Nested Fabric Adaptation to New Urban Heritage Development

Our article describes the work of the Digital Harrisburg Project in placing the population of Pennsylvania's capital city on geocoded historical maps in 1900–1930. We argue that geocoded census data—population tied to precise locations in a GIS—marks a game-changer for creating fine-grained historical pictures of human mobility and changing urban diversity. Because historical federal census tables recorded information about race, immigration, occupation, property value, and home address, the historian has the power to study patterns of residence that relate to complex forces such as regional and global immigration, economic change, and urban reform. Census records and historical maps are hardly unproblematic, however, and require care in analysis and interpretation. The article highlights the digital project and data, the challenges of digitizing demographic records and geocoding urban space, and potential applications for rethinking historical problems such as City Beautiful.

We introduce the modular and scalable design of Kartta Labs, an open source, open data, and scalable system for virtually reconstructing cities from historical maps and photos. Kartta Labs relies on crowdsourcing and artificial intelligence consisting of two major modules: Maps and 3D models. Each module, in turn, consists of sub-modules that enable the system to reconstruct a city from historical maps and photos. The result is a spatiotemporal reference that can be used to integrate various collected data (curated, sensed, or crowdsourced) for research, education, and entertainment purposes. The system empowers the users to experience collaborative time travel such that they work together to reconstruct the past and experience it on an open source and open data platform.

This study is to consider how "Kaishochi" (the open space in the block), which was planned in initial Edo town, transformed into the housing lot, emphasizing on Nihonbashi area. To understand the changing process of "Kaishochi" I based my analysis from three historical maps and historical records of "Machibure". The analysis of this paper consists of four contents; (1)the formation process of "newly developed alley" when "Kaishochi" became the housing lot (2)how to build "newly developed alley" from the view point of "Machibure" (3)several types of "newly developed alley" when "Kaishochi" is built on the housing lot (4)several types of "Kaishochi" when its incorporated into certain surrounding city later on. Due to peculiar land formation process of Edo called "Kaishochi", the urban space of Edo town changed by mutual adjustments between townspeople and the image of the mature society is evident.

This study is to consider how “Kaishochi” (the open space in the block), which was planned in initial Edo town, transformed into the housing lot, emphasizing on Minamidenma-cho. To understand the changing process of “Kaishochi” I based my analysis from the historical maps and historical records of Minamidenma-cho. The analysis of this paper consists of three contents;(1) the formation process of “newly developed alley” when “Kaishochi” became the housing lot in Minamidenma-cho, (2) inspection of the fact that the substitute lot for “newly developed alley” moved to “Kaishochi”, (3) change in a role burden by the substitute lot.To consider the process that “Kaishochi” transformed into the housing lot, “newly developed alley” is built, and it has been developed while moving the lot instead of “newly developed alley” to “Kaishochi”.

The reconstruction of a 3D model from range images can be conveniently split into two stages. The first stage consists basically in the extraction of geometrical information, e.g. the depth and the orientation of image points, and the second stage concentrates on the transformation of these data to a 3D model. We focus on the second stage. Our approach is based on a deformable model, which offers more flexibility to mould a 3D model according to several geometrical constraints. Moreover, instead of looking for a global functional that carries out the deformation, we opted for establishing discrete local correspondences between 3D surface point data extracted from images and 3D model points.

The article talks about the emergence of a street lighting system in the metropolis of St. Petersburg shortly after its founding before the 1917 revolution. The purpose of the study: a detailed analysis of all types of street lighting elements that appear in the structure of the rapidly growing St. Petersburg, including oil, gas, with an alcohol-containing mixture, kerosene lamps, lamps with arc lamps and incandescent lamps, street kerosene lamps. For each type, stylistic characteristics and technical differences are indicated, and the role of the lamp as an element of improvement is determined. In addition, architectural details and profiles that make up the luminaire volume are taken into account. Research methods: research of archival and library materials, historical maps, iconography. Results: the use of research materials can be both in the theory of architectural forms, and for the preservation and reconstruction of the historical environment of St. Petersburg, for the use of historical principles in new areas - analogues of historical lamps can be used as a standard in the improvement of open urban spaces, taking into account the existing scale, stylistic solutions, technological innovations

In this paper, we propose a two-level integrated model for accurate 3D tracking of rigid head motion and non-rigid facial animation. At the lowest level, the 2D shape of facial features is robustly extracted using a regularized shape model and a cascade multi-stage algorithm. At the highest level, we estimate both the facial animation and 3D pose parameters via minimizing an energy function comprising three terms. The first quantifies the error in matching a 3D wireframe face model (Candide) to the image sequence, while the remaining terms impose temporal and spatial motion-smoothness constraints over the 3D model points. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method and also show it outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms such as the Bayes Tangent Shape Model.

