New information technologies in the analysis of electroencephalograms

Effects of sudden changes in temperature on the general state of functional systems of the body can be assessed by the effects of local cold expesure on the neuromuscular system. Aim: to study electromyograms of the retracting muscle flexor of the little finger with weak static muscle tension (F1 = 50 N) during cold exposure. Methods. Altogether, 15 men aged 20-27 years participated in the study. We used one of the stochastic methods in the form of calculation of matrices of paired comparisons of electromyogram samples as an indicator of k pairs of matches of samples. Matrices of paired comparisons of samples were calculated for each test subject at a static voltage F1 = 50 N before and after local cold exposure. At the same time built a quasi-attractor dynamics, the behavior of x(t) and determined area of the quasi-attractor. In the end, the analysis of the state of the muscles of the subjects in the development of static force F was carried out on the basis of a comparison of the area of quasi-attractors in the form of S. Results. With weak (F1 = 50 N) static force after cold exposure, the area of quasi-attractor increased by 2.5 times, while in the matrices of paired comparisons of samples after local cold exposure, the number of matches of pairs of samples increased from 8 to 14. Conclusion: the regularities of changes in the number of matches of pairs of samples k in the matrices of paired comparisons with changes in the static force and under the influence of local cold exposure were revealed; statistically significant differences were found for such samples k and S before and after hypothermia.

The paper contains the result of determining the importance of the requirements of the STCW-78 Convention in the safe operation of marine vessels. It is noted that the study is of great importance for the formation of the scope and subject of the programs of basic and additional training of crew members of naval vessels, as well as for the development of materials used in maritime qualification commissions in assessing the competence of seafarers. The current programs correspond to the minimum standards of competence thematically, but do not imply quantitative compliance with the actual “weight” of the convention function. The purpose of the study is to examine the “weighing” by highly qualified specialists in the field of maritime safety of the standards of competence of each of the seven functions of the Convention in relation to maritime accidents. The significance of functions was determined by the hierarchy analysis method developed by T. Saati. According to the results of a survey of fifteen experts conducted through a paper questionnaire, paired comparison matrices have been compiled. Each function of the STCW-78 Convention was compared with each of the remaining ones for importance for the safety of navigation in three categories: equal importance; more significant; significantly more significant. The survey results, presented as tables, have been converted into matrices. Using the numerical method, an index of consistency was established based on iterations and the “weight” of each expert was determined. Respondents with a high consistency index are excluded from the representative list. The questionnaires of the remaining eight experts served as the basis for assessing the impact of the crew's abnormal performance of their functions (dysfunctions) on the creation of an emergency. It has been established that the dysfunctions of “navigation” and “technical operation and repair” are of the greatest importance for the safety of navigation.

We consider methods for aggregating preferences based on discrete optimization. The preferences are represented by arbitrary binary relations (possibly weighted) or matrices of paired comparisons (possibly incomplete). The case of incomplete preferences remains practically unexplored so far. We examine properties of several known methods and propose one new method. Some results are established that characterize solutions of the related optimization problems. Necessary conditions of a new axiom called Self-Consistent Monotonicity are proved. The generalized row sum method is shown to satisfy Self-Consistent Monotonicity. The results suggest that there are general limitations of the discrete optimization approach to preference aggregation.

The article explores methods of coordinating expert judgments in the design of technical measuring instruments. A methodology for analyzing fuzzy matrices of pairwise comparisons of the effectiveness of preliminary designs of metrological support means is proposed. It includes defuzzification of pairwise comparison matrices; finding a median pairwise comparison matrix; determining fuzzy mean values for each element, and forming fuzzy weights for the compared means by individual levels of the membership function values. The procedure for finding the final membership function of metrological support tools is formalized to minimize the deviations of the fuzzy paired comparison matrices of expert opinions from the final matrix of these comparisons. Methods for optimizing the final ranking of alternative projects based on fuzzy group evaluations were investigated and developed. A fuzzy modification of the Condorcet principle is developed for the case of fuzzy dominance of alternatives. These methods of expert evaluations serve the purpose of increasing the efficiency of development and creation of metrological support means.

In order to make sure that structures adhere to the necessary norms and laws, it is essential to evaluate the quality of building construction. According to several frameworks, the quality of a building’s construction can be assessed in a number of different circumstances. In order to provide building projects with excellent quality and competitive pricing, hard work is required. To raise the standard of building construction, a model was created. The goal of this project is to provide a model for raising building construction quality. This study used the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique, which includes the determination of consistency ratios, pairwise comparisons, normalization, and a comparison matrix. The difficulty of implementing quality was determined for each task using the AHP technique. This was multiplied by the quality factor to obtain the final quality level. The model was tested in three different situations, and it was discovered that quality application is challenging across all building operations. Using a quality evaluation technique, this study assessed the building construction quality in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, a pairwise comparison, normalization, and a comparison matrix were used to calculate the consistency ratio. The ultimate quality level was determined by multiplying the difficulty level for each activity, as determined using the AHP approach, by the quality factor. This study will therefore be helpful to those involved in Saudi Arabian building, including architects, engineers, quality experts, and others. Additionally, the tool aids in the decision making process for enhancing construction quality.

