Policy Debate

China's national policy formulation undergone economic transformation and shaped the making of policies in promotion of private business and stock market regulation. China's distinctive process of central-local interaction in policy generation is one of its core strengths in reforming its economy.

US President's science panel advises on antibiotic resistance

Review Paper Two: The Links between Competition Policy, Regulatory Policy and Trade and Industrial Policies.

China is confronting escalating geopolitical and socio-economic challenges, prompting a structural reorganization of its economy centered on the high-tech sector and emerging technologies. This article examines China's contemporary industrial, technological, and innovation policies within the context of global economic disruptions and domestic structural constraints. The relevance of this study lies in evaluating China's capacity to adapt to a shifting international environment, heightened technological competition from Western countries, and domestic pressures such as an aging population and slowing economic growth.The paper seeks to assess current strategies for the development of China's national innovation system (NIS) and critically analyze the transformation of its industrial policy. The central hypothesis posits that, despite outward signs of modernization, China's approach retains elements of traditional interventionism. Methodologically, the research draws on the theory of national innovation systems and elements of political economy, supplemented by case studies. These include an analysis of support mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)—particularly the so-called "small giants"—as a key example of the implementation of the "national champions" policy. The study relies on official documents and relevant statistical data.The findings reveal that China's current industrial and technological policies are marked by ambivalence. On the one hand, there is a notable shift towards a more nuanced and multitiered support system, emphasizing incentives for technology-oriented SMEs and the development of advanced sectors such as integrated circuits, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. On the other hand, elements of a techno-centric and mobilization-oriented approach persist, with "national champions" continuing to play a central role in driving economic development. While the definition of champions has expanded to include SMEs, and the criteria for their selection have become more flexible, the effectiveness of this policy remains limited. The case of the "small giants" highlights the risks associated with the new policy framework. Looking ahead, the Chinese economy and its technology policies will continue to face significant challenges. However, the potential for transformative change appears limited due to mounting external pressures and path dependency, which predispose Chinese leadership to replicate established approaches.

Promoting the development of new energy vehicles is one of the important measures to ensure energy security and deal with global warming. Technological innovation is an inexhaustible driving force for the development of the new energy vehicle industry. This study considered listed enterprises in China’s new energy vehicle industry as research samples and used the fixed effect model to study the impact of government subsidies on the quantity and quality of technological innovation in the new energy vehicle industry. The empirical results show that government subsidies have a significant positive impact on the quantity of technological innovation in the new energy vehicle industry; however, government subsidies have no significant impact on the quality of technological innovation. Government subsidies increase the quantity of technological innovation in the new energy vehicle industry by increasing R&D investment, mitigating financing constraints, and improving the external attention of enterprises. Compared to downstream enterprises in the industrial chain, government subsidies have a better incentive effect on the technological innovation of upstream enterprises, which increases the number of patents and enhances the quality of utility model patents. Government subsidies have a better effect on promoting the quantity of technological innovation in large enterprises.

In the United States, the public is accessing the Internet to provide information and deliver services, and to interact with citizens, business, and other government agencies (Bimber, 1999; Pardo, 2000; West, 2003, 2004). As with any change between citizen-government interactions, e-government is accompanied by speculation on its impact to both citizen and government. E-government capability of continual service delivery can make government efficient and transparent to the public (Norris, 1999; West, 2003), and more responsive to public needs through fast and convenient communication options (Thomas & Streib, 2003). It permits quicker material update than traditional distribution methods (Pardo, 2000). However, other literature suggests e-government will not live up to these prospects. A separation exists among citizens that use and do not use the Internet. This separation is based on a number of factors, including inequalities in Internet access “digital divide” and technological skills, along with psychological and cultural barriers. Literature extensively shows the differences in United States Internet use to fall along important socioeconomic and demographic factors, such as age, race, education, and income (Mossberger, Tolbert, & Stansbury, 2003; Neu, Anderson, & Bikson, 1999; Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2003c; U.S. Department of Commerce, 2002; Wilheim, 2000). E-government may create inequalities in the delivery of government information and services. Telehealth is a specific form of e-government aimed at improving the accessibility and quality of healthcare, and reducing service costs (Schmeida, 2004a). It relies on electronic information and telecommunication technology innovation (H.R. 2157, 2001). As nations contend with expensive healthcare, the promise of better healthcare service delivery at a reduced cost has made teleheath an increasingly attractive policy option in the United States and internationally. Telehealth advancement greatly reflects the dramatic changes in the telecommunication industry. In the 1990s, we witnessed considerable advancement, such as the use of digital technology—interactive video and Internet. Interactive video, for example, can link doctors and medical students afar improving medical education. Rural citizens can interact with specialist(s) through interactive video rather than traveling great distances for a medical consultation. The Internet can bring health related information into the home for better healthcare decision-making. Telehealth can be conceptualized as both an administrative reform policy and regulatory policy. As a hybrid policy type, it mostly exhibits the characteristics of administrative reform, such as e-government (McNeal, Tolbert, Mossberger, & Dotterweich, 2003; Schmeida, McNeal, & Mossberger, 2004) driven by the goals of cost reduction and increasing efficiency, paramount to telehealth adoption and implementation. Administrative reform policy does not involve the direct and coercive use of government power over citizens and are therefore associated with low levels of conflict (Ripley & Franklin, 1980). Regulatory policy, on the other hand tends to be politically salient among citizens as well as controversial among the actors within the policy community. Traditionally, those interests who are regulated have been important players in the policy process. Important telehealth players are physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and health insurers. Since telehealth straddles both administrative and reform policy areas, it is difficult to predict the actors that will play the greatest role in assisting or impeding its implementation. Execution of regulatory policy is highly volatile and controversial with shifting of alliances and players. However, administrative policy innovations are low salience, and as some regulatory policies it involves technical issues, often driven by professional networks and elected officials.

