Object-based effects in visual change detection

The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of auditory event-related brain potentials can be used as a probe to study the representation of sounds in auditory sensory memory (ASM). Yet it has been shown that an auditory MMN can also be elicited by an illusory auditory deviance induced by visual changes. This suggests that some visual information may be encoded in ASM and is accessible to the auditory MMN process. It is not known, however, whether visual information affects ASM representation for any audiovisual event or whether this phenomenon is limited to specific domains in which strong audiovisual illusions occur. To highlight this issue, we have compared the topographies of MMNs elicited by non-speech audiovisual stimuli deviating from audiovisual standards on the visual, the auditory, or both dimensions. Contrary to what occurs with audiovisual illusions, each unimodal deviant elicited sensory-specific MMNs, and the MMN to audiovisual deviants included both sensory components. The visual MMN was, however, different from a genuine visual MMN obtained in a visual-only control oddball paradigm, suggesting that auditory and visual information interacts before the MMN process occurs. Furthermore, the MMN to audiovisual deviants was significantly different from the sum of the two sensory-specific MMNs, showing that the processes of visual and auditory change detection are not completely independent.

Event Abstract Back to Event Title: Persistent order-driven biases in auditory relevance-filtering processes - a mismatch negativity (MMN) study. Karlye Damaso1*, Daniel Mullens1, Lisa Whitson1, Alexander Provost1*, Andrew Heathcote1*, Istvan Winkler2* and Juanita Todd1* 1 University of Newcastle, Australia 2 University of Szeged, Hungary Background Mismatch negativity (MMN) occurs when sounds violate a standard regularity in a sequence. The system supporting MMN specifies properties of future stimulation to follow the last encountered sound – perceptual inferences based on transition statistics. MMN size is proportional to confidence in this inference. Our research suggests that confidence estimates do not always reflect transition statistics as commonly assumed. An order-driven bias distorts how volatility in a pattern over time impacts MMN size. Here we tested a theory about the mechanisms driving the bias - that a silent gap between sequences is needed to reset it. Method Sequences comprised 2 tones alternating roles as standard (p=.875) and deviant (p=.125). Sequences contained 1920 tones (50% of each) and differed in role alternation rate (volatility). In slow sequences roles were stable (changing every 460 tones = 2.4 min), in fast sequences, volatile (changing every 180 tones = 0.8 min). Sequences occurred in 4 configurations: slow?gap?fast, slow?fast, fast?gap?slow, fast?slow. The order of sequence speed (slow?fast, fast?slow), and condition (gap first, no gap first) was counterbalanced across participants. Results Consistent with prior studies if there was a gap between sequences, volatility affected MMN size for the first deviant only. MMN to the first deviant was larger in slow than fast sequences (p<.05) consistent with theory. MMN to the second deviant (formerly first standard) was not modulated by volatility. When the gap was removed the above pattern was only present if the slow sequence came first. If the fast sequence was first, the low confidence that lead to small MMN for the first deviant persisted preventing the expected increment in MMN during stable sequences. Discussion The data are our 5th replication of the bias and offer insight into the driving mechanisms. Importantly, the bias is not overwritten by subsequent evidence unless a gap interrupts the stream of sound. Keywords: Perception, Bias, MMN, mismatch negativity, Order-driven bias Conference: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 27 Jul - 31 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Sensation and Perception Citation: Damaso K, Mullens D, Whitson L, Provost A, Heathcote A, Winkler I and Todd J (2015). Title: Persistent order-driven biases in auditory relevance-filtering processes - a mismatch negativity (MMN) study.. Conference Abstract: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.217.00135 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Feb 2015; Published Online: 24 Apr 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Karlye Damaso, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, karlye.damaso@uon.edu.au Mr. Alexander Provost, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, alexander.provost@newcastle.edu.au Prof. Andrew Heathcote, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, andrew.heathcote@newcastle.edu.au Prof. Istvan Winkler, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, winkler.istvan@ttk.mta.hu Dr. Juanita Todd, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, juanita.todd@newcastle.