Poland and the American Revolutionary War

This work is the most authoritative and wide-ranging encyclopedia on the American Revolution ever created for a student audience. Based on the latest information,American Revolutionary War: A Student Encyclopediais designed specifically to engage its student audience while addressing all core topics in the standard curriculum. Ranging from the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 to the ratification of the Constitution in 1789, it provides essential information for understanding the drive to independence, the day-to-day course of the war, and the nation that emerged from it. With over 1,200 entries and essays and a separate documents volume,American Revolutionary Warcovers every battle and campaign, every political debate and diplomatic encounter. It also introduces students to the broad spectrum of American culture at the time (day-to-day life, art, music) as well as the personal lives of all those caught up in the war. The standards-satisfying content, inviting design, wealth of illustrations and maps, and special resource section for young researchers, will contribute to better homework, special projects, and test preparation for years to come.

(1988). Mahan, Sea Power, and the War for American Independence. The International History Review: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 59-67.

This chapter details the development of military medicine during the American Revolutionary War. It describes the austere beginnings of the Army Hospital Department and the organizational framework of military medical facilities, including regimental physicians and medical care in general military hospitals. The chapter outlines key medical advancements from the war, including the development of a new battlefield triage system, preventive health measures for military installations, and a force-wide system for smallpox variolation. With respect to smallpox variolation, the chapter describes the process of inoculation and provides firsthand accounts of the ethical, clinical, and operational challenges of instituting a force-wide smallpox variolation program. This includes ethical debate surrounding forced inoculation and whether the practice violates the medical autonomy of soldiers or constitutes an affront to God’s will.

Desertion from active military service has always been a contentious action, especially in times of war. Deserters in the eighteenth century were routinely castigated as poor patriots or traitorous subjects. Recently, scholars have begun to analyse in greater depth how and why desertions occurred, and have demonstrated that political considerations were less important than issues of identity and interest. However, in the context of the American Revolutionary War, historians have focused on the relationship between deserters and the military, arguing that soldiers who left their posts were less integrated into the camp community. This article suggests that the act of desertion was often more than a protest against conditions or discipline, but instead was shaped by a deserter's connections with civil society rather than the military community.

This thesis explores the question Ian Baucom poses—“whether the now will or will not accept the property it has inherited in its what-has-beens” (Specters 330)—as a way to read Lawrence Hill’s novel The Book of Negroes (2007) now. It seeks to investigate how Hill’s novel reconfigures a black history and recalibrates history’s conception of black people to enable us to remember specters of the Atlantic. It attempts to examine how fragments of subaltern histories may challenge the authority of a white history and how we may read forms of subaltern historical agency in each of the specific historical moments represented in Hill’s novel. By representing the protagonist Aminata Diallo involvement in a series of historic events—including but not limited to the Atlantic slave trade, the American Revolutionary War, black Loyalist history, and the British abolition of the slave trade—Hill’s novel places specific demands on its readers. In addressing this topic, this thesis project consequently argues that Aminata’s story would, through the act of reading, continually be evoked and renewed beyond her moment of enunciation. There are three chapters in this thesis. Chapter One underlines the inadequacy of official representations of the British bicentenary commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade held in 2007. It accentuates Ian Baucom’s contention that “[t]he question . . . is not whether the present is or is not host to its various ‘pasts,’ but whether the now will or will not accept the property it has inherited in its what-has-beens” (Specters 330) as the problematic and the task of this thesis project as a whole. This chapter accordingly asks: how could Baucom’s concept of “the long twentieth century” enable us to recognize our inherited historical responsibility? And in what ways could we read a black history with a renewed sense of scrutiny? Chapter Two turns to Hill’s novel The Book of Negroes to investigate its reformulation of a black history as a way of remembering the specters of the Atlantic. It explores how Hill’s novel continues in various ways to problematize forms of power enacted in an authorized history and how a black history may nevertheless be read otherwise. This chapter contends that the novel’s representation of Aminata Diallo’s particularity does not simply testify against the violence wrought by the British in black Loyalist history, but, through her experience, brings into question her story at large. Chapter Three concludes this thesis by underlining its central concern with a critical project of remembering. It seeks to rethink the issue of creolization as viewed through Rinaldo Walcott’s creolized pedagogy engaged with the lived trauma of slavery and, consequently, attempts to answer the question: what would constitute an adequate way to read Hill’s novel in the present? In doing so, this thesis hopes to generate further questions about the meanings of the past, opening up new avenues to learn to engage with a past that refuses to be settled.