The concept of economic development, which is based on sustaining a welfare worthy of human dignity, has an important place in academic studies. In short, development economics, a branch of science that examines the processes of increasing the economic welfare of low and middle income countries, focuses on some fundamental questions. It focuses on basic problems such as the disparity in levels of development between countries or the state's role in development processes. This discipline has become even more important in the last hundred years. In other words, it no longer focuses only on increasing the level of welfare, but also on how to achieve and sustain environmentally sound growth. But can social welfare be increased without harming the environment, can major growth imbalances between countries be brought to a more equitable position, as well as promoting a way of life worthy of human dignity? Environmentally sensitive development has now moved from theory to practice. These practices have gone beyond voluntary efforts and continue to evolve into mandatory regulations day by day. The best example of this is the gradual transition to carbon emissions management by mandatory mechanisms based on the idea that voluntary mechanisms are insufficient. Sustainable economic policies are becoming increasingly important within these limits, revealing the necessity of development without conflicting with nature. Industrial policies are considered as an important instrument of economic development. Countries in transition from an agricultural to a postindustrial economy have implemented selective government policies. The importance of these policies was realized especially after the Second World War where they were used to repair war damages. Dani Rodrik argues that the government's support for certain economic activities more than others indicates the implementation of industrial policies. Yülek (1998), on the other hand, defines these policies as incentives applied in countries' priority industrial areas. In the 1980s, with the rise of neo liberal economics, state intervention was tried to be reduced, but in the 1990s, the mainstream economy again turned towards industrial policies. During this period, general effective horizontal industrial policies were preferred. However, further research has revealed the importance of extensive state intervention in the success of East Asian countries. In 2000s, the need for active industrial policies for late industrializing countries was highlighted. Nowadays, the issue of how to design and implement industrial policy has become important.The global economy is experiencing a transformation with the paradigm of sustainability and green growth emerging. The transformation brings significant opportunities alongside its challenges for countries. At this point, the study examines Singapore as a case study, which is an excellent lesson for countries at all stages of development that take advantage of the opportunities of green economic transformation. Singapore's development journey serves as a significant example in development economics. Despite limited natural resources and geographic constraints, Singapore has achieved notable success through innovative industrial policies and green growth strategies. By analyzing Singapore's economic development, policies, and strategies, this study aims to provide valuable insights for other economies. Singapore's experience highlights key lessons for achieving sustainable growth and implementing green industrial policies, focusing on leadership, state involvement, and adherence to national and international commitments.Through both quantitative and qualitative analysis, the study illustrates Singapore's successful development since its independence in the 1960s, highlighting its management of green policies within the context of green growth. The analysis is based on a case study, compiled and evaluated through literature studies and key indicators included in the scope. This article is extracted from my master's thesis entitled "Industrial Policy and Green Growth in a Small Island Economy: The Case of Singapore," supervised by Prof. Dr. Murat Ali Yülek, completed in 2024 (Master’s Thesis, OSTIM Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2024).

