Studying infant cognition by EEG and ERP

Event Abstract Back to Event Automatic Sensory Discrimination Deficits in the Prodrome and First-Episode of Psychosis Kristin S. Cadenhead1*, C. Jahchan1, D. L. Braff1 and G. Light1 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, United States BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with evidence of progressive changes in the early phase of illness. Earlier identification and a better understanding of the mechanism by which psychosis evolves can lead to preventive, more personalized treatment. Deficits in automatic sensory discrimination as indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) are well documented in chronic schizophrenia patients. The majority of previous studies in the early stages of illness, however, failed to detect MMN impairments to either pitch or duration deviants. METHODS 12 individuals at-risk for psychosis (AR), 23 patients with first-episode psychosis (FE), and 40 normal comparison subjects (NC) underwent duration-deviant MMN testing (1000 Hz tones, standards: 50 msec, P=0.90; deviants: 100 msec, P=0.10). RESULTS Group differences were present in the amplitude of the MMN at fronto-central electrodes (Fz p=.008, F3 p=.007, F4 p=.013, Cz p=.012, C3 p=.027, C4 p=.118). The AR group's MMN amplitudes were intermediate between those of the NC group and the FE group, but those differences did not reach statistical significance (effect sizes .21-.35). CONCLUSIONS Robust duration-deviant MMN deficits were observed in first-episode psychosis patients. Individuals at risk for developing schizophrenia had small reductions relative to normal subjects that likely reflect the fact that less than ½ will go on to develop a psychotic illness. MMN may represent an important disease marker that can help to predict who is at greatest risk of psychotic illness. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Symposium 1: MMN as a potential endophenotype in schizophrenia Citation: Cadenhead KS, Jahchan C, Braff DL and Light G (2009). Automatic Sensory Discrimination Deficits in the Prodrome and First-Episode of Psychosis. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.033 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 20 Mar 2009; Published Online: 20 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Kristin S Cadenhead, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States, kcadenhead@ucsd.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light Google Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light Google Scholar Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light PubMed Kristin S Cadenhead C. Jahchan D. L Braff G. Light Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Event-related potential features of suprasegmental speech cues processing in infancy Anett Rago1*, Ferenc Honbolygó1, V. Csépe1, Zs Róna2 and A. Beke2 1 Research Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary 2 Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Hungary During the process of language perception, infants have different tasks to solve. Phoneme perception studies revealed that normalization and categorical perception are essential features of speech comprehension. From behavioral and ERP studies we know that from the beginning of their life, young infants without special training or instruction have access to phonemic representation. Along with these local speech cues however there exist the so called suprasegmental speech cues that may also contribute to the transformation of input to the prelexical intermediate representation. One of these psycho-acoustic features is the word stress. We know from earlier studies that from 5 months of age infants are sensitive to the rhythmic properties of language inputs that are characteristic of their mother language. The stress though is a complex phenomenon. Different languages use different characteristics (pitch, length of syllables) to sign stress. In Hungarian, we use long vowels without stress on them; nevertheless the case is simple in that way that as a rule the stress is always on the first syllable. In this study, our aim was to investigate the difference between processing phonemic and rhythmic speech cues before the first year of life. In addition to this, we inquired into the developmental patterns characteristic of at risk infant groups (preterm infants) because of the need of early detection and correction of potential developmental irregularities. 33 6- and 10-month old, full-term and pre-term infants were participated in the experiment.We used a passive oddball paradigm with a standard Hungarian word ‘banán’ (‘banana’ in English) and two deviants: a voiceless phoneme deviant (‘panán’, which is meaningless in Hungarian), and a stress deviant where the stress was on the second syllable, instead of the first (‘ban:án’). Our results show that at the early ages (6 months of age) there were significant differences between the preterm and full-term infant groups in the two experimental conditions. At six months of age, special response-patterns were revealed in the full-term control group; there were huge responses for the standard and for both of the deviant stimuli. The normal ten months olds' response was quite the opposite. The pre-term responses were always between the two normal control groups'. The additional analyses revealed that for ten months of age even at-risk infants tend to show the normal response patterns but still in a rudimentary form. The response patterns from the different electrodes suggest great brain maturation differences. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Rago A, Honbolygó F, Csépe V, Róna Z and Beke A (2009). Event-related potential features of suprasegmental speech cues processing in infancy. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.139 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Anett Rago, Research Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, rago@cogpsyphy.hu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke Google Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke Google Scholar Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke PubMed Anett Rago Ferenc Honbolygó V. Csépe Zs Róna A. Beke Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event An ERP study about altered visual attentional system in bipolar disorder Toshihiko Maekawa1*, T. Tsunoda1, N. Oribe1, N. Fukushima1, T. Onitsuka1, S. Tobimatsu1 and S. Kanba1 1 Departments of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurophysiology,Kyushu University, Japan BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BP) is one of mental disease which hard to make diagnosis. Cognitive dysfunction of BP may result from abnormal attentional processing in the brain. Attentional processing consists of two stages: One is involuntary attention (automatic) processing and the other is voluntary attention processing. The former is assessed by mismatch negativity (MMN) while the latter is evaluated by P300. These ERP components may be useful to discriminate a patient with BP from healthy person. The aim of this study was to clarify abnormality of visual attention system in BP by measuring P300 and visual MMN (vMMN). METHODS Eleven patients with BP were seated in front of a 20-inch monitor in the dark room comfortably. They were instructed to attend to a story through earphones binaurally and to also pay attention to a visual target which was presented on a monitor. Black-white circular windmill patterns consisting of a standard, a deviant, and a target stimulus whose ratios were 8:1:1 were presented on the monitor randomly. The difference in the three stimuli was the number of vanes. EEG was recorded by 128-ch high dense array equipment throughout the experiment continuously. VMMN was obtained by subtracting ERPs to deviant stimulus from that to standard stimulus. P300 was recorded by the response of target stimulus. RESULTS Data of nine patients with BP were analyzed. There was not statistical difference in behavior performance (accuracy of questionnaire about the context of heard story and accuracy and response time of target detection) between BP and normal control (NC) group. Responses of all of the participants were obtained P300 and vMMN. P300 in BP was delayed than that of NC. Mean amplitude of vMMN in BP was significantly smaller than that of NC, and latency of vMMN of the patients was prolonged from that of NC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there exists abnormal visual attentional processing in BP. P300 and vMMN are more sensitive to detect it than behavior performance index. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Workshop 1: Visual Mismatch Negativity (vMMN) Citation: Maekawa T, Tsunoda T, Oribe N, Fukushima N, Onitsuka T, Tobimatsu S and Kanba S (2009). An ERP study about altered visual attentional system in bipolar disorder. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.030 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 20 Mar 2009; Published Online: 20 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Toshihiko Maekawa, Departments of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurophysiology,Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, hiko.maekawa@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba Google Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba Google Scholar Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba PubMed Toshihiko Maekawa T. Tsunoda N. Oribe N. Fukushima T. Onitsuka S. Tobimatsu S. Kanba Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Object-based effects in visual change detection Dagmar Mueller1*, I Winkler2, 3 and E. Schröger1 1 Institut für Psychologie I, Universität Leipzig , Germany 2 Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary 3 Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Hungary There is an ongoing debate whether or not visual object representations can be formed outside the focus of voluntary attention. Implicit behavioral measures seem to support theories of pre-attentive object formation. However, with these implicit measures the supposedly task-irrelevant elements forming the objects were still usually related to the task-relevant stimuli in some way. We developed a paradigm based on the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) ERP component that allows to test visual grouping when neither the objects nor their constituents are related to the participant’s task. Our stimuli consisted of four pairs of colored discs which were