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd Google Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd Google Scholar Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd PubMed Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event An ERP study about altered visual attentional system in bipolar disorder Toshihiko Maekawa1*, T. Tsunoda1, N. Oribe1, N. Fukushima1, T. Onitsuka1, S. Tobimatsu1 and S. Kanba1 1 Departments of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurophysiology,Kyushu University, Japan BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BP) is one of mental disease which hard to make diagnosis. Cognitive dysfunction of BP may result from abnormal attentional processing in the brain. Attentional processing consists of two stages: One is involuntary attention (automatic) processing and the other is voluntary attention processing. The former is assessed by mismatch negativity (MMN) while the latter is evaluated by P300. These ERP components may be useful to discriminate a patient with BP from healthy person. The aim of this study was to clarify abnormality of visual attention system in BP by measuring P300 and visual MMN (vMMN). METHODS Eleven patients with BP were seated in front of a 20-inch monitor in the dark room comfortably. They were instructed to attend to a story through earphones binaurally and to also pay attention to a visual target which was presented on a monitor. Black-white circular windmill patterns consisting of a standard, a deviant, and a target stimulus whose ratios were 8:1:1 were presented on the monitor randomly. The difference in the three stimuli was the number of vanes. EEG was recorded by 128-ch high dense array equipment throughout the experiment continuously. VMMN was obtained by subtracting ERPs to deviant stimulus from that to standard stimulus. P300 was recorded by the response of target stimulus. RESULTS Data of nine patients with BP were analyzed. There was not statistical difference in behavior performance (accuracy of questionnaire about the context of heard story and accuracy and response time of target detection) between BP and normal control (NC) group. Responses of all of the participants were obtained P300 and vMMN. P300 in BP was delayed than that of NC. Mean amplitude of vMMN in BP was significantly smaller than that of NC, and latency of vMMN of the patients was prolonged from that of NC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there exists abnormal visual attentional processing in BP. P300 and vMMN are more sensitive to detect it than behavior performance index. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Workshop 1: Visual Mismatch Negativity (vMMN) Citation: Maekawa T, Tsunoda T, Oribe N, Fukushima N, Onitsuka T, Tobimatsu S and Kanba S (2009). An ERP study about altered visual attentional system in bipolar disorder. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.030 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 20 Mar 2009; Published Online: 20 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Toshihiko Maekawa, Departments of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurophysiology,Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, hiko.maekawa@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba Google Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba Google Scholar Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba PubMed Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Automatic Sensory Discrimination Deficits in the Prodrome and First-Episode of Psychosis Kristin S. Cadenhead1*, C. Jahchan1, D. L. Braff1 and G. Light1 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, United States BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with evidence of progressive changes in the early phase of illness. Earlier identification and a better understanding of the mechanism by which psychosis evolves can lead to preventive, more personalized treatment. Deficits in automatic sensory discrimination as indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) are well documented in chronic schizophrenia patients. The majority of previous studies in the early stages of illness, however, failed to detect MMN impairments to either pitch or duration deviants. METHODS 12 individuals at-risk for psychosis (AR), 23 patients with first-episode psychosis (FE), and 40 normal comparison subjects (NC) underwent duration-deviant MMN testing (1000 Hz tones, standards: 50 msec, P=0.90; deviants: 100 msec, P=0.10). RESULTS Group differences were present in the amplitude of the MMN at fronto-central electrodes (Fz p=.008, F3 p=.007, F4 p=.013, Cz p=.012, C3 p=.027, C4 p=.118). The AR group's MMN amplitudes were intermediate between those of the NC group and the FE group, but those differences did not reach statistical significance (effect sizes .21-.35). CONCLUSIONS Robust duration-deviant MMN deficits were observed in first-episode psychosis patients. Individuals at risk for developing schizophrenia had small reductions relative to normal subjects that likely reflect the fact that less than ½ will go on to develop a psychotic illness. MMN may represent an important disease marker that can help to predict who is at greatest risk of psychotic illness. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Symposium 1: MMN as a potential endophenotype in schizophrenia Citation: Cadenhead KS, Jahchan C, Braff DL and Light G (2009). Automatic Sensory Discrimination Deficits in the Prodrome and First-Episode of Psychosis. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.033 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 20 Mar 2009; Published Online: 20 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Kristin S Cadenhead, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States, kcadenhead@ucsd.