On Testing Embedded Software

Software testing provides a means to reduce errors, cut maintenance and overall software costs. Numerous software development and testing methodologies, tools, and techniques have emerged over the last few decades promising to enhance software quality. While it can be argued that there has been some improvement it is apparent that many of the techniques and tools are isolated to a specific lifecycle phase or functional area. This paper presents a set of best practice models and techniques integrated in optimized and quantitatively managed software testing process (OptimalSQM), expanding testing throughout the SDLC. Further, we explained how can Quantitative Defect Management Model be enhanced to be practically useful for determining which activities need to be addressed to improve the degree of early and cost-effective software fault detection with assured confidence is proposed. To enable software designers to achieve a higher quality for their design, a better insight into quality predictions for their design choices, test plans improvement using Simulated Defect Removal Cost Savings model is offered in this paper.

The paper presents a software development and testing methodology, which was used for the new version of the subscriber digital concentrator ACK-2000. This concentrator was developed for the Russian telecommunication network. During the development process special attention was paid to precise software specification, professional implementation, and testing/redesign, in order to reach the given criterion of 0.1% of unsuccessful calls. The tests, which were conducted, include functional tests and real-time load tests, with the real exchange and the call generator connected to the subscriber lines. The results of these tests and software reliability analysis are reported.

This study presents MARTO (Modular Adaptive Real-Time Orchestrator), a cybersecurity framework designed to merge multi-source IDS log fusion with entropy-based adaptive scoring for anomaly detection. The framework incorporates protocol-aware entropy enhancement together with software testing methodologies such as trace simulation and toggleable logic for embedded validation. The Adaptive Threat Entropy Component (ATEC) strengthens flow scoring by incorporating session duration and protocol volatility. Experimental evaluations demonstrate MARTO’s capability to detect anomalous flows with improved transparency and reproducibility, addressing limitations observed in existing IDS frameworks.

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a paradigm shift in the way we interact with technology and the world around us. As the number of IoT devices continues to proliferate across various domains, ranging from smart homes to industrial settings, the vulnerabilities associated with this interconnected ecosystem become increasingly pronounced. This research aims to dissect the multifaceted challenges that arise in securing the vast network of interconnected devices, recognizing that the traditional approaches to cybersecurity may not suffice in this evolving environment. The objectives of the study are to comprehensively analyze these constraints, ranging from insecure IoT device configurations to potential data breaches and privacy concerns. The method adapted for this study is the V Model is a software development and testing methodology that emphasizes a structured approach to the development process. When applied to Cybersecurity and the Internet of Things (IoT) the V Model can be effectively utilized to address the unique complexities associated with securing interconnected devices. The adoption of a “security-by-design” philosophy emerges as a crucial aspect of mitigating IoT-related risks. Incorporating security measures from the inception of device development helps establish a robust foundation. The research anticipates contributing valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on cybersecurity, offering actionable recommendations for stakeholders navigating the intricate landscape of IoT security.

This paper describes the design and development of the file configuration and ground sampling distance graphical user interface application for an unmanned aerial vehicle system. It begins with describing the undergraduate capstone project at University of Wisconsin-Stout and its industry project sponsor, Sentera Inc., a company developing sensors, software, and unmanned aerial vehicle systems primarily for agricultural applications. It then presents the needs, design and development, and the implementation of the software application. Agile testing methodology was utilized to improve the functionality of the application. This paper summarizes a capstone project experience with industry sponsor including system design concepts, development of software application, testing methodology, and other technical aspects of the system design leading to a successful undergraduate capstone project.

In this chapter we deal with testing of business processes implemented using computer systems. We have discussed challenges associated with business process testing, identified aspects of business processes that need to be tested and capabilities that the testing tool(s) or environment should have in order to perform such testing. The chapter also discusses a commonly used software testing methodology in light business process testing for provisioning of structured mechanism for business process testing. One of the aspects of managing complex and dynamic business processes is making sure that the process delivers what is required of it at all times. Dynamics of the business may require frequent changes in the business process and whenever such changes takes place there is a need to test the process thoroughly to ascertain that the process is still working according to the requirements laid down for it. This becomes even more important if the business process is implemented using computer systems since over a period of time the computer software becomes more prone to error as it is updated frequently to accommodate the business changes hence the requirement for testing complex business processes.

