Preface

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Single-blind• Conference submission management system: We conduct paper submission through google form(https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXKEhsk1vkf2b0_4kmrnlpoihlgIkTV3V khWeK1Y2nhMYdGw/viewform) and the manuscript from author has submitted before the conference through the conference website(http://icroesth3.unhas.ac.id/).• Number of submissions received: Total received abstract = 256 titles• Number of submissions sent for review: 145 titles for abstract• Number of submissions accepted: 104 titles of fullpaper from 145 titles of fullpaper submitted• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 71.7 %• Average number of reviews per paper: 7- 8 papers per reviewer• Total number of reviewers involved: 18 reviewers• Any additional info on review process: There are some steps on review process1. review and acceptanceAt the begin, the abstract is submitted by the online system which is available on the conference page. The submitted abstracts are then collected by the committee for review one by one regarding the format, language and suitability of the conference scope. The abstract review was carried out by an internal reviewer. If there are any discrepancies, the abstract will be sent back to participants via email.2. Submission of Full PaperSecondly, uploading of full paper may only be done by participants who attend and present their research activities during the conference. This upload and revision activity was carried out on May 31-August 5 20213. Revision of Full PaperAt the revision stage, participants will be requested to make revisions based on the input given by the reviewer, this input is generally in the form of format, language and continuity of each discussion.4. Peer review of Full PaperAt the Fourth stage, full paper previously submitted through system were reviewed following a single blind peer review process. The papers were sent to reviewer that consisted of 18 reviewers according to topic of the papers and reviewer’s competency. Review was conducted on content, language, and format of the paper based on IOP Conference Series. At this stage, Reviewer submit a decision for the acceptance of the papers for publication in IOP Conference Series. 5. Revision of Reviewed Full PaperAs the end, the submitted papers were then subjected to proofread stage and check for similarity using Turnitin program. Subsequently, papers were prepared for submission to IOP Conference Series.• Contact person: Achmad Amiruddin, S.P., M.SiFaculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesiaachmad_amiruddin@unhas.ac.id

The 2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Bioindustry (ICAGRI) is an international conference that brings leading international academia, researchers, policymakers, professionals and stakeholders in the domain of interest from around the world together. Various issues related to Environmental Studies, Soil and Earth Science, Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Engineering, Food Science, Animal Husbandry, Biodiversity, Biomaterial and Bioindustry and were discussed to accelerate innovation and technology of resource-based food security and local wisdom.The conference that organized by Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala (USK) was held from October 27-28, 2020 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. This year, due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was carried out in the form of virtual conference to avoid personnel gatherings. Nevertheless, we can see the enthusiasm of the participants from the number of papers we received. In total, we received 151 submitted papers through submission system among that a total of 126 papers were sent to the reviewers, while 16 submission papers were rejected due to irrelevant topics. A total of 110 papers were accepted for presentations on the 2nd ICAGRI 2020. Selected papers were compiled into the proceeding after being reviewed rigorously.List of Advisor Board, Organizing Committee, International Scientific Committee & Advisory Board are availble in this pdf.

The comments of Roser and Korsch (1984) are related to two aspects: (1) their apparent inability to reproduce the results of the discriminant scores as given in table 9 of my paper (Bhatia 1983) and (2) the effect of grain size on the composition of clastic sedimentary rocks. The apparent discrepancy in the discriminant scores is due to their error in calculation. Roser and Korsch (1984) calculated the discriminant scores using the volatile-free averages of the published sandstone suites tabulated in tables 5-8 of my paper. However, the discriminant functions that I developed are based on the actual (non volatilefree) analyses of the sandstone suites of eastern Australia. Thus, the discriminant scores on the published averages given in table 9 of my paper were also calculated using the actual analyses and not the volatile-free analyses. This is mentioned in the text of my paper (Bhatia 1983 p. 620): "Discriminant scores for averages of the published analyses were calculated using the unstandardized function coefficients of table 3 and the actual abundance of element oxide in the average" [italics added]. The actual average chemical analyses and the calculation of the discriminant scores for three of the suites on which significant apparent discrepancies exist are presented in table 1 as examples. In the three cases presented (Aure Trough, Santa Ynez, and the Rhyolitic Sand suites), all the scores agree with those given in Bhatia (1983) and differ significantly from those calculated by Roser and Korsch (1984). The incomplete published analyses certainly posed some problem. Due to the im-

