PHPMyWMS: an open-source-based SVG-oriented framework for extended Web map services

• A data service system for the selected SMAP data and its derivative data products over CONUS is developed. • All map and geoprocessing services are implemented via the OGC standard interface. • The data service system is interoperable with web and desktop clients. • Monitoring and analyzing U.S. cropland soil moisture conditions are significantly simplified. Soil moisture is an essential parameter to understand crop conditions throughout the growing season. Collecting soil moisture data by field observation is labor-intensive, especially when attempting to obtain Conterminous United States (CONUS) geographic coverage. In addition, using soil moisture for assessing current and future crop conditions is best realized by combining soil moisture estimates with concurrent observations of crop conditions. However, until recently, this capability has not been available to the public. In this paper, we present an interoperable data service application system, the Crop Condition and Soil Moisture Analytics (Crop-CASMA) system, that facilitates the retrieval, analysis, visualization, and sharing of soil moisture data for the CONUS. This system delivers a variety of satellite remote sensing based data products that are derived from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Level-4 data and SMAP Thermal Hydraulic disaggregation of Soil Moisture (THySM) data, as well as vegetation index data derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. To make services interoperable and reusable, all data products are disseminated via Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Service (WMS) and Web Coverage Service (WCS) interface standards. Additionally, a suite of geoprocessing operations, such as geospatial statistics, time-series profile generation, PDF map production, and image composition, has been implemented in the OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) interface standard. The implementation shows the proposed web service system can significantly simplify the mapping and quantitative analysis of soil moisture and crop condition over U.S. cropland. In addition, it is interoperable with GIS software and has been successfully integrated with web-based applications.

Take open source GeoWebCache tile map service middleware as an example, through analysis of its basic principle and system architecture, this paper give three optimization strategies which are tile spatial index, extension mechanism and the deployment strategy. Finally, we make a performance comparison between GeoWebCache and traditional OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium, OGC) standard WMS(Web Map Service). Our experimental results show that the average response time of GeoWebCache reduced by 36% than sending WMS request to WMS server directly. The study shows that GeoWebCache middleware has important application value both in improving traditional WebGIS performance and in upgrading existing legacy systems.

Knowledge sharing and semantic interoperability is a significant research theme in Geographical Information Science (GIScience) because many researchers believe that semantic heterogeneity has been identified as the main obstacle for GIScience development. Interoperability issues can exist at three levels: syntactic, structural (also called systemic) and semantic. The former two, however, can be achieved by implementing international or domain standards proposed by several organizations, for example, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee for Geographic information/Geomatics (ISO/TC 211). In this paper, we are concentrating on semantic interoperability, which is the sort of topic that halt conversations and cause people's eyes to glaze over, from two aspects: data/information/knowledge and operation/processing. We presented a service-centered architecture for semantic interoperability of geospatial data and processes. OGC standards like Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS) have been employed as normative interfaces for analyzing requests, division requests and delivering small requests. Ontology has been introduced to describe distributed resource including various data and geo-processing operations. The role of interoperability, especially from semantic perspective, has been distinguished at the first section in this paper. As a fundamental principal, the following section introduces semantic web, web service and other related works at this orientation. We present our service-based architecture in detail and its simple application at part three. Conclusion and further orientations have been illustrated at last section.

Some years ago we used to talk about a very far future, a dream in where people can access to services and information into small devices; in which we can accesses to information, make calls, watch videos and surf maps. That far future is not so far, actually the advance of technology involves a more powerful hardware which is day to day is becoming into small devices with big resources [14]. The upcoming development of electronic allows that these devices could be integrated into smart networks [8]; these networks are called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN; [13]). WSN do not need physical connections, they use communication systems such as ZigBEE, WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM [7]. Each individual device called moth have autonomous characteristics of communications, storage of data, automatic organization and recovery of the network communication among others that allow the network performs an autonomous work, with the possibility of Internet connection. These characteristic let emerge the so called Internet of Things (IoT), phrase that was coined in the early 1990's, where everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data [1]. Since these days, technology has an exponential advance and now it is possible to find devices that permit earth observations in real time [11,15,4]. All this collected information use cloud and no-cloud storage [3]. These systems allow to store big amounts of data [6], that is collected from devices integrated in the concept of IoT [5] (especially incomes from smartphones, GPS's devices and various earth observation sensors). The analysis of this big data (some of them spatial information) will be helpful in treatment and finding related solutions in specific areas such as public administration, environment, urban services, etc. [12]. Also, the data that at the beginning was depicted like sparse information, it begins to converge into a shape. This shape can be seen like maps that could be paper maps or digital ones- The representation of the information into maps is linked to a wide range of disciplines and the concept is not new but the enhancement that it has reached until now is incredible, especially the digital information given in Internet which could be accessed by electronic devices (smart phones, tablets and computers). E-government services would improve efficiency and consequently citizen's satisfaction due to the implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI, [9]). In order to good development of SDI, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OCG) has an important role. OGC is an international industry consortium of companies, government agencies and universities participating in a consensus process to develop publicly available interface standards [10]. One of the most popular OGC standards is the Web Map Service (WMS) that allows to show spatial information, considered fundamental for the development of many of the services in the way that a citizen can access to e-government services (e.g., cadastre, [2]) and e-democracy. In this talk, the objective is to introduce some concepts considered essential in the development of the modern society and smart cities. Concepts such as IoT, big data and mapping not only allow the collection or merely visualization of information; these promote the enhancement of access to e-services, also they could be used to face challenges that a good administration of the limited resources implies.

Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) have been widely accepted to exchange geospatial data among organizations. Today SDIs main focus lies on the provision of geospatial data in the form of distributed spatial web services, the retrieval through catalogues, and visualization in the form of Web Map Services (WMS). The hypothesis presented in this paper takes SDI's one step further by providing a method to process geodata in an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) compliant way into information. Two case studies present the potential of standardized geoprocessing services. In addition, this paper addresses the problem of service chaining by providing a system architecture to implement complex geoprocessing models and workflows based on web services using Web Service Orchestration (WSO). The proposed methods utilize spatial standards provided by OGC, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ‘mainstream IT’ standards provided by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) to establish a generic web service architecture for providing common geoprocessing capabilities (e.g. spatial algorithms, map algebra, etc.) for usage in SDIs.

Chapter 13 - Geographical Information and Map Services

Recent advances in open geospatial web service, such as Web Map Service as well as corresponding web ready data processing service, have led to the generation of large amounts of OGC enabled links on Internet. How to find the correct spatial aware web service in a heterogeneous distributed environment with some special criteria, such as coincidence of type, version, time, space and scale has become a "bottleneck" of geospatial web-based applications. In order to improve the accessing precision of OGC Web Map Service (WMS) on WWW, a new methodology for retrieving WMS based on extended search engine and service capability match is put forward in this paper. Major components include the WMS search engine, WMS ontology generator, WMS catalogue service and multi protocol WMS client. Here we proposed the architecture and interaction between these components before focusing on the service capability match and design of the WMS ontology. The process of WMS link detection, capability matching, ontology modeling, and automatic registry are reported in this paper. Then the precision and response time of WMS retrieval is evaluated, results show that the mean execution time during per effective hit of proposed method is 0.44 times than that of traditional method, moreover, the precision is about 10 times than that of traditional method. WMS ontology record could be generated by ontology reasoning, registered and served by CSW.

BackgroundThe rates of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s, making them a major public health concern. In 2003, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in England, and around one third of those cases were diagnosed in London.ResultsUsing GeoReveal v1.1 for Windows, we produced Web-based interactive choropleth maps of diagnoses of STDs by Primary Care Trust (PCT) in London for the years from 1997 to 2003 . These maps are in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format and require a freely available Adobe SVG browser plug-in to be displayed. They are based on data obtained from the House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 15 October 2004. They show steadily rising rates of STDs in London over the covered seven-year period. Also, one can clearly see on the maps that PCTs located in central London had the highest numbers of STD diagnoses throughout the mapped seven years. A companion bar chart allows users to instantly compare the STD figure of a given PCT for a given year against the average figure for all 25 mapped PCTs for the same year, and also compare those figures across all seven years. The maps offer users a rich set of useful features and functions, including the ability to change the classification method in use, the number of ranges in the map, and the colour theme, among others.ConclusionsWizard-driven tools like GeoReveal have made it very easy to transform complex raw data into valuable decision support information products (interactive Web maps) in very little time and without requiring much expertise. The resultant interactive maps have the potential of further supporting health planners and decision makers in their planning and management tasks by allowing them to graphically interrogate data, instantly spot trends, and make quick and effective visual comparisons of geographically differentiated phenomena between different geographical areas and over time.SVG makes an ideal format for such maps. SVG is a World Wide Web Consortium non-proprietary, XML-based vector graphics format, and is an extremely powerful alternative to Macromedia® Flash and bitmap graphics.