Preference fusion when the number of alternatives exceeds two: indirect scoring procedures

The subject of research is the choice of a protocol in the Internet of Things (IoT) network for monitoring and analyzing audio information. The purpose of the article is to optimize the process of choosing a protocol for monitoring audio information based on IoT and evaluate the results. The authors have developed an IoT framework for monitoring and analyzing audio and voice information. The IoT network includes a sound sensor (microphone), a unit for analyzing the information received from it and a decision-making module. The description of protocols in the IoT network for assessing the sound level is given: the Wireless USB standard, the narrowband standard of the NB-IoT.The hierarchy analysis method was used to select the best protocol. The methodology and its main formulas for calculating the best option are given. A table of the four selected protocols for the IB network is given. As characteristics of the protocols, the following are considered: downlink speed, latency, device bandwidth, device transmission power. A matrix of paired comparisons of protocol parameter indicators based on expert assessments has been formed. Four matrices of paired comparisons of transmission standards variants in relation to the indicator of speed, delay, bandwidth of devices, transmission power of devices are constructed. Calculations of local vectors and priority vectors of quality indicators were performed for these four matrices. Then the matrix of vectors of global priorities is calculated by calculating the sum of the products of local vectors of matrices of paired comparisons of transmission standards variants on the corresponding priority vectors of quality indicators of the matrix of paired comparisons of protocol parameters. From the results obtained, the best protocol option for the network and sound monitoring was determined by the maximum value.

Summary. Result of expert information processing is to construct a binary preference relation on the basis of which will be the choice. One of the most important properties of this relationship is transitive. However, due to the incompleteness of the human information processing system, when evaluating the sampling results are random errors, due to which may occur intransitive and inconsistency in preferences. Largely a problem of violations of transitivity individual expert ranking stems from the fact that the expert, comparing alternatives in pairs, generally speaking, is not obliged to think about how to relate these alternatives with all other. In this case it is likely a violation of consistency preferences that make useless the further processing of examination results. In this paper we propose: new universal algorithm for estimating transitive relations expert preferences when ordering of the original sample of alternatives on ordinal scale; modified algorithm for estimating the consistency of expert judgment and construction of structural matrices of various expert preferences between all pairs of alternatives sample which the ranking on difference- classification scale. The basic idea of the algorithm is to on the basis of the support matrices of paired comparisons of individual alternatives to sample to provide not only a review of profile expert orderings on the transitivity, but at the end of the survey of experts to form the structural matrix of all possible preferences between all pairs of sampling alternatives. These algorithms make use of the original information in the form of a matrix of paired comparisons of alternatives to individual sample. The article gives examples illustrating the operation of the above algorithms.

In 1947 M. A. Bernstein proposed a hypothesis about "repetition without repetition" in biomechanics that was confirmed in psychophysiology by the Eskov-Zinchenko effect. This effect can be applied to all parameters (except the parameters of the neuromuscular system) of human body homeostasis. For instance, this instability can be demonstrated for repeated samples of cardiointerval parameters (and other homeostasis parameters) of the human cardiorespiratory system. Within the framework of the new theory of chaos and self-organization, a method is proposed for calculation of matrices of paired comparisons of cardiointerval samples for assessing the physiological status of the human body and changes in homeostasis. Statistical instability of cardiointerval samples and their statistical distribution functions f(x) for successive cardiointerval samples in one subject is proven.

Pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) with crisp or fuzzy elements should satisfy consistency requirements when it is used in analytic hierarchy process (AHP) or in fuzzy AHP methodologies. An algorithm...

Simulation of any processes is based on some laws that take place inside the simulated object and outside it (changing the environment in which the object is located). In the study of complex biosystems, the identification of patterns is complicated by the fact that such systems have a chaotic structure. In such systems, it is impossible to arbitrarily repeat the initial state xi, any intermediate xn and final xk. Simulation of complex biosystems should be based on random patterns. The created simulation model works based on the random number generation. There are no static values in the model. The inclusion of regulatory mechanisms of the model is based on the search of F-solutions. Chaotic dynamics of changes in the trajectory of a person's limb is established based on experimental data. In accordance with this, in the simulation model, the level of limb retention in space changes its direction by random images in real time. In the framework of the above patterns, a mathematical model of the interaction of muscle bundles was developed to solve the problem of holding the limb in space. When analyzing the performance of the simulation model, the basis of the evaluation measure was taken. The results were obtained on the basis of mathematical statistics and the calculation of the quasiattractor parameters in the framework of the theory of chaos and self-organization. As a result, the correspondence of experimental and model data was established. In the framework of mathematical statistics, when constructing matrices of paired comparisons for experimental data, the number of pairs of matches (the word "matches" refers to the possibility of assigning the compared pairs of samples to one general set) is k = 11 %. The same number of coincidence pairs in percentage terms was established when comparing model data and model with experimental data. In the framework of the theory of chaos and self-organization, the quasiattractor parameters coincide in their area and visual assessment of phase planes. As a result of the research, high accuracy of the model is established, which is ensured by some chaotic dynamics of the model with chaotic selfregulation mechanisms. There are no constants in the mathematical form of the simulation model, which ensures the reproduction of N.A. Bernstein "repetition without repetition" hypothesis, which has been proven for experimental data. For theoretical biophysics, the constructed simulation model is able to provide understanding of the neuromuscular system functioning, as well as, with some complication and expansion of the algorithm, the central nervous system.

