Preface

Population growth and city expansion in developing countries require traditional urban planning practices to be transformed in order to tackle climate change and follow Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agendas. Almost every expert in the urban sector believes that future cities should be sustainable, smart, and environmentally friendly, where energy is one of the most critical factors to achieve these goals. They also agree that smart and sustainable energy provision for cities requires a comprehensive and responsive legal and policy framework to be in place at the national level. However, this research’s findings reveal a lack of such frameworks for this group of countries. Considering the challenges and unique nature of Low-Income-Developing (LID) countries, there should be a framework based on the realities in these countries. In this research, key challenges of urban and energy sectors of LID countries, specifically Afghanistan, are identified, and a framework for the integration of sustainable and smart energy in the urban planning processes for LID countries is proposed. To make it easily replicable and adaptable for LID countries, the proposed framework is studied and analyzed around Afghanistan’s urban and energy sectors. This is one of the few frameworks of its kind for LID economies to the best of the authors’ knowledge. This framework lays a solid foundation for sustainable and smart energy integration in the urban planning process of developing countries. This study highlights that sustainable and smart energy systems could ensure climate change mitigation and economic growth enhancement but require close cross-sectoral coordination and policy maker’s commitments and involvement. This research will help many existing and emerging cities in the LID countries’ worldwide use and benefit from the proposed framework in their urban planning processes. It also enables policymakers, urban planners and designers, municipalities leadership, and other stakeholders of the urban, energy, and environment sectors to work together and make smart and rational decisions for the future of their cities and lead them towards smart and sustainable cities.

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems

Building a new power system with new energy as the main body is one of the most important measures to achieve “carbon peak and carbon neutral” in China, which also puts forward higher requirements on the data analysis and processing capacity of the current power system. In recent years, artificial intelligence algorithms represented by deep learning have provided strong support for the realization and development of new energy power system. The paper summarizes the basic characteristics of deep learning algorithm and its five mainstream models. From the aspects of image recognition, power load prediction, fault diagnosis and system optimization scheduling, the application of deep learning in new energy power system is deeply analyzed. The application prospect of deep learning in new energy power system is prospected in order to provide reference for the research and construction of new power system.

The project Integrating the Energy System (IES) Austria recognises interoperability as key enabler for the deployment of smart energy systems. Interoperability is covered in the Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) activity A4-IA0-5 and provides an added value because it enables new business options for most stakeholders. The communication of smart energy components and systems shall be interoperable to enable smooth data exchange, and thereby, the on demand integration of heterogeneous systems, components and services. The approach developed and proposed by IES, adopts the holistic methodology from the consortium Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), established by information technology (IT) vendors in the health sector and standardised in the draft technical report ISO DTR 28380-1, to foster interoperable smart energy systems. The paper outlines the adopted IES workflow in detail and reports on lesson learnt when trial Integration Profiles based on IEC 61850 were tested at the first Connectathon Energy instalment, organised in conjunction with the IHE Connectathon Europe 2018. The IES methodology is found perfectly applicable for smart energy systems and successfully enables peer-to-peer interoperability testing among vendors. The public specification of required Integration Profiles, to be tested at subsequent Connectathon Energy events, is encouraged.

Guest Editorial

A bi-stage multi-objectives optimization of smart multi energy system with active consumers

Data-driven probabilistic machine learning in sustainable smart energy/smart energy systems: Key developments, challenges, and future research opportunities in the context of smart grid paradigm

