Preface

9 December 2021 (Online conference) Editors:Zul-Atfi Ismail, Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan, Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin, Nur Soleha Abdul Rahim, Noor Ainee Zainol, Nurfadzillah Ishak Organiser:Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia PREFACE International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (CENVIRON2021) is the fourth CENVIRON conducted since the first conference in 2017. The initial purpose of the conference is to gather researchers, academia and industries in a platform to exchange views, share ideas and discuss current researches in the field of civil and environmental engineering. This include current research and development especially in the advancement of various scope related fundamentals and applications. This conference is expected to spur a fruitful debate and discussion, scientifically bring fresh ideas and at the same time, create a networking opportunity and strong collaboration between the participants.Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, unfortunately, we have reached an agreement to opt for a virtual conference instead of the planned physical conference in the metropolitan city of Penang, Malaysia. Since the pandemic in Malaysia is still unstable and shows no sign of settling soon, and no mass gathering is allowed, this would be the best choice as to put everyone’s health a priority. Despite that, our team has managed to meet regularly via face to face discussions and virtual meetings, in order to ensure the quality of the conference and manuscript is not compromised.The conference was officiated on 9th December 2021 by the UniMAP’s Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr. Zaliman Sauli at Auditorium of UniMAP Chancellory Building with minimal physical attendees among the conference organizing committee member to allow for social distancing, and with more than 60 attendees following through Google meet platform. The opening ceremony was broadcasted live via UniMAP’s official Facebook page.Two esteemed keynote speakers were invited for the plenary sessions, i.e., Dato’ Seri Ir. Dr. Zaini Ujang (Secretary General, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water Malaysia) and the Dato’ Ir. Haji Mohamad Zulkefly Sulaiman (Director General, Public Work Department Malaysia).The online parallel sessions were successfully organised at Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Library, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) using Google Meet platform. Researchers, academicians and students are among the viewers of the virtual conference. The parallel sessions were conducted according to the theme of publication. Details of the presentation schedule were included in the upcoming section. Each parallel session was chaired by an academician in the related field of Civil and Environmental Engineering to ensure smooth and lively discussions. Each session took about 15 minutes of presentation and 5 minutes of Q&A. Overall, 70 papers were accepted for CENVIRON2021 after rigorous peer review process.In summary, the success of the conference is a team effort. I am grateful to all the committee members who worked very hard to make this event a successful one. We would also like to thank all the authors who submitted their papers to the conference, and the reviewers who contributed to the review process, ensuring quality publication of the conference proceedings. We hope that you will find this conference thought provoking and engrossing and that you had a valuable experience sharing ideas with others at this conference.On behalf of the Organizing Committee,Ir. Dr. Mohd Zulham Affandi Mohd Zahid,CENVIRON2021 ChairmanList of Keynote Speakers are available in this pdf.

14 December 2023 Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Library, UniMAP, Perlis https://civentech.unimap.edu.my/ The International Conference on Civil Engineering & Technology 2023 (CIVENTECH 2023) took place on December 14, 2023, at the Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Library of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP). The conference was organized by the Centre of Excellence for Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG) and the Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology (FKTA), UniMAP as co-organizer. This event sponsored by Shan Poornam Metals Sdn Bhd, CIMA Berhad, XSD Paper International Sdn Bhd and Watertech Industrial Sdn Bhd. The conference aimed to provide a specialized platform for researchers, academicians, and industry practitioners to share their expertise and exchange ideas related to the latest developments in Civil and Environmental Engineering research. The conference was conducted in a hybrid mode, accommodating both face-to-face and virtual participation, which enabled broader engagement from local and international participants. There are 10 sessions CIVENTECH 2023 brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds, promoting knowledge enhancement and the establishment of sustainable research networks for future collaborations. Two esteemed keynote speakers were invited for the plenary sessions, i.e., Ir. Dr. Zuraida Zaini Rijal (Senior Engineer, Civil and Structural Engineering Branch, JKR Malaysia Headquarters) and Ts. Naidatul Maziah Latif (Senior General Manager in the Management Sector Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia). This event was also enlivened by the presence of an invited speaker i.e. Dr. An Hong Ki (Senior Lecturer, FKTA, UniMAP). In summary, the success of the conference is a team effort. We would like to thank all the organizing committee, keynote and invited speakers, sponsors and participants, for their invaluable contributions and support, which made this event a great success. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the reviewers for their positive contribution to maintaining the quality of the articles presented in this proceeding. List of Conference Committees are available in this Pdf.