evenly distributed around the fixation point. Pairs were formed by use of the gestalt principle of common region and thus, served as objects. Each display contained 6 blue-colored discs and 2 red-colored discs with the latter ones always presented at neighboring positions. In separate conditions, the two red-colored discs either usually (p=0.9) belonged to the same object (standard: red-in-same-object) or to two different objects (standard: red-in-different-objects). Occasionally (p=0.1), the assignment of the two red-colored discs to objects was exchanged. That is, deviances were exclusively defined on the basis of object-irregularities, since the features and their distribution were identical between standard and deviant displays. Each test-display was shown for 120 ms and was followed by an inter stimulus interval of 300 ms. Participants were instructed to detect slight changes of the continuously presented fixation cross. Thus, the display items included in the object stimuli were fully task irrelevant. We found no differences between the ERPs elicited by the physically identical deviant and standard red-in-different objects displays. However, comparison of the ERPs elicited by deviant and standard red-in-same object displays yielded an occipitally maximal negative deflection peaking in the 200-260 ms latency range, which was identified as vMMN. The elicitation of vMMN shows that visual object formation can precede pre-attentive deviance-detection. Therefore, the results support theories of pre attentive visual object formation. The asymmetry between the change from red in-different objects to red in same object (eliciting vMMN) and the reversed configuration (resulting in no vMMN elicitation) parallels similar MMN findings in the auditory modality: When the deviant was a part of the standard no or only a small MMN was elicited. In our design, red-in-different-objects deviants may be seen as being part of the red-in-same-object standards and thus, elicit no vMMN. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Mueller D, Winkler I and Schröger E (2009). Object-based effects in visual change detection. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.147 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Dagmar Mueller, Institut für Psychologie I, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, dagmar_mueller@uni-leipzig.de Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Dagmar Mueller I Winkler E. Schröger Google Dagmar Mueller I Winkler E. Schröger Google Scholar Dagmar Mueller I Winkler E. Schröger PubMed Dagmar Mueller I Winkler E. Schröger Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Temporal-frontal network underlying pre-attentive change detection: A lagged correlation path model of the event-related optical signal (EROS) Chun Y. Tse1*, E. K. Ng2, T. Rinne3 and T. B. Penney2 1 University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States 2 National University of Singapore, Singapore 3 University of Helsinki, Finland Event-related potential (ERP), magnetic encephalogram (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest that a temporal-frontal network is involved in pre-attentive change detection. The event-related optical signal (EROS) is an excellent tool to study the temporal dynamics of this putative network because it provides measures of neural activity with high temporal (milliseconds) and spatial (millimeters) resolution. In our previous EROS experiments, which used mean amplitude measures of the optical signal across participants, we consistently found a sequence of temporal and frontal cortex activations. However, we could not unequivocally conclude that the activation pattern was a consequence of temporal cortex activity preceding frontal cortex activity in all participants. In the present study, we applied a lagged correlation path model (a type of dynamic structural equation model - SEM) to study the correlation of temporal and frontal activations across time in the EROS data. The data was obtained in a typical MMN paradigm. Standard sounds (75 ms in duration) and infrequent deviant sounds (4% each; 15 ms - large deviant, 25 ms - medium deviant, and 35 ms - small deviant) were presented via headphones while the participants (N = 32) watched a video. Statistical brain maps of EROS results suggested temporal-frontal, frontal-temporal-frontal, and temporal-frontal activation sequences in large, medium, and small deviant conditions, respectively. Further analysis by lagged correlation path modeling revealed that the sequential activation patterns were found reliably across participants. The present results suggest that the activation of the temporal-frontal network is dynamically modulated depending on the magnitude of the sound change. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Tse CY, Ng EK, Rinne T and Penney TB (2009). Temporal-frontal network underlying pre-attentive change detection: A lagged correlation path model of the event-related optical signal (EROS). Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.097 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Chun Y Tse, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, United States, ctse2@uiuc.