It was a great pleasure to welcome all the participants from different countries to the 2020 International Conference on Smart Grid and Energy Engineering in Guilin, China during November 13-15, 2020. This three-day conference was organized by AEIC Academic Exchange Information Centre and co-organized by GUANGZHOU Computer Society. SGEE 2020 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of Smart Grid and Energy Engineering to a common forum. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in Smart Grid and Energy Engineering and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. The conference will be held every year to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in Smart Grid and Energy Engineering and related areas.The conference model was divided into two sessions, including oral presentations and keynote speeches. In the first part, some scholars, whose submissions were selected as the excellent papers, were given 15 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. Then in the second part, keynote speakers were each allocated 30-45 minutes to hold their speeches.In this conference, we are greatly honored to have invited Prof. Om P. Malik from University of Calgary, Canada to serve as our Conference Chairmen. During the conference, we were pleased to invite six distinguished experts to present their insightful speeches. The first keynote speaker, Prof. Z.Y. Dong, The University of New South Wales, Australia, held a speech on Promoting Renewable Energy with Virtual Power Plants. In this talk, the energy market rules which provides opportunities for VPP development were presented, together with methodologies on smart energy management for VPP applications. Prof. Juan Yu from Chongqing University, China, talked about Data-driven Methods for Operational Reliability Assessment of Power Systems Integrated with High-penetration Renewables. Her speech focusing on the computational efficiency of the operational reliability assessment in power systems that contain high penetration renewables, this presentation lays a theoretical foundation to support practical applications of an online high-accuracy operational reliability assessment. Prof. Alberto Borghetti, University of Bologna, Italy, shared a speech on his specialty related to Scheduling problems in local energy communities. This presentation is aimed to describe some models that could be useful for the operation of energy communities and distribution networks where trading between neighbors becomes significant. A/Prof. Farhad Shahnia, Murdoch University, Australia, made an insightful speech on Recent and Future Research on Microgrid Clusters. This talk briefly introduced the progress of research in this field around the world and Australia, and also discussed some of the technical challenges associated with interconnection of neighbouring microgrids as a key step to improve their survivability in the course of unexpected imbalances between the demand and the available generation from intermittent renewable resources. Prof. Xinyu Chen, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, delivered a speech: Towards Higher Penetration of Renewable Challenge and Opportunities. This talk focused on deepen the understanding of how the environmental regulations and low carbon polices influence the operation, planning and markets for power systems in different counties. As the last keynote speaker, Prof. Shouxiang Wang from Tianjin University, China. His research area: microgrid, smart distribution system, uncertainty analysis of power system.We are glad to share with you that we received lots of submissions from the conference and we selected a bunch of high-quality papers and compiled them into the proceedings after rigorously reviewed them. These papers feature following topics but are not limited to: Smart Grid Information Engineering, Electric Drive and Applications, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and other related topics. All the papers have been through rigorous review and process to meet the requirements of International publication standard.We are really grateful to the International/ National advisory committee, keynote speakers, session chairs, organising committee members, student volunteers and administrative assistance of the management section of University, including accounts section, digital media and publication house. Also, we are thankful to all the authors for contributing a large number of papers in the conference, because of which the conference became a story of success. It was the quality of their presentations and their passion to communicate with the other participants that really make this conference series a great success.The Organizing Committee of SGEE 2020List of Committee member are available in this pdf.

International Conference on Hydrodynamics, Energy and Electric Power System (HEEPS) is an annually held conference, it aims to provide a forum for participants to exchange their experiences, share research results in all aspects about Hydrodynamics, Energy and Electric Power System and discuss the encountered practical challenges and the adopted solutions. The 2024 8th International Conference on Hydrodynamics, Energy and Electric Power System (HEEPS 2024) was held in Beijing, China from June 28th to 30th, 2024. This esteemed conference, as the eighth in its series, continues to serve as a premier platform for researchers, scholars, and industry professionals to converge, share insights, and collaborate on the latest advancements in hydrodynamics, water resources and hydropower engineering, energy systems, and electric power technologies. HEEPS 2024 was organized with the aim of fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and innovation within the rapidly evolving fields of fluid mechanics, energy systems, and power engineering. Building upon the success of the previous seven editions, this conference attracted a diverse and vibrant community of participants from around the world. The event was hosted with the support of esteemed institutions such as the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Universiti Putra Malaysia, further enhancing its international reach and impact. HEEPS 2024 was an outstanding three-day conference and a reference that attracted many remarkable keynote speakers, including: Professor Jizhong Zhu (South China University of Technology, China), Professor Ishak Bin Aris (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), Professor Lin Chen (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China), Associate Professor Sohrab Mirsaeidi (Beijing Jiaotong University, China), as well as Assistant Professor Jianxiao Wang (Peking University, China). The program kicked off with a series of keynote lectures delivered by renowned experts in their respective fields, setting the tone for an intellectually stimulating conference. These presentations covered a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from fundamental research in hydrodynamics and fluid mechanics to the latest developments in energy systems and power grid technologies. Besides, during all parts of the conference, the attendees actively interacted with the speakers and each other on specific topics. The conference’s Proceedings of HEEPS 2024 contains the papers accepted and presented at this great conference. All these contributions were carefully reviewed by program committee members and took into consideration the breadth and depth of the research topics that fall into HEEPS scope. On behalf of the conference organizers, we would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to all the editors and reviewers for their tremendous efforts and dedication to the conference. We also wish to thank all the authors and speakers for their great contributions to this conference and the conference’s Proceedings. And we believe that with such earnest support and contributions, the future HEEPS conferences will also scale new heights. The Committee of HEEPS 2024 List of Committee Member are available in this pdf.