First of all, thank Allah SWT. the ICIME is the second International Conference on Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering by the Industrial Engineering Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) can be held successfully. This year International Conference on Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering was implemented slightly differently from the previous year because the COVID 19 pandemic infected the entire world, held from 3th to 4th September 2020 through a web conference, although it cannot be held face-to-face this activity is still carried out as the previous year. This conference is an extended collaboration between Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), and Prince of Songkla University (PSU) to intensify knowledge sharing and experiences between higher learning institutions.This ICIME Conference is a platform for knowledge exchange and the growth of ideas, particularly in manufacturing engineering with rapid advancements in manufacturing engineering. This year, 2020, the conference theme is “Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Experiences and Challenges in ASEAN” reflecting the role of Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing to be developed for industries that can compete in the international sphere especially ASEAN. The previous conference had been published 155 paper in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. The conference was run in seven parallel sessions with 161 presenters sharing their latest finding in the areas of manufacturing process, systems, advanced materials and automation. The Keynote Speaker of this conferences are Dr. Ir. Abdul Rahman Hemdi from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Malaysia, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nikorn Sirivongpaisal from Prince of Songkla University (PSU) Thailand, Prof. Dr. Ir. Armansyah Ginting, M. Eng from Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Indonesia, Agus Tjahajana Wirakusuma as chief commissioner of PT Indonesia Asahan Alumunium (INALUM) and Prof. Dr. Pramodkumar S Kataraki from REVA University, India. The Invited Speaker of this conferences are Ir. Rosnani Ginting, MT, Ph.D from Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Indonesia, Hasnida Binti AB Samad Ph.D from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia, Ahmad Faiz Zubair, Ph.D from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia and Dr. Hafnee Lateh Prince Of Songkla University (PSU), Thailand and Ir. Aulia Ishak, MT, Ph.D from Universitas Sumatera Utara USU, Indonesia. The organizers are very grateful to them for supporting the conference and sharing their latest research results with the conference participants. The number of papers that submitted on the OCS USU website was 167 papers and 6 papers were rejected and 161 papers were received which have been presented at the parallel session. Details of participants who attended the conference, among others; Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), Universitas Indonesia (UI), Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Universitas Andalas (UNAND), Universitas Telkom, Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret (UNS), Prince of Songkla University (PSU), REVA University, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology and many more.As chairman of this, 2ndInternational Conference on Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (ICI&ME), I thank to all the committee that have been involved to succeeded this conference and may this conference will be blessed by Allah SWT. and we are all given health and protection from the COVID 19 virus. Please have a grateful day with ICI&ME. Ir. Aulia Ishak, MT, Ph.D. Chairman

In this era of globalization, international collaboration in higher education has become a key factor in improving academic quality, research, and technological development. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), as an institution that focuses on technical and vocational education, utilizes the philosophy encapsulated in its tagline: "Knowledge, Sincerity, Excellence" to strengthen its international position. This article aims to explore how UniMAP utilizes this tagline as a strategy to strengthen international collaboration and improve global performance. Through the implementation of strategies based on knowledge, sincerity, and excellence, UniMAP has not only improved the quality of education and research but also built sustainable international partnerships. Significant achievements are evident in its international rankings, collaborative research networks, and high graduate success rates. Despite challenges such as geographical limitations, cultural differences, and university competition, UniMAP has successfully overcome these obstacles by encouraging cross-cultural communication and building similar partnerships. The results of this study indicate that the values ​​embedded in UniMAP's tagline play a significant role in strengthening the university's international position and driving sustainable improvements in global performance. Keywords: UniMAP, International Collaboration, Tagline, Knowledge, Sincerity, Excellence, Technical Education, Global Performance