Livelihoods comprise capabilities, assets and activities for a means of living and are considered to be sustainable if they can cope with and recover from shocks and stresses (Chambers & Conway, 1992; Chambers 1995; Vercillo, 2016). They are complex, multidimensional, temporal and context-specific (Chambers, 1983; 2012; Nair, 2013; Scoones, 2015). As Scoones (2015, p.34) asserts: “it is not easy to get a handle on what is going on, for whom, where and why.” Hence, Chambers (1995; 1997) likens rural people to foxes that prey on different species in different ways. While livelihoods remain at the core of rural development practice, academic debate about their intricate nature is waning (Scoones, 2009). Yet, a continued critique of livelihoods thinking in the realm of both rural and urban development is justified. In his 2015 book: Sustainable Livelihoods and Rural Development, Ian Scoones revives the debate about sustainable livelihoods (Scoones, 2015). He always champions the inclusion of livelihoods perspectives in rural development thinking and practice (Vercillo, 2016). Scoones’ scholarly work on livelihoods traces back to his empirical study in Zimbabwe, drawing broader conclusions about farming livelihoods in dryland Africa (Scoones, 1996). Since this time, Scoones’ contribution to knowledge about livelihoods and development has been significant. This article highlights and evaluates the contribution of his 2015 book to livelihoods perspectives and rural development. The article also provides recommendations about how livelihoods insights may continue to be used in the eradication of rural poverty in developing countries.

Innovation processes in services remain under-researched, but recently large-scale surveys have been conducted which allow for a more systematic appraisal of the level and scope of innovation in services. To date, much of the literature on innovation in services focuses on the adoption and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Innovation in services, and services innovation, should, however, be understood in broader terms, and this understanding should extend to non-technological innovation. This paper presents evidence from a recent large-scale survey of innovation amongst German commercial service firms. It shows that services are much more active with respect to innovation than is widely thought. They are innovative in terms of being producers of service and process innovations. From our broader perspective, we examine the pattern of innovation as it relates to the standardisation-particularisation of service products, across a range of service sectors and across firms of various sizes. The production of bespoke or customised services shaped by client inputs has long been considered a defining characteristic of many services, and one that has affected their innovation potential. The present analysis reveals a pattern of diversity in behaviour, which reflects the diversity amongst service firms, and demonstrates the need for more subtle and differentiated analyses of services and services innovation.

The virtual 4th International Conference of Agroindustry and Bioeconomy (ICGAB) 2020 has been successfully held and the IOP Conference Proceeding Series: Earth and Environmental Science has been completed. This year ICGAB is special, it is the first virtual conference organised due to the Covid-19 global pandemic which hit us in early 2020. The conference was held virtually because of the travel restriction and social distancing policy of the Republic of Indonesia Government. In order to maintain an academic atmosphere and keep providing an academic forum for the students, academicians, researchers, and professionals despite the pandemic condition, the committee decided to hold the conference virtually.The current ICGAB 2020 is organised by the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya (Malang, Indonesia) on the 25th of August 2020. The organiser collaborated with MSAE (Malaysian Society of Agriculture and Food Engineers), AUCFA (ASEAN Universities Consortium on Food and Agro-based Engineering & Technology), Forum Komunikasi Perguruan Tinggi Teknologi Pertanian Indonesia (FKPT-TPI), International Association of Agro-based Engineering and Technology (IAAET), and Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering (AFSSAAE) with the theme on “Emerging Technology and Integrated Information System for Sustainable Agroindustry”.This conference is aimed to communicate and disseminate research experiences, technology innovation, research and technology advances, as well as case studies related to sustainable agroindustry. This event provides a scientific platform enabling both local and international academia, researchers, policymakers, industry leaders, professionals, and other stakeholders to build networks, share ideas, and create research collaboration. The ICGAB 2020 is hopefully offering all participants to engage with the practices and/or implementation of advanced technology and information system to further develop the green economy in Indonesia through the creation of sustainable agroindustry.Since 2017, ICGAB has been successfully attracting more than 300 participants from different countries to each event. This year we proudly conducted the 4th ICGAB virtually. The conference consisted of the plenary and parallel sessions. The speakers and presenters came from six countries (Australia, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia). The virtual conference was held using the Zoom Meeting Platform. The conference organiser managed the conference from Malang, Indonesia, while the participants and speakers joined the conference virtually from their respective location in