Prediction and analysis for inter-system electromagnetic compatibility

A calculation method of electromagnetic interference(EMI) margin of spacecraft wireless system is analyzed and researched in this paper, meanwhile the EMI margin is simulated and calculated. The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of wireless system is prognosed for a couple of wireless equipment which indicate that there is a risk of EMI among this couple of wireless equipment. According to the simulation results, a series of EMC test including tabletop dispersedly test and comprehensive test has been implemented to verify the prediction method. The test results indicate that there is EMI phenomenon among this couple of wireless equipment which support the accuracy of the prediction method. Combined with simulation and test results, a method for spacecraft wireless system EMC prediction has been proposed. The method will reduce the EMI problem in spacecraft development process and be benefit to subsequent maintenance.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) find increased applications in the aerospace field because of their high strength and light weight. In this work, we report comprehensive electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling, analysis and characterization of a newly developed nanocomposite CFRP with enhanced conductivity for aeronautic applications. The EMC modeling and analysis are performed for lightning strike protection (LSP) simulation and high intensity radiation field (HIRF) study of CFRPs. The LSP simulations are conducted both in time and frequency domains by using dynamic and static electromagnetic tools. And the HIRF is studied for its impact on shielded and unshielded cables in an CFRP enclosure. In addition, we present experimental characterization results of CFRPs.

The paper presents an analysis on electromagnetic compatibility issues in photovoltaic installations. The main purpose is a qualitative investigation of the effect of a solar power optimizer in combination to inverter’s operation from an electromagnetic compatibility and interference perspective. Extended measurements have been conducted in a real photovoltaic installation in the range of 3-500 MHz. The first series of the measured frequency spectrums are presented in this paper and indicate interference in the lower frequencies due to the optimizer operation that also depend on the operational ON/OFF state of the inverter. In particular, the measured data rise questions regarding the conformity with the regulations of the installations from a systems’ perspective while on components level, the individual units might successfully meet the requirements. Finally, the findings are evaluated from a technical point of view by taking into account the European and Swedish regulations about electromagnetic compatibility and interference issues.

This paper studies the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for the instrumentation & control system, communication devices and electric equipments in commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs). It reviews the EMC research activities and practices for NPPs in United States, France, Russia and China. The paper first familiars the readers with electromagnetic interference (EMI) knowledge and examples that are most related to NPP EMC issues, including EMI source, coupling path and sensitive equipment. It then summarizes the historical research activities, focusing on the development of EMC standards for NPPs in those four countries. It is concluded that the current EMC standard systems are not uniform and lack of specific test procedures and quantification methods. They are insufficient for the nuclear industry to execute. At last, recent popular research topics for NPPs are reviewed including systematic EMC design, EMC design and control measures, EMC prediction and electromagnetic environment monitoring. Similar research work done in the general EMC community or by other industries has been introduced. It indicates that for NPPs EMC design especially at the system level is still immature, electromagnetic simulation can be a good tool to assist the EMC design and that EMC control regulations and environment monitoring become more and more necessary as wireless components and devices are being used.

The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter circuits using 3-D numerical modeling by the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method represents the central topic of this paper. The PEEC-based modeling method is introduced as a useful tool for the prediction of the high frequency performance of EMI input filters, which is affected by PCB component placement and self- and mutual-parasitic effects. Since the measuring of all these effects is rather difficult and time consuming, the modeling and simulation approach represents a valuable design aid before building the final hardware prototypes. The parasitic cancellation techniques proposed in the literature are modeled by the developed PEEC-boundary integral method (PEEC-BIM) and then verified by the transfer function and impedance measurements of the L-C and C-L-C filter circuits. Good agreement between the PEEC-BIM simulation and the measurements is achieved in a wide frequency range. The PEEC-BIM method is implemented in an EMC simulation tool GeckoEMC. The main task of the presented research is the exploration of building an EMC modeling environment for virtual prototyping of EMI input filters and power converter systems.