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light Google Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light Google Scholar Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light PubMed Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Event-related potential features of suprasegmental speech cues processing in infancy Anett Rago1*, Ferenc Honbolygó1, V. Csépe1, Zs Róna2 and A. Beke2 1 Research Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary 2 Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Hungary During the process of language perception, infants have different tasks to solve. Phoneme perception studies revealed that normalization and categorical perception are essential features of speech comprehension. From behavioral and ERP studies we know that from the beginning of their life, young infants without special training or instruction have access to phonemic representation. Along with these local speech cues however there exist the so called suprasegmental speech cues that may also contribute to the transformation of input to the prelexical intermediate representation. One of these psycho-acoustic features is the word stress. We know from earlier studies that from 5 months of age infants are sensitive to the rhythmic properties of language inputs that are characteristic of their mother language. The stress though is a complex phenomenon. Different languages use different characteristics (pitch, length of syllables) to sign stress. In Hungarian, we use long vowels without stress on them; nevertheless the case is simple in that way that as a rule the stress is always on the first syllable. In this study, our aim was to investigate the difference between processing phonemic and rhythmic speech cues before the first year of life. In addition to this, we inquired into the developmental patterns characteristic of at risk infant groups (preterm infants) because of the need of early detection and correction of potential developmental irregularities. 33 6- and 10-month old, full-term and pre-term infants were participated in the experiment.We used a passive oddball paradigm with a standard Hungarian word ‘banán’ (‘banana’ in English) and two deviants: a voiceless phoneme deviant (‘panán’, which is meaningless in Hungarian), and a stress deviant where the stress was on the second syllable, instead of the first (‘ban:án’). Our results show that at the early ages (6 months of age) there were significant differences between the preterm and full-term infant groups in the two experimental conditions. At six months of age, special response-patterns were revealed in the full-term control group; there were huge responses for the standard and for both of the deviant stimuli. The normal ten months olds' response was quite the opposite. The pre-term responses were always between the two normal control groups'. The additional analyses revealed that for ten months of age even at-risk infants tend to show the normal response patterns but still in a rudimentary form. The response patterns from the different electrodes suggest great brain maturation differences. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Rago A, Honbolygó F, Csépe V, Róna Z and Beke A (2009). Event-related potential features of suprasegmental speech cues processing in infancy. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.139 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Anett Rago, Research Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, rago@cogpsyphy.hu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke Google Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke Google Scholar Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke PubMed Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Temporal-frontal network underlying pre-attentive change detection: A lagged correlation path model of the event-related optical signal (EROS) Chun Y. Tse1*, E. K. Ng2, T. Rinne3 and T. B. Penney2 1 University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States 2 National University of Singapore, Singapore 3 University of Helsinki, Finland Event-related potential (ERP), magnetic encephalogram (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest that a temporal-frontal network is involved in pre-attentive change detection. The event-related optical signal (EROS) is an excellent tool to study the temporal dynamics of this putative network because it provides measures of neural activity with high temporal (milliseconds) and spatial (millimeters) resolution. In our previous EROS experiments, which used mean amplitude measures of the optical signal across participants, we consistently found a sequence of temporal and frontal cortex activations. However, we could not unequivocally conclude that the activation pattern was a consequence of temporal cortex activity preceding frontal cortex activity in all participants. In the present study, we applied a lagged correlation path model (a type of dynamic structural equation model - SEM) to study the correlation of temporal and frontal activations across time in the EROS data. The data was obtained in a typical MMN paradigm. Standard sounds (75 ms in duration) and infrequent deviant sounds (4% each; 15 ms - large deviant, 25 ms - medium deviant, and 35 ms - small deviant) were presented via headphones while the participants (N = 32) watched a video. Statistical brain maps of EROS results suggested temporal-frontal, frontal-temporal-frontal, and temporal-frontal activation sequences in large, medium, and small deviant conditions, respectively. Further analysis by lagged correlation path modeling revealed that the sequential activation patterns were found reliably across participants. The present results suggest that the activation of the temporal-frontal network is dynamically modulated depending on the magnitude of the sound change. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Tse CY, Ng EK, Rinne T and Penney TB (2009). Temporal-frontal network underlying pre-attentive change detection: A lagged correlation path model of the event-related optical signal (EROS). Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.097 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Chun Y Tse, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, United States, ctse2@uiuc.