several cities in Indonesia and other countries (i.e. Malaysia, Philippines, Japan, Australia, and South Korea). The prominent resource persons invited as the keynote speakers were Rossana Marie Amongo, PhD (University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, the Phillipines), Ir. Mohd Fazly bin Mail P.Eng., M.I.E.M (Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Malaysia), Assoc. Prof. Grause Guido (Tohoku University, Japan), Assoc. Prof. Yasmin Sultanbawa (The University of Queensland, Australia), and Prof. Teti Estiasih (Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia).The parallel session of ICGAB 2020 was well attended with 13 (thirteen) topics covered; all presenters did an outstanding job of sharing their expertise and experiences, beneficial to support the creation of a circular economy in Indonesia. There 243 participants from 6 countries presented and discussed during the conferences. The parallel sessions were conducted in ten different Zoom conference rooms. Each room was led by a chairperson and co-chairperson. Each participant was given seven minutes to present the paper followed by a discussion session led by the chairperson. The parallel sessions run very well. The participants were actively engaged during the discussion sessions. The technical areas and applications covered by the proceedings, namely:1. Food Safety and Security2. Agricultural Engineering3. Agricultural Product Technology4. Agroindustrial Production System Management and Regulation5. Renewable Energy and Biorefinery6. Waste and Environmental Management7. Health, Nutrition and Medical Microbiology8. Industrial Biotechnology and Bioprocessing9. Food Microbiology10. Agro Forestry and Biodiversity11. Fisheries and Marine Resources Technology12. Animal Welfare and Technology13. Bioeconomy and BiobusinessDespite some minor limitations, thanks to the support of innovation and advancement of virtual technologies, it was possible for us to hold the conference on time and excellently.Among the presented papers, 191 manuscripts have been gone through the peer review process and 152 manuscripts have been accepted to be included in this IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science ICGAB 2020 Proceeding. Acknowledgment is due to all participants, reviewers, editors, committees and all who contributed to this event. We hope that this conference proceeding could contribute to the advancement of agricultural technology in the world. We also hope to see you at the 5th ICGAB 2021!CONFERENCE COMMITTEE, Scientific Committee, Steering Committee, Editors, ORGANIZER, SPONSOR and this titles are available in this pdf.

This study aims to study the response of soybean plants to various scenarios of water supply and compost using the DSSAT model. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Agro-climatology and Statistics, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. This research was conducted in February-March 2016. Simulation of the DSSAT model was determined from primary data in the form of plant management data, soil data, and other supporting data, and secondary data in the form of climate data. The results of the study, based on the paired t-test, the DSSAT model for simulating soybean plants can predict each treatment on the parameters of vegetative weight and number of pods. A t-test on leaf root weight showed that the DSSAT model could predict all treatments except in the treatment of watering every ten days and 3.0 tons/ha of compost. Based on the value of MSE, the DSSAT model for simulating soybean plants can predict the yield of each treatment for the parameters of the number of seeds. The average difference between simulation and observation on seed weight of 314.44 kg/ha and simulation results tend to predict below observation in the field.

This study aimed to determine the production of tomato plants with the application of gibberellin growth regulators. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin from May to September 2017. The study was conducted in the form of an experiment using a Randomized Block Design as an environmental design and repeated three times. The first factor in this study was gibberellin consisted of four levels, namely 0 mg L−1, 15 mg L−1, 30 mg L−1, and 45 mg L−1, the second factor was the frequency of gibberellins application consisted of three levels, namely once, twice, and three times during the growth of the tomato plant. The results showed that the concentration of gibberellin of 45 mg L−1 applied once produced the fastest fruiting age of 48.92 days after planting (DAP), concentration of 45 mg L−1 gibberellin applied three times during growth showed the lowest number of seeds (21.73 seeds), while the concentration of 30 mg L−1 applied three times resulted in earliest fruit ripe (86.17 DAP).

Enthomophatogenic fungus is biological control. This research aimed to identify fungi on semi-organic and inorganic rice plants rhizosphere and proved as entomophatogenic fungi. This research was conducted in Biological control, Plant Pests and Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. Isolation of fungi with a modified insect bait method then tested in larvae, calculated mortality of larvae, Tenebrio molitor were infected by fungi were re-isolated and cultured in PDA media. The result showed that the average of T. molitor larvae mortality infected by enthomopathogenic fungi on semi-organic rhizosphere was around 24% and 8% on inorganic rhizosphere. The percentage mortality of larvae on semi-organic rhizosphere were infected by Fusarium sp. was around 20-60 %, Aspergillus sp. 60%-80% and Trichoderma sp. 80%, while in inorganic rhizosphere up to 100% were infected by Aspergillus spp.