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney Google Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney Google Scholar Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney PubMed Chun Y Tse E. K Ng T. Rinne T. B Penney Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Mismatch response polarity in infants: Type and magnitude of acoustic change Elena Kushnerenko1* 1 Institute for Research in Child Development, University of East London, United Kingdom Inconsistency in mismatch component polarity in infants has been most consistently related to maturational level, though several other factors, such as magnitude of auditory change (difficulty of the contrast) and methodological issues (high-pass filtering) have also been discussed. The mismatch response (MMR) follows the maturation of obligatory auditory event-related potential (ERP): a broad negativity in preterm and immature newborns turns into a predominantly positive response at the same time as positive ERP components grow during first months of life. The next step in maturation is the development of the N250 during the second half of the first year. Correspondingly, the early negative MMR starts to be observed at the same latency. This early negative discriminative response can be observed even earlier in development in response to a robust spectral change in stimuli, but not to more fine acoustic contrasts (small frequency changes or changes in speech syllables). Some studies employing very large spectral change (white-noise deviants or harmonic tones with 50 % pitch change) reported early negativity even in newborns. In this study, the MMRs were elicited in 20-24 month old infants in four experimental conditions: a) large frequency change - harmonic tones, standard 500 Hz FF, deviant 750 Hz; b) small CV change (deviant /ga/ and standard /ka/) c) large duration change (harmonic tones, standard 200 ms, deviant 100 ms) d) control condition. In the control condition, the 750-Hz ‘deviant’ was presented randomly and equiprobably among two other tones (500 and 625 Hz FF). This was performed in order to compare responses to deviant and to an identical stimulus presented at a comparable presentation rate to avoid adaptation if presented repetitively or orienting if presented against silent background. The results showed that, the ERP to deviant was significantly more negative than that to standard in response to the large frequency change (F(1,11)=15.64; p<.0023), but more positive to syllable (F(1,11)=10.41; p<.0081) and duration changes (F(1,11)=6.47; p<.0273) within the same latency window (200-300 ms from change onset). There were no significant differences between the N250 amplitude of the frequency deviant and of identical tone presented in a control condition. This suggests that while the positive MMR appears to be more general response to auditory violation in infants, the fast early negative one (<250 ms) might be specific to large frequency changes irrespective of whether they violate auditory expectations or not and thus, may not represent an adult-like MMN. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Poster Presentations Citation: Kushnerenko E (2009). Mismatch response polarity in infants: Type and magnitude of acoustic change. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.116 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Mar 2009; Published Online: 26 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Elena Kushnerenko, Institute for Research in Child Development, University of East London, London, United Kingdom, .e.kushnerenko@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Elena Kushnerenko Google Elena Kushnerenko Google Scholar Elena Kushnerenko PubMed Elena Kushnerenko Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Attenuation of the phonological mapping negativity (PMN) by stimulus repetition John Connolly1, 2*, E. Service1, 2, 3, C. Lefebvre2, D. Habib4 and P. Jolicoeur2 1 McMaster University, Canada 2 Université de Montréal, Canada 3 University of Helsinki, Finland 4 Queen’s University, Canada The PMN component is a relative increase in an event-related negative deflection 250 to 350 ms after stimulus onset. It is thought to reflect mapping of acoustic speech signals onto phonological representations. It is small, sometimes undetectable, when the beginnings of auditory words match strong phonological expectations. It is large when strong expectations of the first phoneme of a word are not met. The PMN differs from the MMN response in that it is not limited to oddball paradigms. It differs from the semantic N400 in that it can be elicited in conditions with no semantic task or meaningful stimulus material. It is, however, likely that the auditory N400 incorporates ongoing phonological analysis of words based on the same processes as the PMN. We investigated in two experiments whether the PMN, like the N400, is sensitive to repetition. We predicted that repeated presentation of the same phonological stimulus would result in an attenuation of the PMN even when the stimuli violated task-dependent expectations. For this purpose, we studied a task previously found to elicit a large PMN. Participants were asked to strip an auditory stimulus word of its first consonant (e.g., “/sti:p/ without /s/”) and press a button to indicate whether the