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney Google Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney Google Scholar Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney PubMed Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Mismatch response polarity in infants: Type and magnitude of acoustic change Elena Kushnerenko1* 1 Institute for Research in Child Development, University of East London, United Kingdom Inconsistency in mismatch component polarity in infants has been most consistently related to maturational level, though several other factors, such as magnitude of auditory change (difficulty of the contrast) and methodological issues (high-pass filtering) have also been discussed. The mismatch response (MMR) follows the maturation of obligatory auditory event-related potential (ERP): a broad negativity in preterm and immature newborns turns into a predominantly positive response at the same time as positive ERP components grow during first months of life. The next step in maturation is the development of the N250 during the second half of the first year. Correspondingly, the early negative MMR starts to be observed at the same latency. This early negative discriminative response can be observed even earlier in development in response to a robust spectral change in stimuli, but not to more fine acoustic contrasts (small frequency changes or changes in speech syllables). Some studies employing very large spectral change (white-noise deviants or harmonic tones with 50 % pitch change) reported early negativity even in newborns. In this study, the MMRs were elicited in 20-24 month old infants in four experimental conditions: a) large frequency change - harmonic tones, standard 500 Hz FF, deviant 750 Hz; b) small CV change (deviant /ga/ and standard /ka/) c) large duration change (harmonic tones, standard 200 ms, deviant 100 ms) d) control condition. In the control condition, the 750-Hz ‘deviant’ was presented randomly and equiprobably among two other tones (500 and 625 Hz FF). This was performed in order to compare responses to deviant and to an identical stimulus presented at a comparable presentation rate to avoid adaptation if presented repetitively or orienting if presented against silent background. The results showed that, the ERP to deviant was significantly more negative than that to standard in response to the large frequency change (F(1,11)=15.64; p<.0023), but more positive to syllable (F(1,11)=10.41; p<.0081) and duration changes (F(1,11)=6.47; p<.0273) within the same latency window (200-300 ms from change onset). There were no significant differences between the N250 amplitude of the frequency deviant and of identical tone presented in a control condition. This suggests that while the positive MMR appears to be more general response to auditory violation in infants, the fast early negative one (<250 ms) might be specific to large frequency changes irrespective of whether they violate auditory expectations or not and thus, may not represent an adult-like MMN. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Kushnerenko E (2009). Mismatch response polarity in infants: Type and magnitude of acoustic change. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.116 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Elena Kushnerenko, Institute for Research in Child Development, University of East London, London, United Kingdom, .e.kushnerenko@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Elena Kushnerenko Google Elena Kushnerenko Google Scholar Elena Kushnerenko PubMed Elena Kushnerenko Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Attenuation of the phonological mapping negativity (PMN) by stimulus repetition John Connolly1, 2*, E. Service1, 2, 3, C. Lefebvre2, D. Habib4 and P. Jolicoeur2 1 McMaster University, Canada 2 Université de Montréal, Canada 3 University of Helsinki, Finland 4 Queen’s University, Canada The PMN component is a relative increase in an event-related negative deflection 250 to 350 ms after stimulus onset. It is thought to reflect mapping of acoustic speech signals onto phonological representations. It is small, sometimes undetectable, when the beginnings of auditory words match strong phonological expectations. It is large when strong expectations of the first phoneme of a word are not met. The PMN differs from the MMN response in that it is not limited to oddball paradigms. It differs from the semantic N400 in that it can be elicited in conditions with no semantic task or meaningful stimulus material. It is, however, likely that the auditory N400 incorporates ongoing phonological analysis of words based on the same processes as the PMN. We investigated in two experiments whether the PMN, like the N400, is sensitive to repetition. We predicted that repeated presentation of the same phonological stimulus would result in an attenuation of the PMN even when the stimuli violated task-dependent expectations. For this purpose, we studied a task previously found to elicit a large PMN. Participants were asked to strip an auditory stimulus word of its first consonant (e.g., “/sti:p/ without /s/”) and press a button to indicate whether the pseudoword they heard matched the correct response (/ti:p/). In this task, a strong PMN is typically elicited to all target pseudowords that begin with a different phoneme (e.g. /mi:p/) from the correct response whereas the correct response elicits a minimal PMN. We presented three kinds of targets with equal probability: correct answers, incorrect answers and repeated incorrect answers. The repeated incorrect answers were always the same pseudoword. In