This study aims to determine microorganisms in organically managed land. The study was conducted in the organic land and non-organic farmer’s land in Makassar and continued at the Disease Sciences laboratory, Department of Pests and Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin. The stages of the study consisted of soil sampling and 10 grams were taken to be diluted into 90 ml of sterile water, then a 10-3 dilution was carried out. The results of the dilution are taken 1ml each and then poured into the PDA media. The fungus that grows is purified on PDA media while bacteria on NA media, then identified. The results showed that in organic vegetable fields more fungi isolates were found (6 isolates): Gliocladium sp, Rhizoctonia sp, Aspergillus sp and two other isolates were unknown and gram-positive bacteria were found while non-organic was found five fungus isolates, Scopulariopsis sp., Verticillium sp., Fusarium sp., Gliocladium sp, Percentage of inhibition of fungi from organic vegetable fields ranged from 33.3 to 100% while non-organic lands 16.7 to 66.7%.

The major environmental and engineering applications of the self-potential method have been investigations of subsurface water movement. Specific uses have included mapping of seepage flow associated with dams, dikes, reservoir floors, and other containment structures; studies of general groundwater movement; and delineation of flow patterns in the vicinity of landslides, wells, faults, drainage structures, shafts, tunnels, and sinkholes. The method also has been used to a lesser extent for subsurface thermal investigations such as mapping of steam flood fronts and coal mine fires, and preliminary studies indicate that it could be used to help delineate chemical concentration gradients associated with subsurface contaminants. Self-potential anomaly amplitudes generated by such environmental and engineering sources tend to be lower than those seen in mineral and geothermal exploration, and spurious anomalies associated with the presence of man-made structures at most field sites often create very high noise levels. Therefore extreme care in the acquisition and reduction of field data, and recognition of characteristic fields associated with artificial and natural noise sources, are critical to the success of environmental self-potential investigations. Interpretation of self-potential data often is qualitative, using visual correlation between observed profile or contour patterns and known or suspected seepage flow paths or other sources. The use of available geometric source models, including charged points, lines, spheres, cylinders, and sheets, can provide useful first estimates of source depth and configuration. Computer programs based on analytical modeling techniques can be used to calculate self-potentials generated by subsurface gradients of pressure, temperature, or chemical concentration. If in-situ physical property parameters such as cross-coupling coefficients and hydraulic, thermal, and electrical conductivity are known or can be reasonably estimated, these techniques can provide useful information about the nature, location, and strength of self-potential sources.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer-reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review:Articles of ICWEB 2021 were reviewed using the single-blind system by which a reviewer could know the name of the authors of an article, but not in vice-versa. An author submitted their article through OJS of ICWEB 2021 then an editor reviewed the suitability of the article to the conference topic. The editor sent the selected article via OJS or email to a reviewer to examine the content of the article. The reviewer conveyed his/her recommendation through OJS or email to the editor and the latter subsequently made the decision. The article that required revision was sent to the author for revising as suggested by the reviewer. The revised version was re-uploaded by the author and rechecked by the editor and subject to a plagiarism check and a language and proofreading check. Finally, the accepted article was prepared for layout.• Conference submission management system:Open Journal System (OJS)http://icweb.ulm.ac.id/submission/index.php/index/login?source=%2Fsubmission%2Findex.php%2Findex%2Fuser• Number of submissions received:There were 73 applications attempting to submit to ICWEB 2021• Number of submissions sent for review:73 articles were accepted for review• Number of submissions accepted:67 reviewed articles were recommended to be published to IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES)• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received × 100):91.78%• Average number of reviews per paper:One article was reviewed twice for its content, once each for language and template.• Total number of reviewers involved: 10 people• Any additional info on review process:A plagiarism test was done with a maximum similarity was 25 %.• Contact person for queries:Name : Dr. Badruzsaufari, M.Sc.Affiliation: FMIPA, Lambung Mangkurat UniversityEmail : badruzsaufari@ulm.ac.id

Agriculture is one of the priorities and very important fields in Türkiye's economic development, and it should be carried out with scientific methods. In today's faculties of agriculture, education is given in different departments and agricultural engineers who can work in various fields of agriculture are trained. For this reason, it is an important issue that the department chosen by the students should be suitable for them and what the department selection is made according to. This study was conducted to find answers to the questions of whether the students' department preferences have changed according to factors such as age, gender, family work, monthly income of the family, number of siblings, family residence, and the order in which they prefer the Faculty of Agriculture. The data in the study were tested with Chi-Square analysis. As a result of the study, the effect of all factors except the number of siblings and the order of preference on the department preference was found to be statistically significant, and it was concluded that the students consider their personality traits, their interest in agricultural activities, the place of their preferred profession in the society and the employment rate of the profession.