The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module in a high power TEA CO2 laser is easy to couple with electromagnetic interference, so as to affect the normal work of the laser. Therefore, this paper explores the prediction method of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) for the LCD module under transient irradiation in an electromagnetic field. The coupling mechanism of electromagnetic interference received by the LCD module integrated in the laser system was analyzed. On the basis of the coupling of field and line, the field line electromagnetic interference of the LCD module was analyzed and calculated by using the BLT equation in the Taylor form, then, the prediction results were verified by several experimentally. The experimental results show that the interference voltage produced by connect cables coupled with electromagnetic fields on the data lines of LCD display module is 1 V, and exceeds the noise margin of the circuit. So the EMC control measures must be taken to ensure the performance of the LCD module. Moreover, the verification experiments indicate that prediction results for the EMC has correctly reflected the actual EMC performance of LCD module. The method has a guiding significance for prediction and design of EMC of electrical equipment in high-power TEA CO2 lasers.

Due to the space limitation and safety concerns, the non-same-phase anti-parallel connection structure is applied in the ITER Poloidal Field (PF) converter unit. Consequently, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) has been one of the main concerns in its design. And this paper mainly presents the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis and design for ITER PF converter unit. At first, an isolated phase bus is designed for the shielding of the alternating magnetic field generated by the a.c. busbars. Its shielding effectiveness has been verified by the analysis and experimental test. Then, the stray magnetic field, which is generated by the converter bridges and very hard to be shielded, is analyzed and measured. And the results will provide useful inputs for the EMC design and test of the instrument and control (I&C) system. At last, a large coil pair, able to generate a uniform static magnetic field with high strength, is designed to evaluate the effects on electronic devices and to demonstrate the reliable and safe operation of the converters under strong stray magnetic field.

In the design and analysis of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), the technology of establishing of behavioral modelling of the electronic module and equipments is the basis of theoretical analysis. This paper presents a comparison between the most important techniques present to address the behavioral modelling of radio-frequency equipments. The status quo and developmental trend of the behavioral modelling technology is discussed in this paper, on the foundation of which several existent behavioral models are listed and analyzed, and the principles of selecting modelling methods is given. The application of this technology in EMC is discussed at the last of this paper.

Ultra Wide Band (UWB) sources provide valuable diagnostic tools for Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) design and analysis. By radiating electronic devices or systems with UWB energy, localized resonances can be determined for a better understanding of RF coupling mechanisms, and ultimately, the vulnerabilities of the device or system. Applied Physical Electronics reports the development of an UWB system for EMI/EMC testing in both laboratory and non-laboratory environments. The system is designed to deliver field strengths exceeding 600 kV/m at 1 m, with a spectrum of 125 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The antenna portion of the system has been tested with a low-power Marx generator source to demonstrate electric field strength of approximately 60 kV/m at 3 m. Development efforts continue to advance the system to the targeted field strength of 600 kV/m at 1 m, while compacting the system footprint for portability.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a critical aspect of electronic and electrical systems, ensuring their ability to function properly within a shared electromagnetic environment without causing or suffering from unacceptable interference. This study employs the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision-making method, to evaluate and rank various EMC parameters. The analysis considers several key EMC factors, including the EMC directive, radiated emissions, conducted emissions, electromagnetic interference (EMI), EMC standards, and electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS). The EMC directive, which serves as a guiding framework for managing electromagnetic disturbances in devices, emerged as the top-ranked criterion, underscoring its pivotal role in regulatory adherence and standardization. Radiated emissions and conducted emissions secured the second and third ranks, respectively, highlighting their substantial impact on EMC performance. Effective management of these emissions is crucial for mitigating potential interference with communication systems, aircraft equipment, and other electronic devices, thereby enhancing the reliability and coexistence of products within the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and EMC standards followed closely, ranking fourth and fifth. EMI shielding and compliance with EMC standards are vital for preventing disruptions caused by electromagnetic radiation and ensuring the smooth operation of electronic circuits and wireless networks. Adherence to these standards promotes interoperability and minimizes the risk of performance degradation. Lastly, electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) ranked sixth, emphasizing the importance of assessing the sensitivity of electronic devices to electromagnetic energy. By understanding and mitigating EMS, manufacturers can enhance the immunity of their products to external interference, reducing the likelihood of operational issues or physical damage. The TOPSIS method facilitated a comprehensive analysis by considering the ideal and negative ideal solutions, ultimately ranking alternatives based on their proximity to the optimal scenario. The results underscore the multifaceted nature of EMC and the need for a holistic approach that considers various aspects, from regulatory directives to emission control and interference mitigation. By leveraging the TOPSIS method, decision-makers can prioritize and allocate resources effectively, ensuring that EMC challenges are addressed comprehensively and proactively, thereby promoting the harmonious coexistence of electronic systems within the electromagnetic environment.