Experiment 1, conducted in English, the incorrect answer /kel/ was repeated 120 times. Compared to the correct answer, there was a significant PMN for both incorrect and repeated incorrect targets. However, the magnitude of the PMN was smaller for the repeated incorrect targets (always /kel/). In Experiment 2, conducted in French, the repeated incorrect answer was varied between participants to control for possible effects of the acoustic idiosyncrasies of the target words. The results from Experiment 1 were replicated. In both experiments, the repeated incorrect answer also gave rise to a large posterior positivity, peaking after 600 ms from stimulus onset, possibly reflecting recognition memory for the repeated stimulus. We conclude that the PMN reflects a process that is modified by both task-related expectations and incidental phonological learning during task performance. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Symposium 5: Language and language deficits Citation: Connolly J, Service E, Lefebvre C, Habib D and Jolicoeur P (2009). Attenuation of the phonological mapping negativity (PMN) by stimulus repetition. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.084 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Mar 2009; Published Online: 25 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: John Connolly, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, jconnol@mcmaster.ca Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur Google John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur Google Scholar John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur PubMed John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Studying infant cognition by EEG and ERP Gergely Csibra1* 1 Central European University, Hungary One can measure the functional brain activation of babies for several purposes. First, variations of neural activation measured in controlled situations may reveal how the infant brain works, and when these results are compared across development or with those of adults, they allow insights into early functional development of the cerebral cortex. Second, correlating neural activations with behavioral performance across individuals can generate hypotheses about the neural mechanisms that underlie overt behavior, and may lead to a better understanding of individual differences or developmental disorders. Finally, functional brain activations in infants can be used to test, support, or falsify theories of infant cognitive development—as long as such activations could be plausibly identified as neural 'signatures' of certain kinds of representations or computations. In this talk, I will illustrate this third, most modest, usage of neuroscientific approach to infant cognition by four examples. First, we used event-related potentials to test whether 5-month-old infants are subject to the audio-visual McGurk illusion - a question that would be particularly difficult to answer by purely behavioral methods. Second, event-related gamma-band oscillations revealed that 4-month-olds interpret certain dynamic facial expressions (such as direct gaze and eye-brow raise) as communicative signals. This finding was also supported by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which measures haemodynamic changes in the infant brain. Third, similar gamma-band oscillatory responses indicated that learning object labels modify the visual processing of the associated objects in the infant brain. Finally, a recent finding demonstrates how measurements of motor activation during action perception by the attenuation of the sensorimotor alpha waves could be used for disambiguating behavioral findings concerning action interpretation in infants. Electrophysiological techniques provide an excellent tool to study the cognitive development in young infants. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Invited Talk Citation: Csibra G (2009). Studying infant cognition by EEG and ERP. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.004 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Mar 2009; Published Online: 19 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Gergely Csibra, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, csibrag@ceu.hu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Gergely Csibra Google Gergely Csibra Google Scholar Gergely Csibra PubMed Gergely Csibra Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component elicited by violations of sensory predictions and is widely interpreted, within the predictive processing framework, as a neural correlate of prediction error. Disruptions in prediction error signalling have been proposed as a potential mechanism underlying the diverse cognitive and perceptual profiles observed in autism and schizophrenia spectrum conditions. In this study, 122 community participants completed auditory and visual oddball tasks with two levels of target detection difficulty while undergoing EEG recording, alongside self-report measures of autistic and schizotypal traits. We found that increased task difficulty significantly reduced MMN amplitude in both modalities, with large effect sizes for auditory (d = 1.826) and visual (d = 1.005) MMN, indicating a modulation by perceptual load. Although associations between MMN amplitude and trait dimensions were limited, emerging patterns suggest a potential dissociation between social and nonsocial autistic traits. These findings address key gaps in the literature, particularly the underrepresentation of visual MMN, and highlight the importance of multidimensional, cross-modal approaches to investigate prediction error mechanisms in neurodiverse populations.