pseudoword they heard matched the correct response (/ti:p/). In this task, a strong PMN is typically elicited to all target pseudowords that begin with a different phoneme (e.g. /mi:p/) from the correct response whereas the correct response elicits a minimal PMN. We presented three kinds of targets with equal probability: correct answers, incorrect answers and repeated incorrect answers. The repeated incorrect answers were always the same pseudoword. In Experiment 1, conducted in English, the incorrect answer /kel/ was repeated 120 times. Compared to the correct answer, there was a significant PMN for both incorrect and repeated incorrect targets. However, the magnitude of the PMN was smaller for the repeated incorrect targets (always /kel/). In Experiment 2, conducted in French, the repeated incorrect answer was varied between participants to control for possible effects of the acoustic idiosyncrasies of the target words. The results from Experiment 1 were replicated. In both experiments, the repeated incorrect answer also gave rise to a large posterior positivity, peaking after 600 ms from stimulus onset, possibly reflecting recognition memory for the repeated stimulus. We conclude that the PMN reflects a process that is modified by both task-related expectations and incidental phonological learning during task performance. Conference: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications, Budapest, Hungary, 4 Apr - 7 Apr, 2009. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Symposium 5: Language and language deficits Citation: Connolly J, Service E, Lefebvre C, Habib D and Jolicoeur P (2009). Attenuation of the phonological mapping negativity (PMN) by stimulus repetition. Conference Abstract: MMN 09 Fifth Conference on Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and its Clinical and Scientific Applications. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.09.2009.05.084 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Mar 2009; Published Online: 25 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: John Connolly, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, jconnol@mcmaster.ca Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur Google John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur Google Scholar John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur PubMed John Connolly E. Service C. Lefebvre D. Habib P. Jolicoeur Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Event Abstract Back to Event Title: Persistent order-driven biases in auditory relevance-filtering processes - a mismatch negativity (MMN) study. Karlye Damaso1*, Daniel Mullens1, Lisa Whitson1, Alexander Provost1*, Andrew Heathcote1*, Istvan Winkler2* and Juanita Todd1* 1 University of Newcastle, Australia 2 University of Szeged, Hungary Background Mismatch negativity (MMN) occurs when sounds violate a standard regularity in a sequence. The system supporting MMN specifies properties of future stimulation to follow the last encountered sound – perceptual inferences based on transition statistics. MMN size is proportional to confidence in this inference. Our research suggests that confidence estimates do not always reflect transition statistics as commonly assumed. An order-driven bias distorts how volatility in a pattern over time impacts MMN size. Here we tested a theory about the mechanisms driving the bias - that a silent gap between sequences is needed to reset it. Method Sequences comprised 2 tones alternating roles as standard (p=.875) and deviant (p=.125). Sequences contained 1920 tones (50% of each) and differed in role alternation rate (volatility). In slow sequences roles were stable (changing every 460 tones = 2.4 min), in fast sequences, volatile (changing every 180 tones = 0.8 min). Sequences occurred in 4 configurations: slow?gap?fast, slow?fast, fast?gap?slow, fast?slow. The order of sequence speed (slow?fast, fast?slow), and condition (gap first, no gap first) was counterbalanced across participants. Results Consistent with prior studies if there was a gap between sequences, volatility affected MMN size for the first deviant only. MMN to the first deviant was larger in slow than fast sequences (p<.05) consistent with theory. MMN to the second deviant (formerly first standard) was not modulated by volatility. When the gap was removed the above pattern was only present if the slow sequence came first. If the fast sequence was first, the low confidence that lead to small MMN for the first deviant persisted preventing the expected increment in MMN during stable sequences. Discussion The data are our 5th replication of the bias and offer insight into the driving mechanisms. Importantly, the bias is not overwritten by subsequent evidence unless a gap interrupts the stream of sound. Keywords: Perception, Bias, MMN, mismatch negativity, Order-driven bias Conference: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 27 Jul - 31 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Sensation and Perception Citation: Damaso K, Mullens D, Whitson L, Provost A, Heathcote A, Winkler I and Todd J (2015). Title: Persistent order-driven biases in auditory relevance-filtering processes - a mismatch negativity (MMN) study.. Conference Abstract: XII International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON-XII). doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.217.00135 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 19 Feb 2015; Published Online: 24 Apr 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Karlye Damaso, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, karlye.damaso@uon.edu.au Mr. Alexander Provost, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, alexander.provost@newcastle.edu.au Prof. Andrew Heathcote, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, andrew.heathcote@newcastle.edu.au Prof. Istvan Winkler, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, winkler.istvan@ttk.mta.hu Dr. Juanita Todd, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, juanita.todd@newcastle.