demands. The second collects the same revenue as the current TOU rates. The third allocates generation revenue requirements for base‐load and peaking generation plants in proportion to the base‐load and peak‐period energy consumption of each class, and allocates transmission and distribution revenue requirements in proportion to the connected load of each class. We show that a Hopkinson tariff with demand subscription is an attractive alternative to TOU rates, especially when quantity rationing is essential to maintaining a balance between the provision of energy and the demand for it. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Assessing the options for a competitive electricity market in Israel

A new coal fired power plant constructed by the Israel Electric Corporation on the Mediterranean coast off Hadera, Israel, requires the import of 3.3 million tons of coal per year. As there is no port on the Israeli Mediterranean coast capable of handling the 60,000 to 140,000 DWT bulk carriers required for transferring of coal, several studies were conducted in order to decide on the most feasible facility for mooring and unloading these boats. Rather than expand existing ports or build a new protected port, a decision was finally taken to construct an unprotected offshore terminal at the power plant site. The terminal was designed to accommodate bulk carriers of up to 140,000 DWT in the first stage, and up to 170,000 DWT with future expansion. The design of the coal unloading terminal in an unprotected environment created the need to develop design criteria as well as operational and structural systems that will respond to problems arising from unloading bulk in the open sea. As there was no known precedent of an unprotected unloading terminal, the criteria was based on experience in existing offshore loading terminals, laboratory tests and engineering judgment. The construction of an unprotected offshore terminal, at a cost of $60 million (excluding mechanical equipment), represents a considerable saving of time and money in comparison to the expansion of existing ports or construction of a new protected facility.

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models give good predictions of coal combustion in utility boilers if the coal combustion kinetic parameters are known. We developed a three-step methodology to provide reliable prediction of the behavior of a coal in a utility boiler: (1) Obtaining the combustion kinetic model parameters from a series of experiments in a test facility, CFD codes and optimization algorithm. (2) Validation of the combustion kinetic parameters by comparison of different experimental data with simulation results obtained by the set of combustion kinetic parameters. (3) The extracted kinetic parameters are then used for simulations of full-scale boilers using the same CFD code. Three to four bituminous and sub-bituminous coals with known behavior in Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) 550MW opposite-wall (3 coals) and 575MW tangential-fired (4 coals) boilers were used to show the capability of the method. An unfamiliar bituminous coal was then examined prior of its firing in the utility boilers and prediction of its combustion behavior in the two boilers was carried out. This methodology was used to examine a Venezuelan coal that was found to yield high LOI.

This paper presents a novel approach to the CI interdependencies analysis, based on the DBN formalism. An original modeling procedure is illustrated, which divides the DBN in three distinct levels: an atomic events level, a propagation level, and a services level. The first level models the adverse events that may impact on the analyzed CIs, the second one properly captures interdependencies among CIs' services and devices, and the last one allows to monitor the state of provided services. The resulting DBN permits to perform three kinds of analysis: a reliability study, which allows to find structural weaknesses of interconnected CIs, an adverse events propagation study, which highlights the role interdependency plays in the propagation of adverse events, and a failure prediction analysis, that can serve as an useful guide to the fault localization process (failures may have many different explanations due to interdependency). A specific case study provided by Israel Electric Corporation is considered, and explicative simulations are presented and discussed in detail.

This paper presents a novel approach to the critical infrastructure (CI) interdependencies analysis, based on the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) formalism. Our original modeling procedure divides the DBN in three levels: an atomic events level, which models the adverse events impacting on the analyzed CIs, a propagation level, which captures CI interdependencies, and a services level, which allows to monitor the state of provided services. Three types of analyses can be performed: a reliability study, an adverse events propagation study, and a failure identification analysis. A case study provided by Israel Electric Corporation is considered, and explicative simulations are presented and discussed in detail.