"This book represents the culmination of extensive research, practical insights, and a deep understanding of the intricate web connecting agriculture, rural communities, and development. As we journey through its pages, we delve into the multifaceted dimensions of agricultural extension and its profound impact on rural development. The first section of the book provides a historical perspective on agricultural extension, tracing its roots back to the early stages of organized agriculture. We examine the transformation of extension services from traditional approaches to modern, participatory methodologies. Understanding the historical context is crucial for appreciating the evolution of extension practices and discerning the lessons learned from past experiences. Moving forward, the second section delves into the fundamental principles and components of effective agricultural extension. Topics such as communication strategies, technology transfer, farmer education, and participatory approaches are scrutinized to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key elements that contribute to successful extension programs. Real-world case studies and success stories from diverse agricultural landscapes enrich the narrative, offering practical insights into the application of extension principles. The third section of the book shifts the focus to the intricate relationship between agricultural extension and rural development. Here, we explore the pivotal role of extension services in fostering sustainable rural development, addressing issues such as poverty alleviation, gender equality, and community empowerment. The interplay between extension, policy frameworks, and rural institutions is dissected to unveil the mechanisms that can catalyze positive change. The final section of the book peers into the future of agricultural extension and its implications for rural development. Emerging trends such as digital agriculture, precision farming, and climate-smart practices are analyzed for their potential impact on extension services. The role of innovation, research, and collaboration in shaping the future of agriculture is also examined. "

Biological control of seedling damping-off with fish emulsion derived from menhaden fish. P.A. Abbasi, K.L. Conn, R. Earl, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Fungitoxicity of smoke from some Ghanaian medicinal plants. R. Addai. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box KS 13128, Adum, Kumasi, Ghana. Efficacy of OxiDateTM for control of potato storage pathogens. K.I. Al-Mughrabi. Potato Development Centre, New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 39 Barker Lane, Wicklow, NB E7L 3S4, Canada. Biological control of Carthamus lanatus in Australia. G.J. Ash, N.S. Crump, A. Breen, E. Anschaw, R.O. Kennedy, J.D.I. Harper, A. Nikandrow, and D. Hailstones. Farrer Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (A.N.) Orange Agricultural Institute, New South Wales (NSW) Agriculture, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; and (D.H.) Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Agriculture, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia. Assessment of resistance to late blight within primitive cultivated Andigena potato lines. P. Audy, T. Somerville, and T. Mossman. Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada. Validation of impaction-type spore sampler as a tool to estimate inoculum of Uncinula necator. R. Bacon, B. Talbot, and O. Carisse. (R.B., O.C.) Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; and (R.B., B.T.) Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Université Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Identification and detection of fungi associated with root rot of soybean seedling in Eastern Canada. T. Barasubiye, C.A. Lévesque, A. Tenuta, S. Rioux, K. Seifert, T.R. Anderson, and E. Cober. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.T.) Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 400, Main Street, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700 Einstein Street, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (T.R.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada. Genetic diversity between Melampsora spp., causal agents of foliar rusts. M.J. Bergeron, M. Bourassa, D.L. Joly, and R.C. Hamelin. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada. Molecular diagnosis of Phytophthora ramorum by realtime polymerase chain reaction, using Taqman®, SybrGreen, and Molecular beacons. G. Bilodeau, C.A. Lévesque, A.W.A.M. De Cock, G. Kristjansson, J. McDonald, and R.C. Hamelin. Natural Resources Canada, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (C.A.L.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (A.W.A.M.D.C.) Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands; and (G.K., J.M.) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P9, Canada. Première observation du Melampsora larici-populina au Canada. M. Bourassa, L. Innes, L. Marchand, P. Frey et R.C. Hamelin. Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles du Canada, Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; (L.I., L.M.) Direction de la conservation des forêts, ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; et (P.F.) Institut national de la recherche agronomique – Nancy, Unité de pathologie forestière, 54280 Champenoux, France. Spatial distribution of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis within the tree canopy.O. Carisse and D. Rolland. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur- Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Incidence of iprodione-insensitive isolates of Botrytis squamosa. O. Carisse and M. Tremblay. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. The significance of ethylene in the interaction between Nicotiana tabacum and Colletotrichum destructivum. N. Chen, P.H. Goodwin, and T. Hsiang. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Interactions between weakly and highly virulent strains of Leptosphaeria maculans, leading to induced resistance to black leg in canola. Y. Chen and W.G.D. Fernando. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Optimization of geldanamycin production by Streptomyces melanosporofaciens strain EF-76, a biocontrol agent of plant diseases. N. Clermont and C. Beaulieu. Centre d’étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Reduction of potato scab with volatile fatty acids and acidified liquid swine manure in soil amendments. K.L. Conn, P.A. Abbasi, Y. Lin, and G. Lazarovits. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Genetic and chemical control of Rhizoctonia solani on chickpea. E.B. Connor and R. Hall. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. M13 DNA fragment as an external control to normalize quantification of fungal DNA from soil by real-time polymerase chain reaction. A.L. Dauch, A.K. Watson, and S.H. Jabaji-Hare. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. A satellite double-stranded RNA in hypovirulent isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. F. Deng and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on postharvest blue and gray molds of apples and pears. D. Errampalli. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Vineland Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. Fusarium spp. in residues of cereal and noncereal crops grown in rotation in eastern Saskatchewan. M.R. Fernandez, P.G. Pearse, and G. Holzgang. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada; and (P.G.P., G.H.) Saskatchewan Agriculture, Food and Rural Revitalization, 3085 Albert Street, Regina, SK S4S 0B1, Canada. Impact of rotation sequence on common root rot of wheat in the Brown soil zone of western Canada. M.R. Fernandez and R.P. Zentner. Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada. Temperature sensitivity of resistance genes to oat stem rust. T. Fetch. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Potential role of lipid-transfer proteins in resistance to snow mould in winter wheat. D.A. Gaudet, M. Frick, S. Huang, N. Foroud, B. Puchalski, T. Despins, F. Eudes, and A. Laroche. Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Pathotypes of Cochliobolus sativus in Manitoba. H. Ghazvini and A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Persistence of Ascochyta rabiei in chickpea residue in Saskatchewan. B.D. Gossen. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada. Effect of tillage management on diseases of canola in Saskatchewan. B.D. Gossen and H.R. Kutcher. Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. Soluble invertase, and not invertase bound to cell wall, supplies hexose from wheat to powdery mildew. D.L. Greenshields, F. Wang, G. Selvaraj, and Y. Wei. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.S.) Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Characterization of Rhizoctonia solani infecting lettuce in Germany. R. Grosch, J.H.M. Schneider, and A. Kofoet. Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Echtermeyer Weg 1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany; and (J.H.M.S.) Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. Fungi associated with the European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, in southern Ontario. G. Hausner, C.N. Davis, E.A. Gibb, J. Reid, and A.A. Hopkin. Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (C.N.D., A.A.H.) Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen Street, Sault Sainte Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada; and (J.R.) Senior Scholar, Department of Botany, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Godronia canker of lowbush blueberry. P.D. Hilderbrand, W.E. Renderos, R.J. Davies, and K.B. McRae. Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. Use of polymerase chain reaction – single–strand conformational polymorphism analysis to monitor impacts of biocontrol agents on selected microbial populations in soybean crops.R. Hogue, E. Plante, I. Larouche, R. Jeannotte, and N. Daigle. Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and (R.J.) Department of Natural Resources Sciences, Université McGill, Sainte- Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Confirmation of the role of ascospores in field epidemics of speckled leaf blotch of wheat in Manitoba. C. Hoorne, L. Lamari, and G.M. Ballance. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Effects of seeding rate, seeding depth, and seed infection on mycosphaerella blight and seed yield of field pea. S.F. Hwang, R.L. Conner, K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, R.J. Howard, and S.F. Blade. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (R.L.C.) Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; (K.F.C.) Food and Rural Development, Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (R.J.H.) Food and Rural Development, Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Brooks AB T1R 1E6, Canada; and (S.F.B.) Food and Rural Development, Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB T5J 4K3, Canada. Effect of antagonistic fungi on the production of perithecia of Gibberella zeae on wheat residue. S. Inch and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Characterization of Phoma lingam isolates recovered from Canadian accessions of Thlaspi arvense. M.R. Islam, B. Koopmann, R.K. Gugel, and G. Séguin-Swartz. Institute for Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Georg- August-Universität Göttingen Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and (R.K.G., G.S.-S.) Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada Influence of inoculum sources on cultivar susceptibility to apple scab. T. Jobin, P. Neumann, and O. Carisse. Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; and (O.C.) Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Photosynthesis, net carbon gain, and growth of hydroponic bell peppers (Capsicum annuum ‘Cubico’) following root infection by Pythium aphanidermatum. M. Johnstone, S. Chatterton, J. Sutton, and B. Grodzinski. Department of Plant Agriculture University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (S.C., J.S.) Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Local and systemic induced resistance to the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato by different doses of chemicals and its comparison with a biological control agent (Paenibacillus polymyxa). H.U. Khan and Y.H. Kim. Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan; and (Y.H.K.) School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea. Cultural control of sclerotinia rot of carrot by lateral clipping of carrot canopy. C. Kora, M.R. McDonald, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (M.R.M) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Metabolic fingerprinting, using mass ions to discriminate diseases of potato.A.C. Kushalappa, L.H. Lui, A. Vikram, and B. Prithiviraj. Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Intensive crop rotations of canola and field pea in western Canada. H.R. Kutcher, D. Ulrich, and S. Brandt. Melfort Research Farm, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1240, Melfort, SK S0E 1A0, Canada; and (D.U., S.B.), Scott Research Farm, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Scott, SK S0K 4A0, Canada. Development and design of a marker based on polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Fusarium proliferatum isolates from field-grown asparagus.K. Labour, M. St-Arnaud, and S.H. Jabaji-Hare. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; and (M.S.-A.) Jardin botanique de Montréal and Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada. Use of acidic electrolyzed water for reducing populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on tomato seed and foliage. G. Lazarovits, P.A. Abbasi, and R. Earl. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. One-carbon metabolism in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. W. Liu, Y. Wei, and J. King. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Relative importance of storage conditions on development of postharvest carrot diseases. T. MacDonald, R.N. Markarian, C. Vigneault, and V. Toussaint. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Involvement of antibiosis in the biocontrol of potato silver scurf by different bacteria. C. Martinez, J.-N. Simard, J. Labonté, R.R. Bélanger, and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada. Mycelial interactions between vegetatively incompatible Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae)isolates.B.D. McCallum, A. Tekauz, and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Latent infection and distribution of a hypovirulenceassociated double-stranded RNA (OnuMV3a) in populations of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. M.S. Melzer, F. Deng, and G.J. Boland. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. In vitro effects of salt compounds on radial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of postharvest potato diseases. A.A.S. Mills, H.W. Platt, R.A.R. Hurta, and R.A. MacPhail. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada; and (R.A.R.H.) Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Patterns of gene expression during infection of soybean by Phytophthora sojae. P. Moy, I. Atkinson, D. Qutob, and M. Gijzen. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Some factors involved in soil disturbance that reduces disease of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 8. S.M. Neate. Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5012 Fargo, ND 58105-5012, U.S.A. Comparison of epidemics caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. dissotocum in pepper plants grown in small-scale hydroponic trough systems. T.N. Owen-Going and J.C. Sutton. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Molecular differentiation between Peridermium harknessiiand Cronartium quercuum f. sp. banksianae. F. Paradis, D.L. Joly, J. Walla, and R.C. Hamelin. Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sainte- Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; and (J.W.) Plant Pathology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105-5012, U.S.A. Refining the protocols for screening of resistance of spring wheat to fusarium head blight under controlled conditions. M.P. Pradhan and J. Gilbert. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. Effect of soil amendments on common scab of potato and soil bacterial communities. K. Prévost, B. Shipley, and C. Beaulieu. Centre d’étude et de valorisation de la diversité microbienne, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. Volatile metabolite profiling of cultivars of onion differing in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis allii, and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. B. Prithiviraj, A. Vikram, and A.C. Kushalappa. Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Sainte-Annede- Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. Effect of biological and nutritional factors on development of cylindrocarpon root rot on American ginseng. M. Rahman and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Flax rust races – an important collection needs preservation. K.Y. Rashid. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada. Epidemiology of sclerotinia head rot in wild sunflower. K.Y. Rashid and G.J. Seiler. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Unit 100–101, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada; and (G.J.S.) Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A. Use of bacteriophages for the management of soft rot of calla lilies caused by Erwinia sp. in closed irrigation systems. M. Ravensdale, T. Blom, J. Gracia-Garza, and A. Svircev. Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; and (J.G.G., A.S.) Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Vineland Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada. An epidemiological study of verticillium wilt of potatoes: host–pathogen interactions of various Verticillium spp. N. Robinson, H.W. Platt, L. Hale, and V. MacLean. Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4N6, Canada; and (L.H.) Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada. Assessment of soil or compost suppressiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under growth chamber condition: correlations with laboratory and field assessments. G. Rousseau, S. Rioux, and D. Dostaler. Département de phytologie, Pavillon des sciences de et de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada. A to monitor soil or compost suppressiveness to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions. G. and R. Département de phytologie, Pavillon des sciences de et de Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and des Institut de recherche 32, France. The Centraalbureau voor the of the R.A. and Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box AD Utrecht, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in in the Netherlands. J.H.M. and Y. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in in the Netherlands. J.H.M. and Y. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands. to Rhizoctonia solani AG in plant and J.H.M. Schneider, and S. Jabaji-Hare. Institute of Sugar Beet Research, P.O. Box 32, 4600 AA Bergen op Zoom, Netherlands; and Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. and L. and University of Edmonton, AB Canada. of seedling resistance to diseases in wheat. and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N Canada. Characterization of a metabolite by a causal agent of blight on field H. S.F. Hwang, K.F. Chang, S.F. G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Diversification Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada; (S.F.B.) Crop Diversification Centre North, Edmonton, Edmonton, AB 4K3, Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. Assessment of fungi as biological control agents of in G. S.F. and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC 1S6, Canada; and Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, BC Canada. and biocontrol by a of in the of and M. of University, Department of Molecular and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada. of fusarium head blight in Canadian A. Tekauz. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. fungi from oat in western Canada in A. Tekauz, N. B. McCallum, and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. In vitro interaction between the wheat and of K. and Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. of Xanthomonas campestris pv. in to disease and of lettuce leaf on bacterial V. and O. Carisse. Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; and de pathologie végétale, Institut national de la recherche France. in causal for and disease control N. L. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Road, BC Canada. volatile from apple with fungal pathogens. A. Vikram, B. Prithiviraj, and A.C. Kushalappa. Plant Science Department, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada. of development of late blight in potato using polymerase chain reaction. O. F. L. Lamari, and L. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Agriculture Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Molecular detection of in and in during O. F. M. L. B. T. P. and S. Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Agriculture Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Alberta Research Council, P.O. Box Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; and Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box MB Canada. of Streptomyces potato by polymerase chain reaction. A. and G. Lazarovits. Department of Biology, Biological and University of London, ON Canada; and Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. Molecular and of of a involved in fungal F. Wang, G. Selvaraj, and Y. Wei. Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; and (G.S.) Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. Impact of on Wang, S.F. Hwang, B.D. K.F. Chang, G.D. Turnbull, and R.J. Alberta Research Council, Vegreville, AB T9C 1T4, Canada; Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; (K.F.C.) Field Crop Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L Canada; and (R.J.H.) Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, AB T1R 1E6, Canada. The role of in germination and development in Colletotrichum J. and Department of Botany, University of ON Canada. gene expression of and A in potato with and of Phytophthora and F. Department of Plant Science, Agriculture University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada. Epidemiology of in R.R. MacDonald, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Avenue, and Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Road, BC Canada. of leaf blight in carrot by of S.M. A. and M.R. Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of a on by the G.J. and Department of Plant Pathology, University of U.S.A. and wheat response to leaf rust. T. D. M. C. W. T. and B. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. in biotic and abiotic stresses. T. T. and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South U.S.A. for gene T. and J. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. of isolates of Fusarium spp. head blight in wheat. G. Y. Chen, F. and C. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Effect of seed on of different of soybean E. T.R. Anderson, S. Rioux, R. and M. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (T.R.A.) Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 2585 County Road 20, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada; (S.R.) Centre de recherche sur les grains, 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC G1P 3W8, Canada; and University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Effect of on the of and in potato H. R. and R.J. Tweddell. Centre de recherche en horticulture, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; and Centre de recherche et de développement en horticulture, Agriculture et Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada. chain reaction – for Fusarium diversity in E. M. V. and M. Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.