Background Ecosyndemic research focuses on the role of environmental contextual factors in syndemics. However, there is no consensus on the difference between syndemics and ecosyndemics, as the physical environment is often also included in syndemic studies. This review aims to describe the definitions used, environmental aspects included, and methods employed in ecosyndemic and syndemic studies with an environmental contextual focus. Methods We conducted a literature search across five databases. We screened articles in two phases: software-assisted screening and manual full-text screening. To distinguish common elements, ecosyndemic and syndemics definitions were coded. Information regarding methods, factors related to the physical environment, and study results were extracted from the empirical articles. Results A total of 169 publications were included, 16 used an ecosyndemic definition, 137 a syndemic one, and 16 a global syndemic definition. Most articles were nonempirical (n=112). Two types of ecosyndemic conceptualizations were distinguished: the extension conceptualization (n=10), which emphasizes the role of the physical environmental context in combination with other contextual factors, and the trigger conceptualization (n=6), which focuses on how environmental factors can trigger a syndemic. The built environment was studied most frequently (n=48), the food environment the least (n=18). Conclusion The ecosyndemic framework highlights the role of the physical and social environment in worsened population-level health outcomes, which could inform health policies. Ecosyndemic research should focus on a multidisciplinary understanding of it through knowledge triangulation derived from different scientific disciplines to ensure that all aspects of ecosyndemics—clustering, interaction, and social and environmental contextual drivers—are included.

Laboratory testing of presurgical patients has been shown to be excessive, thereby increasing costs, reducing resources for other health care uses, and increasing risks to both patients and physicians. As one step toward reducing the number of unnecessary preoperative tests ordered, we used an automated method to aid preoperative assessment of 239 patients in Chicago and in Winnipeg. The "HealthQuiz," a small hand-held device containing a computer chip and video screen, uses a decision tree to ask a minimum of 60 health-related questions (the patient's response to certain questions determines the number of questions presented). The device then generates a summary printout of patient answers, the health areas needing further attention, and the laboratory tests most likely to uncover clinically important abnormalities in that patient. HealthQuiz responses are intended to aid the physician and not to replace the personal interview. As an aid, the automated interview highlights possible problem areas for in-depth pursuit by the physician. The need for nonselective batteries of tests is eliminated because recommendations for tests are based on specific elements of a patient's history. To be effective, responses to the HealthQuiz should be the same as responses to similar questions asked by a physician. We tested that premise in this study. Patient's answers to the HealthQuiz were compared with their responses to a randomly selected set of the same questions in a personal interview. Ninety-seven percent of the response pairs were identical, and most of the 3% that differed involved changes from "not sure" replies to the HealthQuiz. Laboratory tests suggested by responses to the two methods of questioning did not differ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