This is an innovative study of the British perspective of the Revolutionary War.The War for American Independence was essentially a civil war throughout the colonies: Loyalists and patriots who had grown up together as countrymen found themselves fighting on opposing sides. Troy Bickham asserts that the war proved almost as divisive in the motherland, as the British wielded the almighty pen and went to battle on the pages of the press in Britain. Surpassing the breadth of previous studies on the subject, Making Headlines offers a look at the British press as a whole - including analysis of London newspapers, provincial newspapers, and monthly magazines.The free press in Britain, Bickham argues, was too widespread and too lucrative to be susceptible to significant government interference and therefore provided in-depth coverage on all aspects of the war. Private letters, official dispatches, extracts from foreign newspapers, maps, and detailed tables of fleet strengths and locations filled the pages of daily publications that provided more extensive and more rapid information than even the government could. Due to the inexpensive and easily accessible news, the average British citizen was often as well informed as a cabinet minister. The open editorial nature of the press also allowed someone as socially low as a blacksmith's wife, under the cloak of anonymity, to scrutinize and offer commentary on every political decision and military maneuver, all in front of a national audience.Bickham adeptly leads the reader on an exploration into the varied national debates that raged throughout Britain during the American Revolution, one of Britain's historically most unpopular wars. The British public debated how to defeat George Washington, whose perseverance and conduct was much-admired in Britain, whether captured Americans should be held as prisoners of war or hung as traitors, and the morality of including American Indians in the war effort. Making Headlines also reflects the global perspective of the war held by most Britons, who saw the conflict not only as a fight for America but also as a struggle to protect their worldwide empire as America's European allies turned the conflict into a world war, threatening even the British Isles themselves. This study will appeal to those interested in early America, the American Revolution, British history, and media studies.

This definitive encyclopedia, originally published in 1983 and now available as an ebook for the first time, covers the American Revolution, comes in two volumes and contains 865 entries on the war for American independence. Included are essays (ranging from 250 to 25,000 words) on major and minor battles, and biographies of military men, partisan leaders, loyalist figures and war heroes, as well as strong coverage of political and diplomatic themes. The contributors present their summaries within the context of late 20th Century historiography about the American Revolution. Every entry has been written by a subject specialist, and is accompanied by a bibliography to aid further research. Extensively illustrated with maps, the volumes also contain a chronology of events, glossary and substantial index.

Beginning with George Washington’s decision to immunize his army against smallpox during the War of the American Revolution, vaccines have traditionally been used as a primary strategy for the prevention of infectious diseases in military settings (Artenstein et al. 2005). This chapter will highlight two vaccine histories involving diseases of military importance. The history of epidemic typhus, caused by rickettsial organisms, is a story that weaves vaccine approaches together with other strategies that eventually controlled the disease and supplanted the need for a vaccine; another rickettsial disease, scrub typhus, continues to be of military concern, and protective vaccines remain elusive. In contrast, the history of adenovirus vaccines presents a dramatic success story but also a cautionary tale regarding the fragility of disease control in selected circumstances.

: This paper examines the strategic leadership competencies of British General William Howe during the American Revolution (1775-1778). During the American War of Independence, General Howe displayed periodic tactical brilliance and operational competence but consistent strategic ineptitude. After arriving in America, Howe was quickly thrust into the position of Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and General of North America. Howe's lack of self awareness, ineptness in managing the personalities of his subordinate commanders, personal biases, and lack of political savvy resulted in the strategic failure of the British war effort. Howe's difficulty in transitioning from tactical, through operational to the strategic level provides a useful example as to the dramatically different challenges faced by current leaders as they prepare for and address similar challenges in our contemporary operational and strategic environment.