Introduction. The article substantiates directions for achieving digital and technological autonomy of the Ukraine for integration with the EU in the context digital transformation of the EU's strategic priorities. The authors systematized the phases of adoption the strategic documents on EU digital autonomy. The components of European strategic autonomy were identified. The importance of the digital and technological sphere in strengthening the sustainability of the European economy was substantiated. The conceptual foundations for achieving digital autonomy in the EU are the factors that have led to the need to implement this priority in the strategic development of countries were identified. The main components of digital autonomy are highlighted, namely cybersecurity; awareness raising, digital skills acquisition; industrial policy, research, investment and supply chain strengthening; building alliances and promoting international cooperation. The obstacles to digital development in Ukraine in the context of military operations were identified. Possibilities of overcoming the threats to the formation of digital autonomy in Ukraine were identified and ways of consolidation with the European principles of digital space formation are outlined. Materials and methods. The purpose of the article was achieved using the methods of systematic, critical and scientific analysis, methods of scientific generalization, induction and deduction. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is formed by information and statistical materials of international, European and Ukrainian statistic agencies, regulations, in particular EU regulations, national development programs and strategic documents for the restoration of Ukraine, scientific works of foreign and domestic scholars. Results and discussion. The authors defined that an important factor in enhancing economic and technological competitiveness, the ability to protect the public interest and define rules and standards in the digital age is the achievement of strategic autonomy. This is proved by the experience of the EU, which has been implementing approaches to achieving strategic autonomy and digital sovereignty in a wide range of areas: defense, security and trade, as well as in industrial, digital, economic, migration and financial policies based on fundamental European values - democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and standards of the European security system, as well as creating conditions for the development of new high-tech industries and innovative ecosystems, taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals. The article proves that it is important for Ukraine, as a candidate for EU integration, to implement the strategic principles of the European community, in particular in terms of digital transition, into the strategic documents for the economic recovery. Conclusions. Achieving digital autonomy in Ukraine in the short term depends on solving critical problems caused by the hostilities, namely, restoring destroyed telecommunications capacities, reconstructing infrastructure to modernize the communication network, access to the Internet, creating incentives for innovative entrepreneurial development, and intensifying joint projects to develop and implement modern digital products. Acceleration of European integration processes in the field of digital autonomy for Ukraine depends on the adoption of strategic documents, roadmaps, and other regulations in the field of improving cybersecurity; raising awareness and acquiring digital skills of citizens; industrial, innovation, and financial policies; promoting research, investment, and strengthening supply chains; and facilitating international cooperation.

ABSTRACTDanish industrial policy reflects a ‘liberalistic’ paradigm, with industrial subsidies being general rather than selective, and based on profitability. There was an increase in the number of industrial policy instruments introduced in the second half of the 1970s, and in particular there seems to have been an increase in subsidies for technological innovation. The amount of money allocated for industrial subsidies has increased, especially during the economic recession. However, Danish industrial policy can only be conceived of as a crisis response policy in a relatively diffuse way, with only a few arrangements directly targetted at firms in difficulties, whereas most aim at making the surviving firms expand, innovate and increase their exports. Similarly, with few exceptions Danish industrial policy can be seen as anticipatory only in a very general way. The administration of industrial policy is characterised by close cooperation between state, industry and labour in tripartite boards and committees that take decisions about the administration of industrial policy or advise the government. The widespread use of such tripartite bodies hampers changes in industrial policy because all partners have to acquiesce in the changes. Innovation in Danish industrial policy is likely to be a gradual process, with most existing arrangements surviving, and a desultory increase in the use of more selective measures.

Forecasting of technology innovation and economic growth in Indonesia

Export Diversification and Sophistication and Industrial Policy in Tunisia

Empirical work on the causes and effects of inventive activity has had difficulty in finding measures that can indicate when and where changes in either inventive inputs or inventive output have occurred. The recent computerization of the U.S. Patent Office's data base may prove helpful in this context, but there is the problem that a priori we do not know the relationships between patent applications and economically meaningful measures of these inputs and outputs. To help solve this problem, this paper investigates the dynamic relationships among the number of successful patent applications of firms, a measure of the firm's investment in inventive activity (its R & D expenditures),\tand an indicator of its inventive output (the stock market value of the firm).

Achieving long‐term sustainability in emerging economies requires future‐oriented strategies that integrate financial systems, entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and regulatory policies. This study examines the dynamic interplay between financial development (FD), investment in green technology (INV), and environmental policy stringency (EPS) in driving sustainability outcomes across the E7 countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) from 2000 to 2022. Using the load capacity factor (LCF) as a comprehensive measure of ecological sustainability and applying the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR), the analysis captures heterogeneous effects across different levels of sustainability performance. The findings reveal that FD and INV significantly enhance sustainability, particularly in economies with weaker baseline performance, while EPS exerts a nonlinear influence, initially constraining but ultimately reinforcing sustainability once a regulatory threshold is surpassed. Moreover, interaction effects confirm that FD amplifies the benefits of green innovation and transition policies when aligned with regulatory frameworks. These results highlight the need for integrated policy designs that simultaneously strengthen financial markets, incentivize innovation, and enforce effective regulation. By offering novel empirical insights, this study contributes to the global discourse on future‐proofing sustainability and provides actionable guidance for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 in emerging economies.

Renowned chemist, respected leader, and inspiring mentor

National industrial policy is a common means for the government to regulate economic activities, and its effect on the environmental performance of enterprises is controversial. Based on the encouraged industries in China's “Five‐Year Plan,” the impact and micro‐influence mechanism of industrial policies on SO2 emission of enterprises are systematically analyzed. The results indicate that industrial policy can significantly reduce the SO2 emission in encouraged industries, and the conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. This emission reduction effect is greater for the state‐owned firm, high R&D intensity firm, and high‐pollution firm. Compared with the firms in general encouraged industry, industrial policy has a greater impact on the SO2 emissions of firms in the key encouraged industries. The industrial policy promotes the resources transfer from high‐polluting companies to low‐polluting companies, reducing the market share of high‐pollution firms. Additionally, it reduces pollution emissions through front‐end pollution control (clean energy substitution and technological innovation). The conclusions of this study provide theoretical support for appropriate government policy intervention and have important practical significance for China's green sustainable development.