In contrast with for example audiovisual speech, the relation between visual and auditory properties of letters and speech sounds is artificial and learned only by explicit instruction. The arbitrariness of the audiovisual link together with the widespread usage of letter–speech sound pairs in alphabetic languages makes those audiovisual objects a unique subject for crossmodal research. Brain imaging evidence has indicated that heteromodal areas in superior temporal, as well as modality-specific auditory cortex are involved in letter–speech sound processing. The role of low level visual areas, however, remains unclear. In this study the visual counterpart of the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is used to investigate the influences of speech sounds on letter processing. Letter and non-letter deviants were infrequently presented in a train of standard letters, either in isolation or simultaneously with speech sounds. Although previous findings showed that letters systematically modulate speech sound processing (reflected by auditory MMN amplitude modulation), the reverse does not seem to hold: our results did not show evidence for an automatic influence of speech sounds on letter processing (no visual MMN amplitude modulation). This apparent asymmetric recruitment of low level sensory cortices during letter–speech sound processing, contrasts with the symmetric involvement of these cortices in audiovisual speech processing, and is possibly due to the arbitrary nature of the link between letters and speech sounds.

Event Abstract Back to Event The distraction paradigm: Equating difficulty is difficult. Karlye Damaso1*, Alexander L. Provost1, Pat Michie1, Scott Brown1, Ulrich Schall1 and Juanita Todd1 1 University of Newcastle, Australia The distraction paradigm (Schröger, 1996, 1997) provides an empirical test of how the elicitation of mismatch negativity (MMN) impacts upon the attentional resources available to perform a behavioural task. In these paradigms a task-irrelevant sound sequence that contains MMN eliciting characteristics is superimposed on a behavioural task that occupies the focus of attention. The subsequent impact MMN has on attentional resources results in robust behavioural effects – increased reaction times and error rates. These behavioural effects can be muted by increasing task difficulty. That is, under increased task difficulty, increases in RT and error rates that typically follow MMN do not occur (Berti et al., 2004; Berti & Schröger, 2003). Broader cognitive literature suggests that the level of difficulty experienced in a given task can differ within and between individuals (Lavie, 2005). These differences can impact on task performance at an individual and group level (Lavie, 2005), introducing noise and clouding effects. To address this, tasks can be designed with inbuilt algorithms that equate difficulty within and between participants. To date, distraction paradigm research has not utilised difficulty-calibrated tasks. We aimed to create a distraction paradigm task with an inbuilt calibration feature that would equate task difficulty within and between participants. We used a novel auditory-visual distraction paradigm task with the task irrelevant sound sequence consisting of a duration deviant MMN sequence, and a visual inspection time behavioural task. Visual inspection time duration was varied within and between participants so that task difficulty would be calibrated at ~85% accuracy. Despite the elicitation of a distinct MMN, no behavioural effects were observed – increases in RT and error rates that typically follow MMN did not occur. We discuss reasons why our attempt to create a task with an inbuilt calibration feature may have been unsuccessful in this variation of an auditory-visual distraction paradigm task. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge Mr. Gavin Cooper for his assistance in task design and programming. Keywords: mismatch negativity (MMN), distraction paradigm, distraction, Attention, task difficulty Conference: ASP2015 - 25th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Psychophysiology, Sydney, Australia, 2 Dec - 4 Dec, 2015. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Psychophysiology Citation: Damaso K, Provost AL, Michie P, Brown S, Schall U and Todd J (2015). The distraction paradigm: Equating difficulty is difficult.. Conference Abstract: ASP2015 - 25th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Psychophysiology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.219.00014 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Oct 2015; Published Online: 30 Nov 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Karlye Damaso, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, Karlye.Damaso@uon.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd Google Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd Google Scholar Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd PubMed Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Neural markers, such as the mismatch negativity (MMN), have been used to examine the phonological underspecification of English feature contrasts using the Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) model. However, neural indices have not been examined within the approximant phoneme class, even though there is evidence suggesting processing asymmetries between liquid (e.g., /ɹ/) and glide (e.g., /w/) phonemes. The goal of this study was to determine whether glide phonemes elicit electrophysiological asymmetries related to [consonantal] underspecification when contrasted with liquid phonemes in adult English speakers. Specifically, /ɹɑ/ is categorized as [+consonantal] while /wɑ/ is not specified [i.e., (–consonantal)]. Following the FUL framework, if /w/ is less specified than /ɹ/, the former phoneme should elicit a larger MMN response than the latter phoneme. Fifteen English-speaking adults were presented with two syllables, /ɹɑ/ and /wɑ/, in an event-related potential (ERP) oddball paradigm in which both syllables served as the standard and deviant stimulus in opposite stimulus sets. Three types of analyses were used: (1) traditional mean amplitude measurements; (2) cluster-based permutation analyses; and (3) event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analyses. The less specified /wɑ/ elicited a large MMN, while a much smaller MMN was elicited by the more specified /ɹɑ/. In the standard and deviant ERP waveforms, /wɑ/ elicited a significantly larger negative response than did /ɹɑ/. Theta activity elicited by /ɹɑ/ was significantly greater than that elicited by /wɑ/ in the 100–300 ms time window. Also, low gamma activation was significantly lower for /ɹɑ/ vs. /wɑ/ deviants over the left hemisphere, as compared to the right, in the 100–150 ms window. These outcomes suggest that the [consonantal] feature follows the underspecification predictions of FUL previously tested with the place of articulation and voicing features. Thus, this study provides new evidence for phonological underspecification. Moreover, as neural oscillation patterns have not previously been discussed in the underspecification literature, the ERSP analyses identified potential new indices of phonological underspecification.