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd Google Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd Google Scholar Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd PubMed Karlye Damaso Daniel Mullens Lisa Whitson Alexander Provost Andrew Heathcote Istvan Winkler Juanita Todd Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Endangered Scholars Worldwide Ebby Abramson The information in this quarterly print report is current as of April 10, 2017. The situation of scholars and students around the world changes on a daily basis. For the most up-to-date information and ways in which you can be involved in calling for the freedom of endangered scholars and students, please visit www.endangeredscholarsworldwide.net or follow us at www.facebook.com/endangeredscholars. In these pages we simply introduce new cases that have come to our attention in the past three months and provide basic information about continuing cases—a description of charges and potential or actual reported sentences. If you are aware of a scholar or student whose case you believe we should investigate, please contact us at esw@newschool.edu. Endangered Scholars Worldwide Urges Hungary to Rethink Closure of Central European University On Monday, April 10, 2017, Hungary's president signed a law that could lead to the closure of Central European University (CEU). The Hungarian Parliament voted in favor of the bill submitted to Parliament on March 28, 2017, by Zoltán Balog, Minister of Human Resources. The bill claimed "irregularities" were found in the operation of foreign-based universities. While no universities are specifically named, it has been widely noted that the legislation seems to target CEU. A total of 123 MPs voted for the bill, widely referred to as Lex CEU, and 38 opposition MPs voted against it. Starting January 1, 2018, CEU will no longer be permitted to enroll new students in any programs unless an agreement is reached by September 2017 between the United States government, the State [End Page v] of New York, and the Hungarian government. In addition, the legislation will force CEU to open a campus in New York State (where it is also accredited) and change its name. It would also eliminate a waiver that allows academic staff from non-EU nations to work at the university without a work permit. Endangered Scholars Worldwide strongly deplores and condemns the legislation as part of a power play by Prime Minister Viktor Orban against liberal values. The new law is a flagrant and unjust violation of the freedom, autonomy, security, and safety of a prominent European university and its more than 2200 faculty members, students, and academic staff. We urge all European governments, international organizations, university presidents, the US Department of State, academic and professional associations, student groups and individuals devoted to the promotion and defense of human rights to speak up and defend academic freedom and autonomy, and strongly protest and condemn this injudicious law, to call for immediate withdrawal of the law that directly and deliberately threatens the existence of an accomplished and internationally acclaimed university in the country. We urge the officials of the Hungarian government to respect, guarantee, and implement the provisions and principles of autonomy of higher education as specified in international conventions and treaties to which Hungary has long been a signatory. Please send appeals to: Prime Minister Viktor Orbán 1357 Budapest, Pf. 6. Hungary E-mail: miniszterelnok@me.gov.hu Zoltán Kovács International Spokesperson Tel: +36 1 896 1905 Fax: +36 1 795 0410 Email: intcomm@mk.gov.hu CC: István Mikola Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Bem rakpart 47 1027 Budapest Hungary Phone: +36 1 458 1000 Fax: +36 1 212 5918 [End Page vi] Rex W. Tillerson United States Secretary of State Office of Foreign Missions U.S. Department of State 2201 C Street NW Washington, DC 20520 USA Email: OFMInfo@state.gov Nikki Haley U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations U.S. Permanent Mission to the United Nations 799 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017 USA Kishore Singh United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Email: sreducation@ohchr.org David Kaye United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 917 9006 Email: freedex@ohchr.org Federica Mogherini High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy European Commission Rue de la Loi...