본 연구의 목적은 일터의 물리적 환경이 저소득 근로자의 건강관련 삶의 질과 수면시간에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 스트레스가 이를 매개하는 과정을 검증하는데 있다. 연구를 위해 일터의 물리적 환경조사가 실시된 국민건강영양조사 4기(2007-2009) 자료를 활용하였다. 최종 연구대상은 균등화 중위소득 2/3 이하 저소득 가구의 근로자 531명이다. 분석방법은 구조방정식을 활용한 경로분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일터의 물리적 환경에 대한 만족도가 낮을수록 저소득 근로자의 건강관련 삶의 질도 낮고 수면시간도 적었다. 둘째, 일터의 유해 작업환경이 저소득 근로자의 건강관련 삶의 질에 이르는 경로에서 스트레스의 매개효과가 있었다. 즉 일터의 유해 작업환경 요인이 높다고 인식할수록 스트레스가 높고, 건강관련 삶의 질이 낮았다. 저소득 근로자가 근무하는 일터의 물리적 환경과 유해 작업환경 요인은 근무지를 벗어난 일상의 건강과 삶의 질에도 영향을 줄 수 있으므로 보다 적극적인 개선방안과 지원정책들이 마련될 필요가 있다.This study aims to investigate the effect of physical environment in the workplace on the health-related Quality of Life and sleeping hours of workers in low-income household, and examined the process of stress mediation effect. The data was used from the 4th Korean Community Health Survey (2007-2009) including physical environment factors. Total 531 workers were selected under 2/3 of medium household income level were selected to analyse a path analysis using the structural equation model. The findings were followed : First, the lower satisfaction of physical environment in the workplace was related the lower health-related Quality of Life and the less sleeping hours. Next, there was mediation effect on the process from the environmental hazard factors in the workplace to the health-related Quality of Life in the low-wage workers. Therefore, the higher the perceived hazard factors of the workplace increased the perception of stress in workers and lowered the health-related Quality of Life. There is a need for policies and practices to improve the poor physical environment in workplace and strategies to cope with the workers’ stress especially for workers of low-income household given that the impact of physical work environment and hazard factors can continue to the workers’daily life and health related quality of life.

AI technology brought into the field of healthcare is a matter of significant importance as it has contributed to a qualitative improvement of patient care, diagnostics as well as treatment planning. The integrity of the AI-driven healthcare applications including the accuracy, reliability, and safety aspects is what the whole game is about. Even a small matter of software bugs can have severe consequences such as a wrong diagnosis being made, the discharging of patients with the wrong medicines, or a data breach. The most common traditional testing techniques, such as manual testing and rule-based automation, are quite often unsatisfactory as they lack the proper adaptability level that is necessary to cope with the ever-increasing complexity of the newest AI-based healthcare applications. The deployment of AI in software testing has turned out to be an effective method to solve these challenges of ensuring the machine learning algorithm has proper test coverage, defect detection automation, and finally, the healthcare software systems more robust. Automated functional testing, performance testing, security testing, and usability testing are the AI-powered testing methodologies that are the gateway to the development of reliable software. Problematic topics are emphasized in this research such as AI-powered software testing methodologies and their impact on healthcare applications, and the challenges addressing widespread adoption. Forward-thinking is also addressed surrounding the creation of explainable AI (XAI) in testing, continuous integration with DevOps, and AI-powered real-time validation frameworks to ensure the reliability and security of AI-driven healthcare systems.

In this paper, we propose a technique for choosing between a manual, automated and semi- automated approaches to software testing. The great desire of each person to achieve maximum comfort in each of the spheres of life has also affected the international web. The user, wanting to always stay online, uses the phone as a communicator. This led to the emergence of mobile Internet. When staying away from home or during travel and business trips, you can connect using a tablet or mobile phone instead of a laptop. The efficiency and functionality of “mini” computers would not be brought to such a high level without specialized applications. Properly chosen testing methodology improves the quality of mobile applications.

BackgroundIn the past decade, various reviews described the relationship between the physical environment and different physical activity (PA) domains. Yet, the majority of the current review evidence relies on North American/Australian studies, while only a small proportion of findings refer to European studies. Given some clear environmental differences across continents, this raises questions about the applicability of those results in European settings. This systematic review aimed at summarizing Europe-specific evidence on the relationship between the physical environment and different PA domains in adults.MethodsSeventy eligible papers were identified through systematic searches across six electronic databases. Included papers were observational studies assessing the relationship between several aspects of the physical environment and PA in European adults (18-65y). Summary scores were calculated to express the strength of the relationship between each environmental factor and different PA domains.ResultsConvincing evidence on positive relationships with several PA domains was found for following environmental factors: walkability, access to shops/services/work and the composite factor environmental quality. Convincing evidence considering urbanization degree showed contradictory results, dependent on the observed PA domain. Transportation PA was more frequently related to the physical environment than recreational PA. Possible evidence for a positive relationship with transportation PA emerged for walking/cycling facilities, while a negative relationship was found for hilliness. Some environmental factors, such as access to recreational facilities, aesthetics, traffic- and crime-related safety were unrelated to different PA domains in Europe.ConclusionsGenerally, findings from this review of European studies are in accordance with results from North American/Australian reviews and may contribute to a generalization of the relationship between the physical environment and PA. Nevertheless, the lack of associations found regarding access to recreational facilities, aesthetics and different forms of safety are likely to be Europe-specific findings and need to be considered when appropriate interventions are developed. More research assessing domain-specific relationships with several understudied environmental attributes (e.g., residential density) is needed.