Sustainability as a central issue and as a skill set has become an increasingly important part of engineering education for Civil and Environmental Engineers. ABET criteria for both Environmental and Civil Engineering currently contain language stressing sustainability but the development of curriculum components for these degree programs does not yet have an established norm, with some efforts directed at spreading sustainability across the curriculum in a modular fashion within upper level topics and other efforts directed at one, two or three course sequences specifically focused on sustainability. A body of sustainability pedagogy does exist and has been strongly promoted by both AEESP and NSF and is now a topic of discussion by ASCE. Florida Gulf Coast University was established in the late 1990’s as a “green university’ as part of the State University System in Florida. The school has environmental sustainability as part of its formal mission in a region acutely sensitive to climate change and dependent on the construction and tourism industries and continuous growth for economic stability in a shrinking and fragile ecosystem. As part of the original design of the Environmental Engineering curriculum, a Sustainability in Engineering course was established and first taught in the 2008-2009 academic year. The senior-level course is required for Environmental Engineers and serves as an environmental elective for many Civil Engineers. Performance in the senior level Sustainability course varies widely. Good students in both disciplines achieve student learning outcomes at high taxonomic levels. Weaker students in Environmental Engineering also have high outcome achievement. A large cohort of Civil Engineers however, fall short in achieving learning outcomes at the highest levels. This study attempts to assess these differences and improve overall achievement of sustainability skills for Civil Engineering students. We will use initial survey instruments in these classes as well as in at least one additional Civil Engineering class (sustainability focus included) to assess student attitudes and depth of knowledge prior to and after completion of the Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering course in sophomore year and prior to and after the Sustainability course in senior year. Data has been collected this year (senior level evaluated at end of year) and will continue to be collected over the next several years continuing a longitudinal study that will focus on our students’ developing levels of expertise in formulating sustainable solutions to real life engineering problems.

The remarkable growth of electronic data in the Mathematics department provides the opportunities to extract some meaningful information from this large capacity of data. The development of the data in the mining field ensures the educational data to improve the quality of the educational processes and to classify the components that affected the performance of the students in engineering statistics course. Thus, in this study, Kanri Distance Calculator (KDC) was utilized to analyze the performance of undergraduate students in Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) during the academic session 2015/2016 in semester 2. The performance of the students was evaluated based on two aspects. First, the academic achievement of the students from the engineering statistics course during semester 2 2015/2016 was analyzed. Second, the possible variables that affect the performance of students in this course were classified. Thus, in this study, two significant groups of students were recognized i.e. (i) the students who achieved below 60% average, and (ii) the students who achieved above 60% average that can be referred as off-target and target group respectively. Based on the analysis of this study, the two variables (i.e. variables X3 and X7) affect the performance of the students and cause the students to obtain average marks lower than 60%. The results indicate that, by focusing on the possible variables that affect the academic performance of the students, it is possible to provide an appropriate warning and support to the students below average achievement, and at the same time to provide advice and opportunities to high-performance students based on the past experience about the obtained components.

Preface to the 1st ICI&ME 2018The ICI&ME is the first International Conference on Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering by the Master and Doctoral Program of Industrial Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara (USU), held from 16-17th October 2018 in Medan, Indonesia, with the theme “Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Practice for Local Industries”. This conference is an extended collaboration between University of Sumatera Utara (USU), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), and Prince of Songkla University (PSU) to intensify knowledge sharing and experiences between higher learning institutions.This ICI&ME Conference is a platform for knowledge exchange and the growth of ideas, particularly in manufacturing engineering. The conference aims to bring researchers, academics, scientists, students, engineers and practitioners from around the world together to present their latest findings, ideas, developments and applications related to manufacturing engineering and other related research areas. With rapid advancements in manufacturing engineering, ICI&ME is an appropriate medium for the associated community to keep pace with the changes. This year, 2018, the conference theme is “Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Practice for Local Industries” which reflects the role of industrial and manufacturing engineering to be developed for industries.The papers in these proceedings are examples of the work presented at the conference. They represent the tip of the iceberg, as the conference attracted over 167 full papers were accepted in these proceedings. The conference was run in four parallel sessions with 167 presenters sharing their latest finding in the areas of manufacturing process, systems, advanced materials and automation. The Keynote Speaker of this conferences are Prof. Dr. Ir. Abdul Rahman Omar from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Malaysia, Rediman Silalahi as Director of PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN IV), Prof. Dr. Ir. Sukaria Sinulingga, M.Eng from University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Indonesia, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nikorn Sirivongpaisal from Prince of Songkla University (PSU) Thailand. The organizers are very grateful to them for supporting the conference and sharing their latest research results with the conference participants.As chairman of this International Conference on Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (ICI&ME), I thank all the committee members that have been involved to make this conference a success and may this conference be blessed by God. Please have a grateful day with ICI&ME.Aulia Ishak, ST, MT, Ph.D.Chairman

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single Anonymous • Conference submission management system: Institutional email account (cenviron@unimap.edu.my) and google form • Number of submissions received: 47 • Number of submissions sent for review: 45 • Number of submissions accepted: 39 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 83 • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 51 • Contact person for queries: Name: Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar Email: nuraiti@unimap.edu.my Affiliation: Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis

This study is about systematic approach to photogrammetric survey that is applicable in the extraction of elevation data for geophysical surveys in hilly terrains using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The outcome will be to acquire high-quality geophysical data from areas where elevations vary by locating the best survey lines. The study area is located at the proposed construction site for the development of a water reservoir and related infrastructure in Kampus Pauh Putra, Universiti Malaysia Perlis. Seismic refraction surveys were carried out for the modelling of the subsurface for detailed site investigations. Study were carried out to identify the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM) produced from an UAV. At 100 m altitude (flying height), over 135 overlapping images were acquired using a DJI Phantom 3 quadcopter. All acquired images were processed for automatic 3D photo-reconstruction using Agisoft PhotoScan digital photogrammetric software, which was applied to all photogrammetric stages. The products generated included a 3D model, dense point cloud, mesh surface, digital orthophoto, and DEM. In validating the accuracy of the produced DEM, the coordinates of the selected ground control point (GCP) of the survey line in the imaging area were extracted from the generated DEM with the aid of Global Mapper software. These coordinates were compared with the GCPs obtained using a real-time kinematic global positioning system. The maximum percentage of difference between GCP’s and photogrammetry survey is 13.3 %. UAVs are suitable for acquiring elevation data for geophysical surveys which can save time and cost.

Throughout this modernization world, the demands on Internet of Thing keep increasing. Most mailbox or pigeon hole are designed with poor efficiency system and commonly suffer from some possible flaws such as manually checking the letter by the user. The main problem of this project is to improve the existing pigeonhole system. In the case of staff at School of Computer and Communication System, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, each academic staff has been allocated a pigeon hole for any letters or memos from within or inter faculty. Unfortunately, the current conventional pigeon hole system is unable to inform and notify the staff on any urgent letter and this lead to significant delay in responding the letter. The main weakness of the current system is that staffs need to check their respective pigeon hole every day. However, due to the routine commitment or unforeseen circumstances the pigeon hole cannot be possibly checked every day. Hence, to fulfil this requirement, this project named as Smart Electronic Pigeon Hole System is introduced in order to make the pigeon hole more efficient. The purpose of this project is to design a smart electronic pigeon hole system with some detecting sensors such as infrared and ultrasonic sensors. Wi-Fi module acts as a tool to communicate via email between pigeonhole’s system and its owner. Arduino board is used to be programmed in such a way to process the sensors when detecting the upcoming document or letters and to continuously check the status of capacity of the pigeon hole. This project work with the administrative staff, who collected the documents from the post center, will entered and select the designated number of the pigeon hole users. Infrared sensors, located at the front, will detect the upcoming documents or letters. Ultrasonic sensor will detect the fullness of the letter in the pigeon hole. When there is arriving of document or letters, the user will get the notification email. The user will also get the warning notification email when their pigeon hole is full with documents. Red LED will light on when the capacity of the pigeon hole is full. The sensor will continually sense the condition of the pigeon hole as long as the system is activated. This project is suitable for the staff or the apartment residents as it has the capability to alert the user when there is a letter to prevent the urgent letter’s being ignored.

With great pleasure, we would like to welcome all delegates to our 2021 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICoBE). ICoBE 2021 was organized by Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) as the main organizer and Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan and The Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Health Technologies, De La Salle University, Philippines as the co-organizers of this conference. ICoBE 2021 was held virtually at UniMAP due to travelling restriction issued by the government.ICoBE conference covers a wide range of current research areas which covers important elements in the related engineering fields. This conference gathers experts from different countries to discuss the state of the art and to present new research findings and perspectives. Four prominent keynote speakers from oversea universities and from industry were invited to share their ideas on current developments in these emerging and important topics. Our 85 participants came from several countries such as Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Japan and United Kingdom. There are 12 sessions for oral presentation, and the participant are given 10 minutes to deliver their works and 5 minutes for Q&A via Google Meet platform. All sessions went smoothly with minor issues such as participants mistakenly entering the session. We are sure all participants used this conference as a platform to present their work and address current problems in this challenging and promising field and subsequently create new avenues for the commercialization of new products.List of Photos are available in this pdf.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shifted education from traditional methods to e-learning, which may be influenced by factors such as internet connectivity, learner environment, and student emotions.This study investigates how these factors affect e-learning effectiveness among 350 university students from the Faculty of Business and Communication (FPK) at Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP).Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires using simple random sampling.Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were applied to assess the relationships between the variables.The results revealed that internet connectivity (r = 0.502) and student emotions (r = 0.548) significantly impact e-learning effectiveness, while the learner environment demonstrated no significant influence.Multiple regression analysis confirmed that internet connectivity ( = 0.231) and student emotions ( = 0.350) are key contributors to e-learning success, explaining 33.8% of the variance.The findings highlight the importance of ensuring stable internet access and addressing students' emotional well-being for effective online learning.Recommendations include enhancing internet infrastructure and providing emotional support to optimise the e-learning experience.This study offers valuable insights into e-learning challenges during the pandemic, emphasising the need for institutions to prioritise technology and mental health resources to improve learning outcomes.