To address the challenges of assessing information security risks in smart energy systems, this study proposes a multi-attribute decision support method based on interval type-2 fuzzy numbers (IT2TrFN). First, expert questionnaires were designed to gather insights from eight specialists in the fields of smart energy and safety engineering. Linguistic terms associated with IT2TrFN were employed to evaluate indicators, converting expert judgments into fuzzy numerical values while ensuring data reliability through consistency measurements. Subsequently, a decision hierarchy structure and an expert weight allocation model were developed. By utilizing the score and accuracy functions of IT2TrFN, the study determined positive and negative ideal solutions to rank and prioritize the evaluation criteria. Key influencing factors identified include the rate of excessive initial investment, regulatory stringency, information security standards, environmental pollution pressure, and incident response timeliness. The overall risk index was calculated as 0.5839, indicating a moderate level of information security risk in the evaluated region. To validate the robustness of the model, sensitivity analyses were conducted by varying IT2FWA (Weighted aggregated operator) and IT2FGA (Weighted geometric operator) operator selections and adjusting weight coefficients. The results reveal that key indicators exhibit high risk under different scenarios. This method provides an innovative tool for the scientific evaluation of information security risks in smart energy systems, laying a solid theoretical foundation for broader regional applications and the expansion of assessment criteria.

This study proposes a day‐ahead optimal energy dispatch model for integrated energy system based on AC/DC interconnected infrastructure. In the infrastructure, micro‐turbines turn high‐frequency AC power into industrial‐frequency AC power and incorporate it into the energy system's power system. Within the process, waste heat is sent into the waste heat boiler and lithium bromide chillier to interconnect with the heating and cooling systems. DC battery and photovoltaic generations connected with the energy system's power grid through the inverter are used as the flexible energy storage and power generation unit to build an autonomous integrated energy system based on AC/DC interconnection. In the optimisation model, the goal is set as system's lowest daily operation cost and lowest energy consumption. The constraints include system operation constraints and equipment constraints. Simulation results show that by performing the schedule made by the dispatch model, the operating efficiency of various types of AC/DC equipment in the energy system has been improved, energy waste scene has been reduced significantly and energy consumption in the energy system is reduced by 16% compared with other energy supply structure without AC/DC interconnected infrastructure under traditional schedule strategies.

The transformation of traditional energy systems into smart energy systems has ushered in an era of efficiency, sustainability and technological growth. In this paper, we propose a new definition for “Quality of Energy Service” that focuses on ensuring optimal power-supply quality, encompassing factors such as availability, speed (i.e., the time to restore or adjust supply following interruptions or load changes) and reliability of supply. We explore the integration of advanced algorithms specifically tailored to enhance the Quality of Energy Services. By concentrating on key aspects—reliability, availability and operational efficiency—the study reviews how various algorithmic approaches, from machine learning models to classical optimisation techniques, can significantly improve power grid management. These algorithms are evaluated for their potential to optimise load distribution, predict system failures and manage real-time adjustments in power supply, thereby ensuring higher service quality and grid stability. The findings aim to provide actionable insights for policymakers, engineers and industry stakeholders seeking to advance smart grid technologies and meet global energy standards. Furthermore, we present a case study to demonstrate how these models can be integrated to optimise grid management, forecast energy demand and enhance operational efficiency. We employ multiple machine learning models—including Random Forest, XGBoost version 1.6.1 and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks—to predict future energy demand. These models are then combined within an ensemble learning framework to improve both the accuracy and robustness of the forecasts. Our ensemble framework not only predicts energy consumption but also optimises battery storage utilisation, ensuring continuous energy availability and reducing reliance on external energy sources. The proposed stacking ensemble achieved a forecasting accuracy of 99.06%, with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.9364% and a Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.998345, highlighting its superior performance compared to each individual base model.