CAOM: Change-aware online 3D mapping with heterogeneous multi-beam and push-broom LiDAR point clouds

This chapter will provide an overview on the manifold approaches to the visualization of landscapes. There are many techniques on the market nowadays, but we first start with a historical view on the development of the different presentation methods of landscape models. In the beginning, there have been historical maps, followed by physical 3D models of cities and landscapes and then entering the digital world of GIS-systems, integrating nadir viewing remote sensing data with equidistant topographical maps including contour lines and 2.5 dimensional shaded relief maps of Digital Terrain Models. The second paragraph is dedicated to recent hardware technology and image processing techniques of remote sensing data in order to derive height information of the landscape. Section 2.3 summarizes the Digital Landscape Models, the basic geodata infrastructure available through the German surveying agencies. These multiscale national topographical datasets lead to the harmonization within the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE). The last paragraph gives some examples of applications in geomorphology, landscape evolution models and animated maps as well as mixed reality, artificial intelligence and landscape architecture and planning. Finally, we not only try to provide a comprehensive overview of the published literature, we also give a comprehensive overview on the available techniques in Fig. 8, where we plotted the “amount of virtuality” against the user involvement. The digital visualization of landscapes as well as the spatial modelling of landscapes under predefined border conditions are a prerequisite for future sustainable decision making.

Research studies and numerical models in coastal geomorphology often rely on short to medium-term datasets (months to years), normally depending on available financial resources to enrol employees or adopt up-to-date surveying technologies. Lately, satellite images have largely benefit long-term analyses of coastal change, extending the temporal investigation up to few decades, but limitations related to temporal coverage and spatial resolution remain. An unexploited source of information is represented by historical data, but modern coastal geomorphologists do not take advantage of them due to their poor reliability and accuracy, especially if compared to modern technologies. The keynote will explore a new chance to build long-term datasets of coastal change through the revalue of historical data with modern techniques of Structure-from-Motion (SfM), GIS analyses and reliable estimation of spatial errors. Reliable geographic data were extracted from different sources available from historical archives (i.e., aerial photos, maps, bathymetric charts, topographic data pre-DGNSS era, military reports, newspapers, etc.) for the coastal site of Dundrum Bay in the Irish Sea (Northern Ireland, UK). Historical maps and aerial photographs were analysed to extrapolate 23 shorelines and quantify almost 200 years of shoreline change (1833 to 2020). Vertical aerial photographs were processed thorough SfM techniques to build 3D models and calculate volumetric change of the extensive local coastal dune for the last six decades (1963 to 2020). Geomorphic changes were discussed considering local forcing parameters (wave, wind, water level) from historical or hindcasted datasets available (1901 to 2020). Advantages and limitations of each ‘revaluation’ technique of the historical data were considered. Several potential errors are associated with historical coastal data; however, their advantage is to provide a quantifiable record when other (more accurate) data sources are not available. In the pre-satellite era (pre-1970’s), historical geographic data are the only available source, and they have also the advantage to be coeval with the increase of human pressure on the coast (post Industrial Revolution and post WWII). Long-term datasets are crucial for decision makers, often divided between warnings from the scientific community and the will to give effective and immediate response to concerns from the coastal communities. Adaptation strategies for coastal environments are often conceived without a long-term perspective which is partially caused by the lack of reliable long-term data. In a current situation of rapidly improving machine learning techniques, reliable long-term datasets are crucial to feed algorithms and better refine models of future coastal behaviour, especially in a context of sea level rise and climate change.