A novel all-metal test article, the Transformable Scale Aircraft-Like Model (TSAM) has been constructed to obtain measured antenna pattern and isolation data for validating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and computational electromagnetics (CEM) analysis codes used to analyze antenna-to-antenna coupling and platform effects on antenna radiation patterns. TSAM makes use of a changeable configuration to identify those parts of the platform that affect the radiation performance and coupling properties of mounted antennas. All components and antennas are removable allowing TSAM complexity to be modified gradually in stages. As platform complexity changes, the measured data of electromagnetic observables changes correspondingly. Computed results from electromagnetics codes then should track the measured results as the TSAM computer geometry model changes. If they do not then information has been obtained to help identify where in the codes the shortcomings are located. This paper presents and discusses a set of antenna pattern and isolation measurements made on TSAM in the 4-8 GHz range involving several different TSAM configurations that are useful to validate EMC and CEM codes. The TSAM test article and antenna measurement process are discussed and the applicability to validating electromagnetics analysis codes is explained.

Using commercial off the shelf (COTS) computing equipment in military aircraft applications may cause harmful electromagnetic interference (EMI) to other on-board systems, including communication and navigation equipment. An electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design approach to successfully integrate COTS equipment into an existing military aircraft is described. The following system design and development steps are outlined: (1) requirements definition, (2) preliminary EMC analysis, (3) EMC control measure design, (4) COTS equipment EMI characterization tests, and (5) system level EMC verification.

SummaryBipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are widely used in various electronic systems, and the establishment of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) model for BJTs is crucial for EMC analysis of these systems, such as high‐frequency circuits. In this paper, a BJT EMC model that satisfies both functionality and EMC analysis requirements was established based on physical characteristic measurement. First, comprehensive and systematic methods for measurement and extracting SPICE parameters based on physical BJTs are presented, including a proposed curve‐fitting calculation method for extracting barrier capacitance parameters. Second, an analysis of the impact of major BJT electrical characteristics parameters was conducted, leading to the identification of important model parameters affecting BJT functionality and EMC. Finally, the primary BJT model was optimized using the simplex method, and a method for EMC analysis and verification of the BJT model was presented. The experimental and simulation results are in good agreement, and the established model meets the accuracy requirements for both EMC and functionality. Therefore, the proposed method is feasible and suitable for the EMC modeling of BJTs.

An efficient higher order alternating-direction implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for the unconditionally stable analysis of curvilinear electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications is presented in this paper. The novel algorithm launches a class of precise spatial/temporal nonstandard forms that drastically suppress the dispersion errors of the ordinary approach as time-step increases and mitigate its strong dependence on cell shape or mesh resolution. For arbitrary interface media distributions that do not follow the grid lines, a convergent transformation based on a rigorous extrapolating practice is introduced. Moreover, infinite domains are successfully treated by optimized higher order curvilinear PMLs. Hence, the proposed technique achieves notable accuracy far beyond the Courant limit, subdues the ADI error mechanisms, and offers serious savings, as verified by the solution of several complex EMC problems.

As the trend of consumer electronics and mobile communications devices is obviously developing toward to miniature and high-speed processing, the problem involving with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) or radio frequency interference (RFI) is becoming more critical for the system integration of high-speed digital and RF mixed signal platforms. This paper is mainly focusing on the characteristics analysis of various electromagnetic shielding materials by utilizing the various shielding effectiveness (SE) measuring methods developed by TDK and ASTM (ASTM D4935). We also adopt the electromagnetic interference (EMI) testing methods developed by IEC for chip level (IEC 61967-3 and IEC 61967-6) to investigate the characteristics and distribution of EMI noise sources. To effectively shield the electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic field originated from noise source, we thus analyze the shielding capability for various materials with different measuring methods. Finally, we will show the EMI reduction and RF performance improvement with implementation of shielding material on module under investigated. With the systematic measurement and analysis described in this paper, we can further identify the related EMI problem and resolve the severe chip or module level EMC problem more effectively.