The 2023 7th International Conference on Hydrodynamics, Energy and Electric Power System (HEEPS 2023) was held in Beijing, China from April 21sr to 23rd, 2023 (virtual form). The purpose of HEEPS 2023 was to discuss the present status and future perspectives of hydrodynamics, energy and electric power system. The following topics were selected in order to cover most of the scientific program and highlight an area where new ideas have emerged over recent years:(1) Hydrodynamic Experiments and Testing Techniques;(2) Fluid-induced Vibration and Noise;(3) Hydro-hydraulic Calculations;(4) Energy Storage Technology;(5) Power and Energy Circuits and Systems, etc.There were about 60 participants. In addition to the keynote speeches, we had many talks selected from contributed papers. There were invited, oral, and poster sessions. This proceedings contains the papers presented in invited and selected talks together with those presented in poster sessions.At the Conference, the participants discussed a wide range of issues affecting the theoretical and computational aspects of research problems in hydrodynamics, energy and electric power system. Besides, we had a comprehensive overview of this fascinating field and of future scenarios thanks to the participation of delegates from all around the world. Professor Fujun Zhang from Beijing Jiaotong University, China performed a keynote speech and shared with us his own research experience and professional view with the report Recent Development of Ternary Organic Solar Cells with BHJ or LbL Structure. His main research areas are solar cells, photodetectors and light sources. In the past five years, he has published more than 40 academic papers in IF more than 10 journals as corresponding author, and has been cited more than 10000 times (Google). Among them, 27 papers have been highly cited by ESI. One paper was rated as “China’s 100 Most Influential International Academic Papers”.We wish to acknowledge our host institutions, sponsors, and the many people whose work made this Conference possible. We would like to express our gratitude to the members of the Academic Committee and those of the Organizing Committee for their efforts which made this Workshop successful. Particularly we would like to present our great thanks to the editors and other colleagues of Journal of Physics: Conference Series for their patience and kind assistance in publishing this paper volume.List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Over the last few decades several innovative ideas have been explored in the energy storage areas, ranging in size, capacity, design complexity, and targeted applications. Some of them are designed for large scale power system applications, others for smallor medium-scale renewable energy or hybrid power systems, while the others are designed to perform short-term energy storage ride through for critical infrastructure (communication systems, hospitals, military facilities, etc.). Energy storage has become an enabling technology for renewable energy applications, grid integration and enhancing power quality and stability in the power transmission and distribution, having a great potential to improve power grid quality and stability and to provide an alternative to fossil fuel-based energy generation. The major constraints for renewable energy penetration are the availability, intermittency, and variability, which can be addressed through energy storage. The energy storage choice depends on specific usage requirements, often incorporating several energy storage systems in order to increase system reliability, capacity, and supply security. In the electric power system, the renewable energy promise lies in its potential to increase grid efficiency, reliability, or in optimizing power flows and supporting variable power supplies. The parameters used in comparisons of various energy storage technologies include efficiency, energy capacity and density, run time, costs, system's response time, lifetime in years and cycles, self-discharge, and maturity of each energy storage technology. The most common energy storage technologies include compressed air, pumped hydro, batteries, fuel cells, flywheels, and super-capacitors. The last four are suitable for the medium scale applications. The chapter discussed energy storage technologies and gives an up to date comparative summary of their performances. After completing this chapter, the readers are able to understand the role, importance, configurations and topologies of energy storage systems, operation principles, characteristics, performances, and operation of major energy storage systems used in power systems, buildings, and industrial facilities. Another benefit is that readers are able to understand the critical role and necessity of energy storage systems in power and renewable energy systems, the differences between large-, mediumand small-scale energy storage systems, and how a system is selected on specific applications based on system characteristics and performances. Major energy storage technologies discussed in this chapter are compressed air energy storage, pumped hydropower storage systems, batteries, flywheels, hydrogen energy storage, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and superconducting energy storage systems. Thermal energy storage systems are covered in detail in the next chapter. This chapter provides comprehensive reviews of the energy storage technologies and gives an up to date comparative summary of their performances, characteristics, and applications.

Smart grids are considered important building blocks of a future energy system that facilitates integration of massive distributed energy resources like gas-fired cogeneration (CHP). The latter produces thermal and electric power together and as such reinforces the interaction between the gas and electricity-distribution systems. Thermal storage makes up the key-source of flexibility that allows decoupling the electricity production from the heat demand. However, smart grids focus on electricity, often disregarding the role of gas and thermal storage in overall smart energy systems. We find that the technical impact of a massive introduction of CHP on the gas-distribution network is limited in most cases, even providing opportunities to free up capacity. Taking the consumer's viewpoint, we highlight the economic importance of the thermal storage tank, which requires a thermal capacity of two to three times the hourly thermal power output of the CHP to optimize electric power production and limit thermal losses. Further increasing the storage tank size can increase the gas-distribution capacity that can be marketed by the distribution system operator, but practical constraints in terms of dedicated land area have to be considered as well.