Software testing, although once considered a liability has evolved into a necessity over the years and now it has become the most important part of the software engineering process. However, the problem with Software Testing is the amount and the magnitude of the tasks which starts with the execution of simple test cases, gradually increasing in number and complexity eventually reaching incomprehensible proportion. The dynamism in software testing compounds the problem further. It could be changing requirements, different testing methodologies or variations in approaches. This makes it necessary to derive some metrics to evaluate the constraints on what should be tested and to what extent and which test cases should be prioritized over others to maximize the coverage with least efforts. The aim of this paper is to come up with something simpler, logical, quantitative, and convincing in results.

Today, the most vital step is software testing, especially in product quality. Agile software development is exceedingly difficult and has contentious issues in literature and business. Since most Agile techniques place more emphasis on development than software testing activities, different people have varying opinions about how software testing fits into these methodologies. Agile places a high emphasis on frequent deliveries and tight client connections. However, software testing is complex because agile does not incorporate many destructive testing techniques typically required for a product of higher-quality. The study reveals industry-wide Agile testing procedures and the main problems that arise when Agile development is used. Additionally covered are the differences between manual and automated testing, best automation practices, and ways to lead different testing teams in an agile testing environment. This study covers every facet of the Agile software testing process. Agile development has shown that testing is not a distinct stage but rather a crucial component of software development along with the coding. The agile team employs an overall strategy to produce software products of the highest quality. As part of an agile team, testers collect customer samples of the desired behaviour and collaborate with the developer's team to help the coders translate these examples into executable specifications. Coding and testing are done iteratively and incrementally, developing every item until it is valuable enough to release in production. It addresses several testing modalities. The classification provided by its quadrants aids teams in determining and organizing the necessary tests. To increase quality assurance, this article will examine various and improved Agile Testing Processes and methodologies. Additionally, the topic of Agile development's software testing method is covered. Agile development processes can be improved and more advantageous by incorporating testing procedures.

To examine associations between environmental and lifestyle factors and overweight or obesity. A cross-sectional survey and an environmental scan of recreational facilities. Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. Healthy sedentary workers and homemakers aged 18 to 59 years (n = 1803) living in areas within the top and bottom quintiles of social disadvantage. Four lifestyle factors, one social environmental factor, and five physical environment factors (three objectively measured). After adjustment for demographic factors and other variables in the model, overweight was associated with living on a highway (odds ratio [OR], 4.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-11.09) or streets with no sidewalks or sidewalks on one side only (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.78) and perceiving no paths within walking distance (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.86). Poor access to four or more recreational facilities (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.11-2.55) and sidewalks (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, .98-2.68) and perceiving no shop within walking distance (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.01-3.36) were associated with obesity. Conversely, access to a motor vehicle all the time was negatively associated with obesity (OR, .56; 95% CI, .32-.99). Watching 3 or more hours of television daily (ORs, 1.92 and 1.85, respectively) and rating oneself as less active than others (ORs, 1.66 and 4.05, respectively) were associated with both overweight and obesity. After adjustment for individual demographic factors and all other variables in the model, socioeconomic status of area of residence and leisure-time physical activity were not associated with overweight or obesity. Factors that influence overweight and obesity appear to differ, but aspects of the physical environment may be important. Objectively measured neighborhood environment factors warrant further investigation.