Analysis of landscape heritage and territorial transformations dedicated to its protection and preservation rely increasingly upon the contribution of integrated disciplines. In 2000 the European Landscape Convention established the necessity ‘to integrate landscape into its regional and town planning policies and in its cultural, environmental, agricultural, social and economic policies’. Such articulated territorial dimension requires an approach able to consider multi-dimensional data and information from different spatial and temporal series, supporting territorial analysis and spatial planning under different points of view. Most of landscape representation instruments are based on 3D models based on top-down image/views, with still weak possibilities to reproduce views similar to the human eye or map surface development along preferential directions (e.g. water front views). A methodological approach of rediscovering the long tradition of historical water front view maps, itinerary maps and human eye maps perspective, could improve content decoding of cultural heritage with environmental dimension and its knowledge transfer to planners and citizens. The research here described experiments multiple view models which can simulate real scenarios at the height of observer or along view front. The paper investigates the possibilities of panoramic views simulation and reconstruction from images acquired by RC/UAV platforms and multisensory systems, testing orthoimage generation for landscape riparian areas and water front wiew representation, verifying the application of automatic algorithms for image orientation and DTM extraction (AtiPE, ATE) on such complex image models, identifying critical aspects for future development. The sample landscape portion along ancient water corridor, with stratified values of anthropogenic environment, shows the potentials of future achievement in supporting sustainable planning through technical water front view map and 3D panoramic views, for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) purposes and for the improvement of an acknowledged tourism within geo-atlas based on multi-dimensional and multitemporal Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI).

A case study is presented where a fluvial system is modeled in three dimensions and compared to data gathered from a study of the Arkansas River. The data are unique in that they document changes that affected a straight channel excavated within the river by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Historic maps, photographs, and crossections show that the channel underwent massive erosion and channel migration as it returned to a more natural, meandering path. These records illustrate that stability of a fluvial system can be disrupted either by catastrophic events such as floods or by subtle events such as the altering of a stream's equilibrium base level or sediment load. SEDSIM, Stanford's Sedimentary Basin Simulation Model, is used to model the Arkansas River and the geologic processes that changed in response to changing hydraulic and geologic parameters resulting from the excavation of the channel. Geologic parameters such as fluid and sediment discharge, velocity, transport capacity, and sediment load are input into the model. These parameters regulate the frequency distribution and sizes of sediment grains that are eroded, transported, and deposited. SEDISM experiments compare favorably with field data, recreating similar patterns of fluid flow and sedimentation. SEDSIM simulations provide insightmore » for understanding the spatial distribution of sediment bodies in fluvial deposits and the internal sedimentary structure of fluvial reservoirs. SEDSIM can also be used to simulate depositional systems on a regional scale, providing applications to oil and gas exploration, where characterization of heterogeneities in reservoirs are important.« less

Object pose may be determined from a set of 2D image points and corresponding 3D model points, given the camerapsilas intrinsic parameters. In this paper, two new exterior orientation algorithms are proposed and then compared against the Efficient PnP method and orthogonal iteration algorithm. As an alternative to the homogeneous transformation, both algorithms utilize the 3-simplex as a pose parameterization. One algorithm uses a semidefinite program and the other a Gauss-Newton algorithm.

IoT-based low-cost 3D mapping using 2D Lidar for different materials

Ultrasonic and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors have been some of the most deeply investigated sensing technologies within the scope of digital horticulture. They can accurately estimate geometrical and structural parameters of the tree canopies providing input information for high-throughput phenotyping and precision horticulture. A review was conducted in order to describe how these technologies evolved and identify the main investigated topics, applications, and key points for future investigations in horticulture science. Most research efforts have been focused on the development of data acquisition systems, data processing, and high-resolution 3D modeling to derive structural tree parameters such as canopy volume and leaf area. Reported applications of such sensors for precision horticulture were restricted to real-time variable-rate solutions where ultrasonic or LiDAR sensors were tested to adjust plant protection product or fertilizer dose rates according to the tree volume variability. More studies exploring other applications in site-specific management are encouraged; some that integrates canopy sensing data with other sources of information collected at the within-grove scale (e.g., digital elevation models, soil type maps, historical yield maps, etc.). Highly accurate 3D tree models derived from LiDAR scanning demonstrate their great potential for tree phenotyping. However, the technology has not been widely adopted by researchers to evaluate the performance of new plant varieties or the outcomes from different management practices. Commercial solutions for tree scanning of whole groves, orchards, and nurseries would promote such adoption and facilitate more applied research in plant phenotyping and precision horticulture.