Interoperability, interactivity and 3D visualization are three of the most important challenges related to Geographical Information Systems. In the last few years, research on interoperability has evolved from simple exchange of spatial data files, through the establishment of standardized spatial data repositories, to the first initiatives allowing management of semantic aspects of data. Interoperability has been mainly hampered by the need to agree on standards, and to develop appropriate tools and methods. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has proposed a number of standards with the intention of promoting interoperability through the use of open services such as Web Mapping Service (WMS), Web Processing Service (WPS), Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Coverage Service (WCS). However, there are a number of open issues regarding interactivity, 3D data visualization, fault tolerance, scalability, server-independent implementation, delayed-time transactions, to name but a few, that clearly reflect the need for further study and discussion. This paper presents a service-oriented architecture in the context of interoperable Web 3D GIS applications, designed to support features such as manipulation, processing and visual analysis of geographical information.

This article intends to provide an advanced traveller information system based on open geospatial consortium (OGC) standards to perform a fuzzy bi-criteria shortest-path analysis for a multimodal transportation network. To do so, chaining of OGC web services is used to resolve interoperability problems among distributed and heterogeneous resource data. First, a web feature service is assigned to each mode of transportation to gather and convert the data to a standard format, such as geographic markup language. Then, the obtained data are combined to model and construct the multimodal transportation network. Subsequently, a web processing service is designed for performing a fuzzy bi-criteria shortest-path analysis in the multimodal transportation network. Finally, the best routes between the origin–destination pair are presented on a digital map by using a web map service. In the study, among various route-selection criteria, travel time and comfort are considered. To model these criteria, the fuzzy set theory is utilized. By using fuzzy decision tables and a Tsukamoto fuzzy inference system, the desirability of the routes is calculated. The results of comparison among the four travel routes between various origin–destination pairs indicate that the proposed system could be an applicable tool for providing pre-trip information and assisting multimodal travellers under uncertain conditions.

OGC (open geospatial consortium) has developed the implementation specifications especially WMS (Web map service) and WFS (Web feature service) which facilitate GIS data dissemination including the map image distribution for visualization and online GIS data exchange. WPS (Web processing service) is also one of the OGC specifications for processing service which allow GIS functions available on the Internet. This paper reports the implementation and development of WPS which enables user to perform geospatial processing with data requested from another WFS site. Spatial databases are used as spatial engine to carry out the geoprocessing function. Oracle spatial, PostGIS and MySQL are the spatial databases which are tested in this research. WPS request form is adapted by applying SQL statement to be used for calling function from spatial database, and also to simplify and shorten the request form. The result clearly shows the success of implementation of this concept by testing the implemented WPS with available external WFS to get new information through the spatial engine available from the desired databases.

A web-based distributed system for monitoring and forecasting of the marine environment has been developed in line with INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe (INSPIRE) and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) recommendations for a European Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). This system, called DISPRO, enables integration and distribution of multi-source data from satellites, aircraft, and in situ instruments, as well as results from numerical models. Geographic data and metadata are stored on a set of distributed computer nodes and retrieved and integrated by a web GIS client by means of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Server (WMS) technologies. A profile of ISO 19115 was developed for metadata handling, using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a platform independent encoding mechanism. DISPRO has been demonstrated in six European coastal zone and ocean regions in the spring and summer of 2005. The overall positive experiences of both service providers and end users indicate that the system should be further developed into an operational GMES service.

An essential feature of many web-based, interactive maps is panning and zooming, together referred to as map browsing. The ever-increasing data storage capacity of online mapping systems and the near-ubiquity of web and mobile mapping services like Google Maps mean that panning and zooming are so often required and so often encountered that the likely question facing web cartographers is not whether to include panning and zooming, but rather how to include it. This tutorial addresses that how question from a technical standpoint, offering methods for implementing map browsing capabilities in Adobe Flash.

Increasing workload on multi-user database management system (DBMS) can cause maximum system's throughput. With further increase of workload, throughput dramatically decreases and system performance fall down; then system starts to thrash. Existence of an admission control component for managing user's requests is necessary. Admission control component in DBMS has two main tasks. These tasks are Prevention of increasing user's communication requests to system more than a threshold and prevention, deferment or execution of received requests after optimization step and determination of request requirements. The problem is determination of allowable number of communications to DBMS. Can we predict and determine conditions to providence time and resource before reach to optimization step? In this paper we use data mining techniques to predict and describe admission control policies. According to this purpose we recommend an Admission Logging system to log existing actions before end of query processor procedures. We describe situation, structure, and changes that we need in system. Then we describe the circumstance of knowledge extraction on Admission Log.

Web map service is a new map service mode actualized by the use of internet technology, computer technology and GIS technology. This article applies Web map service to the release of land use information, and tries to use Google Maps API and XML to build a network release system of regional land use information. The system integrates Google Maps data and user data effectively, carries out the display and management of land use information, and has a powerful public participation function. This study shows that Web map service based on Google Maps API and XML can play an important role in the release of land use information, which is also important in the information-based construction of land resources.