The issue of marketability among recent college graduates is regularly raised. Competition and economic problems have a substantial impact on graduates' ability to find work. As a result of this research, a tool that assesses cross-cultural dimensions and marketability skills will be developed to identify how potential graduates are perceived before they graduate from college. Respondents were randomly assigned questionnaires at three Malaysian Technical University Network (MTUN): Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTEM) and Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP). The samples are 44 prospective graduates from four MTUN universities. The responses from the samples provide acceptable and sufficient data for the pilot study's analysis of the study's dependability. The researcher has successfully developed a questionnaire instrument, and a pilot study analysis was carried out to ensure the validity and acceptance of the study as a construct. All cross-cultural dimensions have reliability above 0.6. Therefore, repeated analysis does not need to be done in a cross-cultural context. Several constructs of marketability have been dropped and analyzed, such as planning skills, problem-solving skills, communication skills, logical thinking skills, teamwork skills, and proactive skills. Other marketability constructs, namely technological skills and intrapersonal skills have reached a level of reliability above 0.6 and do not require repeated analysis. Finally, the pilot research for the instrument measuring future graduates' marketability abilities, as well as the cross-cultural component, was successfully completed. As a result, the researcher will use these evaluated items as instruments in the empirical field study.

Integrity is an essential value that university students should possess to ensure the advancement of organisations, the country and also the welfare of the community. However, the increase in cases of disciplinary misconduct among university students shows that their integrity is compromised and deteriorating. In addition, the views of a handful of students that accepting bribes is not an offense and expressed their willingness to accept bribes, revealed low level understanding on the concept of integrity. The aim of this study is to identify factors that contribute to instilling integrity in university students to develop a corruption-free generation. This study was conducted qualitatively using semi-structured interview to obtain more information and data. A total of 5 integrity specialists from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) dan Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and 21 students were chosen as informants in this study. All the data and information were analyzed using Atlas.ti software. The study identified 3 main factors, namely religious internalization, the environment and self-identity. Hence, these elements should be included in student development programs, to prevent them from involving in activities that are dishonest and without integrity.

The physical learning environment has a significant impact on students’ academic experiences and overall satisfaction, particularly in higher education settings. This study examines the influence of lecture hall facilities on student satisfaction at public universities in Malaysia. Using a quantitative research approach, standardized questionnaires were distributed to gather data from 300 undergraduate students across three different institutions. Key factors evaluated included seat comfort, lighting, ventilation, cleanliness, and technology resources. Descriptive and correlational analyses revealed a strong positive correlation between the quality of lecture hall facilities and students' overall satisfaction. These findings underscore the need for ongoing improvement of physical infrastructure to create supportive learning environments. This study offers facilities managers and university policymakers valuable insights to enhance student-focused campus development. Persekitaran pembelajaran fizikal memberi kesan yang signifikan terhadap pengalaman akademik dan kepuasan keseluruhan pelajar, terutamanya dalam konteks pendidikan tinggi. Kajian ini meneliti pengaruh kemudahan dewan kuliah terhadap kepuasan pelajar di universiti awam di Malaysia. Menggunakan pendekatan penyelidikan kuantitatif, soal selidik berstandard telah diedarkan bagi mengumpulkan data daripada 300 pelajar prasiswazah di tiga institusi berbeza. Faktor utama yang dinilai termasuk keselesaan tempat duduk, pencahayaan, pengudaraan, kebersihan dan sumber teknologi. Analisis deskriptif dan korelasi menunjukkan hubungan positif yang kuat antara kualiti kemudahan dewan kuliah dan kepuasan keseluruhan pelajar. Dapatan ini menekankan keperluan untuk penambahbaikan berterusan terhadap infrastruktur fizikal bagi mewujudkan persekitaran pembelajaran yang lebih menyokong. Kajian ini menawarkan pandangan bernilai kepada pengurus kemudahan dan penggubal dasar universiti untuk meningkatkan pembangunan kampus yang berfokuskan pelajar.