Event Abstract Back to Event The distraction paradigm: Equating difficulty is difficult. Karlye Damaso1*, Alexander L. Provost1, Pat Michie1, Scott Brown1, Ulrich Schall1 and Juanita Todd1 1 University of Newcastle, Australia The distraction paradigm (Schröger, 1996, 1997) provides an empirical test of how the elicitation of mismatch negativity (MMN) impacts upon the attentional resources available to perform a behavioural task. In these paradigms a task-irrelevant sound sequence that contains MMN eliciting characteristics is superimposed on a behavioural task that occupies the focus of attention. The subsequent impact MMN has on attentional resources results in robust behavioural effects – increased reaction times and error rates. These behavioural effects can be muted by increasing task difficulty. That is, under increased task difficulty, increases in RT and error rates that typically follow MMN do not occur (Berti et al., 2004; Berti & Schröger, 2003). Broader cognitive literature suggests that the level of difficulty experienced in a given task can differ within and between individuals (Lavie, 2005). These differences can impact on task performance at an individual and group level (Lavie, 2005), introducing noise and clouding effects. To address this, tasks can be designed with inbuilt algorithms that equate difficulty within and between participants. To date, distraction paradigm research has not utilised difficulty-calibrated tasks. We aimed to create a distraction paradigm task with an inbuilt calibration feature that would equate task difficulty within and between participants. We used a novel auditory-visual distraction paradigm task with the task irrelevant sound sequence consisting of a duration deviant MMN sequence, and a visual inspection time behavioural task. Visual inspection time duration was varied within and between participants so that task difficulty would be calibrated at ~85% accuracy. Despite the elicitation of a distinct MMN, no behavioural effects were observed – increases in RT and error rates that typically follow MMN did not occur. We discuss reasons why our attempt to create a task with an inbuilt calibration feature may have been unsuccessful in this variation of an auditory-visual distraction paradigm task. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge Mr. Gavin Cooper for his assistance in task design and programming. Keywords: mismatch negativity (MMN), distraction paradigm, distraction, Attention, task difficulty Conference: ASP2015 - 25th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Psychophysiology, Sydney, Australia, 2 Dec - 4 Dec, 2015. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Psychophysiology Citation: Damaso K, Provost AL, Michie P, Brown S, Schall U and Todd J (2015). The distraction paradigm: Equating difficulty is difficult.. Conference Abstract: ASP2015 - 25th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Psychophysiology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2015.219.00014 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Oct 2015; Published Online: 30 Nov 2015. * Correspondence: Ms. Karlye Damaso, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, Karlye.Damaso@uon.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd Google Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd Google Scholar Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd PubMed Karlye Damaso Alexander L Provost Pat Michie Scott Brown Ulrich Schall Juanita Todd Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

This chapter investigates the ways in which the post-2010 Fidesz government under Viktor Orbán used antisemitic tropes to configure George Soros—once hailed as a champion of market reform, freedom, and democracy—as an ontological threat to the Hungarian nation that should therefore be expunged from the country, together with “his networks,” including the Open Society Institute and Central European University. To show the government’s communication strategy in action, we combined an analysis of antisemitic discourse on the far right with a media content analysis of Sorosozás in government-backed online news portals from 2015 to 2020. We show that, from 2010, Orbán and his media allies discursively interpellated specific individuals and states as “financiers” and “global powers” as cogs in a global “Soros network.” In doing so, they drew upon well-established fifth-column narratives originally constructed and refined by ideologists from the Kádár era who employed a latent antisemitic code in their writing. At one time vehemently rejecting such discourse, Orbán and his government allies have become its chief articulators with devastating effects for one of his targets—the Central European University in Budapest.

Multiple pathways to developmental continuity in infant cognition.

Unprecedented 4D spatiotemporal infant regional cerebral blood flow framework and region-specific physiology–function coupling across infancy were elucidated, highlighting strong physiology–function coupling specifically at the default-mode network to meet extraneuronal metabolic demand for network emergence.

One prominent cognitive developmental theory proposed that concepts of objects as coherent, enduring, and stable are constructed as infants gain experience interacting with objects and observing the consequences of object-oriented actions. An alternative account of object knowledge in infancy is based on the assumption that infants possess innate core knowledge of objects with which they reason about observed events. Here, a perceptual account of development of object concepts is proposed. On the perceptual account, young infants’ perception of object unity and that of object persistence, two foundations of mature object concepts, are susceptible to perceptual constraints such that young infants require a combination of cues to perceive unity or persistence across occlusion. Young infants thus perceive object persistence only under limited conditions, and over the early months, perception of persistence becomes more robust. In the chapter, the authors argue that these perceptual developments within the first six postnatal months likely underpin the later development of cognitive principles, including object concepts, and present substantial empirical support for the perceptual account.

PurposeWhile prenatal exposure to nicotine has been found to be linked to a constellation of negative cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children and adults, it is unclear whether there are...