International Bibliography of Historical Sciences. Edited by the International Committee. The Gospel in the Early Church. By James Mackinnon. The Making of Europe: an Introduction to the History of European Unity. By Christopher Dawson. Byzantine Civilisation. By Steven Runciman. France and Germany: The History of One Thousand Years. By Johannes Haller. La France et L'Allemagne depuis dix Siècles. Par Gastin Zeller. Borough and Town: a Study of Urban Origins in England. By Carl, Stephenson. Verfassungsgeschichte Londons, 1066–1288. 1929. vi + 143 pp. R.M. 5.80. London unter Eduard I and II. Band I, Untersuchungen; Band IT, Texte. 1933. 251 and 293 pp. R.M. 21 (sewn), 24 (bound), for the two vols. By Martin Weinbaum. Scottish Abbeys and Social Life. By G. G. Coulton. The Cambridge Medieval History. Edited by J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previte‐Orton and Z. N. Brooke. The influence of the Commons on early legislation: a study of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. By H. L. Gray. The Register of Richard Fox, Lord Bishop of Durham, 1494–1501. Edited by Marjorie Peers Howden. The Second Hundred Years' War. (Berkshire Studies in World History.) By A. H. Buffinton. A History of Europe: Vols. ii and in, 1494–1815. By Andrew Browning and D. B. Horn. Le Commerce Francais à Seville et Cadix au Temps des Habsbourg. 1932. 604 pp. 50 fr. La Ilivalité Commerciale et Maritime entre Seville et Cadix jus qu'à la Fin du XVIIIe Siècle. 1932. 119 pp. 18 fr. Par Albert Girard. Sir Francis Drake. Par Léon Lemonnier. Les relations Anglo‐Hollandaises au debut du XVIlla siècle, d'apres la correspondance d'Alexandre Stanhope, 1700–1706. By Gabryelle van den Hautte. Hudson's Bay Company. By R. R. Pinkerton. The Founding of Churchill, being the journal of Captain James Knight, Governor‐in‐chief in Hudson Bay from July 14 to September 13, 1717. Edited by J. F. KENNEY. England and America. By C. H. Van Tyne. The War of Independence: American Phase. By C. H. Van Tyne. The American War of Independence. By Lieutenant‐Colonel F. E. Whitton. David Hartley, M.P., an Advocate of Conciliation, 1774–1783. By G. H. Guttridge. British Opinion and the American Revolution. By Dora Mae Clark. 1930. A Hundred Years of Catholic Emancipation, 1829–1929. By Denis Gwynn. Catholic Emancipation, 1829 to 1929. Essays by various writers, with an introduction by Cardinal Bourne. The History of the Anglo‐Catholic Revival, from 1845. By W. J. Sparrow Simpson. The Novel and the Oxford Movement. By Joseph Ellis Baker. Franklin Pierce. By R. F. Nichols. The Mission to Spain of Pierre Soulé, 1853–1855. A study in the Cuban diplomacy of the United States. By Amos A. Ettinger. Histoire du Peuple Anglais au XIXe Siècle.‐Epilogue (1895–1914). Tome II, Vers la dèmocratic sociale et vers la guerre (1905–1914). Par Elie Halevy.

Prince Hall was enslaved in Massachusetts and trained as an artisanal leatherworker. He was apparently granted a great deal of physical and mental freedom by his enslaver, as he managed to join a Congregational Church and start his own Freemasons Lodge. When the fighting started in the American War of Independence, Hall became a prominent voice in the cause of freeing all those enslaved in the colony. Hall was also an early advocate of the “back to Africa” movement, wanting to return to a continent he had probably never been to. As such, he wanted to fight for the cause of American independence, expecting it to lead to African American independence too. The colonists’ war to secure what they saw as their natural rights raised the obvious question of the natural rights of enslaved people in the British colonies too, and Hall was inspired by the rhetoric found in the Declaration of Independence to ask the Massachusetts Legislature to grant the freedom of all those enslaved in the colony.

A Computer Aided Design (CAD) system has been used to generate dimensionally accurate perspective views of the Bonhomme Richard, a US Naval vessel lost during the Revolutionary War. Collaboration between naval historian/artist William Gilkerson and the CAD Group at Sippican led to the novel application of the computer technology.The computer models were based on Jean Boudriot's pieced-together plan views of the vessel. Bonhomme Richard was John Paul Jones' flagship during the American Revolutionary War. Sunk after sustaining heavy damage during an epic battle with HMS Serapis, Bonhomme Richard lies beneath the turbulent water of the English Channel.

A study of American history shows that Africans were involved in the development of the American continents.1 But the facts are not in an inclusive document. This article highlights their major contributions to the exploration of the Americas, American War of Independence, and the Civil War. Others are the development of the U. S. Armed Forces, science and technology, economic development, arts, and culture. The paper also outlined the Niger Delta gifts to the Americas.

The sixty-year reign of George III (1760–1820) witnessed and participated in some of the most critical events of modern world history: the ending of the Seven Years’ War with France, the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary Wars, the campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte and battle of Waterloo in 1815, and Union with Ireland in 1801. Despite the pathos of the last years of the mad, blind, and neglected monarch, it is a life full of importance and interest. Jeremy Black’s biography deals comprehensively with the politics, the wars, and the domestic issues, and harnesses the richest range of unpublished sources in Britain, Germany, and the United States. But, using George III’s own prolific correspondence, it also interrogates the man himself, his strong religious faith, and his powerful sense of moral duty to his family and to his nation. Black considers the king’s scientific, cultural, and intellectual interests as no other biographer has done, and explores how he was viewed by his contemporaries. Identifying George as the last British ruler of the Thirteen Colonies, Black reveals his strong personal engagement in the struggle for America and argues that George himself, his intentions and policies, were key to the conflict.

In this book, Jack P. Greene describes the rise of the lower houses in the four southern royal colonies--Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia--that reflects a process occurring throughout the colonies in the period between the Glorious Revolution and the American War for Independence. To determine what it was the Americans were defending in their debate with Britain between 1763 and 1776, Professor Greene defines the specific powers acquired by the lower houses, measures the extent of their authority at the close of the Seven Years' War, and examines the British challenge. He explores the theoretical foundations as well as the practical results of the assemblies' moves, and offers an important new interpretation of the relationship between their rise to power and the coming of the American Revolution.