The variants of structural and functional schemes of biogas plants (BP) were investigated to obtain biogas and fertilizers based on the processing of solid organic waste in the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Based on the results of the study of biogas technologies, criteria are proposed for determining the best layout from the expert’s point of view. The systematization of options is given and alternatives are obtained. The method of multicriteria analysis of options based on fuzzy sets was used as a decision-making method. The use of the decision support system to select the best variant of the structural and functional scheme of the biogas plant predetermined the formation of a matrix of paired comparisons of dimension 5x5. To ensure high consistency of preferences associated with the procedure for filling in the matrices of paired comparisons of alternatives according to criteria, the method developed by us has been applied. This reduces the number of inquiries to the decision-maker. The selected structural and functional scheme meets the requirements for the development of typical automation solutions, which contributes to the replication of control systems for the same type of plants.

Modern farm machinery is equipped with on-board computers that execute complicated tasks. The main efforts are aimed at selecting and justifying methods for adequate hardware-software translation of functional programming from one computer system to another, while increasing its stability to failures of computer hardware. The development of approaches to the selection of procedures for detecting errors determines the degree of their relative information value when analyzing the programs progress. As it follows from the analysis of error types in functional programming, it is established that errors occur at the stages of forming the technical task, when developing algorithms, when programming, and when configuring programs. Errors have different frequency and different weight in terms of the impact on the functioning of on-board computers used in agricultural machinery. The article contains a detailed list of errors that must be detected when debugging working programs of on-board computers. Based on expert assessments, the errors are divided into 33 different types and formed into 6 groups. By combining errors, it is possible to minimize the time spent on performing static debugging of the functional programming of on-board computers. Using the hierarchy analysis method, matrices of paired comparisons of control directives with error types in each group are formed. Thus, the relationship between groups of errors, control directives, and values of error types is established. The first thing, programs debugging is performed using the control directives that have the highest degree of significance, since they can be used to identify and eliminate the most dangerous errors.

The article is devoted to the development of a decision support system in a Purchase Tender. Such the system allows an institution that announced a Purchase Tender to estimate suppliers that have an interest in supply and can take part in such tender offering different conditions of purchase. The main method that is used to build a decision support system was chosen as the method of the analytic hierarchy process that was developed by T.L. Saaty based on construction pairwise comparisons matrices of suppliers and their features. These matrices are constructed by experts and they need for coherent often, because expert’ assessment of one pair elements of a matrix can be controversial sometimes to assessment of second pair elements of such matrix. Such controversies are connected with difficulties for expert, which can be in process of complex relations estimation. This method is modified in the direction of building coherent matrices of pairwise comparisons. It presents an approach to assessing the consistency of pairwise comparisons matrices based on the analysis of the transitivity of the graph that is constructed with the help of the matrix of pairwise comparisons. The pairwise comparisons matrix is seen as a adjacencies matrix of a graph. Besides, the paper proposes an approach to the evaluation of pairwise comparisons of suppliers and their features with the help of a group of experts that helped make the evaluation more accurate. The estimate of elements of pairwise comparisons matrix is calculated as a weighted average of all experts’ assessments with the coefficient of confidence. The coefficient of confidence is change for every expert. This change is connected with the correctness of experts’ estimation in previous evaluations. Based on the developed modification of the analytic hierarchy process it built a software system for decision support, which is implemented in the C++ language. One of the areas of the system application is the analysis of decisionmaking problems in the field of public procurement to assess the companiesbidders for the construction of industrial facilities.

Introduction: Long-duration physical activity in winter is associated with significant demands for neurovegetative system. Aim: To explore the changes in the parameters of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurovegetative systems in men during a winter marathon. Methods: Parameters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems of the group were estimated in 15 men after the winter marathon (50 km) using an automated computer-based system. Pairwise comparisons matrices of the parameter of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems before and after the marathon were performed. There were found the k numbers of pair samples that had a common general population. Results: Four matrices of pairwise comparisons were constructed and shown the increasing of the proportion of stochastic from k1 = 11 to k2= 13 for the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. Conclusions: An equidirectional dynamic of stochastic's proportion changes before and after the marathon is observed. For the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the drop of chaos is observed, but we still can make a conclusion on the statistical instability of the samples.