Mismatch negativity and adaptation measures of the late auditory evoked potential in cochlear implant users

Event Abstract Back to Event Early evoked gamma-band responses and phase synchronization elicited by target categorical visual object discrimination Nikolaos Tsarouchas1, 2, 3*, S. Kostopoulos1, A. Bezeriano1, G. Benedek2 and K. Benedek3 1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Patras, Greece 2 Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Hungary 3 Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Hungary Objective: Aim of this study is to investigate whether target categorical visual object discrimination processes modulate cortical gamma-band responses (GBR). Methods: We analyze the amplitude of evoked vs. induced and the phase-locking factor of γ-band responses (≥30Hz) as contrasted to event-related potentials (<30Hz), by means of the continuous wavelet transform, in an ultra-rapid visuocognitive categorical discrimination task. Visual stimuli comprised 500 briefly presented images of complex natural and urban scenes. Subjects had to categorize them as targets (containing different animal objects) by eliciting a motor response vs. equiprobable nontargets (containing only nonanimal objects) by suppressing it. Results: Statistical parametric time-frequency map analysis across subjects and channels identified a characteristic (80-180)ms×(30-50)Hz poststimulus region-of-interest over occipital visual cortex (channels O1/O2), within which significantly higher evoked γ-band amplitudes and phase-locking factors were established for target vs. nontarget categorical stimuli. Conclusions: Enhanced early evoked GBR most likely emerge from the interaction of bottom-up feedforward (visual-feature extracting and binding) with top-down attentional feedback (visual-feature weighting and integrating) processes due to phase synchronization across single-trials in the “resultant” activity of the underlying occipital cortical domains. Significance: Our study provides evidence that early occipital cortical GBR underlie already the representation of target visual objects at the categorical level and the discrimination of different categorical exemplars across higher-order classes of visual objects. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a PhD Scholarship granted to the author by Greek State Scholarship Foundation (IKY) and a research grant of the University of Patras, Karatheodoris (2004-B411): Functional Laser Speckle Imaging (fLSI). Conference: 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience, Bodrum, Turkey, 1 Sep - 5 Sep, 2008. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Brain Electrical Oscillations in Cognition Citation: Tsarouchas N, Kostopoulos S, Bezeriano A, Benedek G and Benedek K (2008). Early evoked gamma-band responses and phase synchronization elicited by target categorical visual object discrimination. Conference Abstract: 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.01.113 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 03 Dec 2008; Published Online: 03 Dec 2008. * Correspondence: Nikolaos Tsarouchas, Department of Medical Physics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece, nick_tsarouchas@yahoo.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Nikolaos Tsarouchas S. Kostopoulos A. Bezeriano G. Benedek K. Benedek Google Nikolaos Tsarouchas S. Kostopoulos A. Bezeriano G. Benedek K. Benedek Google Scholar Nikolaos Tsarouchas S. Kostopoulos A. Bezeriano G. Benedek K. Benedek PubMed Nikolaos Tsarouchas S. Kostopoulos A. Bezeriano G. Benedek K. Benedek Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.