Preface

Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah and His Prophet, our 5th International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering for Sustainability (IConCEES 2019) was successfully organised. This biannual event was organized by Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment (formerly known as Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering) as a platform for scientists, researchers and engineers to share their knowledge, expertise and experiences as well as current research outcome in creating sustainable and environmental friendly world. The conference theme of “Today’s Sustainable Engineering for a Better Tomorrow” really emphasises on green technology that enhance better future for mankind benefit. It can be described as the needs to prepare the world for future generation to continue the responsibility to make the world a better place to live. It is the desire of all population and generations that mankind will continue to exist and lead the world.In recent years, rapid development generally make life’s better In terms of how we live on daily basis, how much easier technology aided our lifestyle and increment in production efficiency. However, at the same time, our earth is paying the price for these rapid developments with more pollution arise, natural resources decrement and lots more. Through this conference, ideas, initial outcome, research products and green policies were coined and solutions to preserve our dying nature were recommended. Perhaps it can be further enhance to be applied and implemented globally. Thus, it is our duty to ensure that we conduct the necessary steps towards sustainability of the world in whatever discipline and role that we have.

The history of the Department of Architecture begins from the first days of the creation of Dnepropetrovsk Civil Engineering Institute (now − State Higher Education Institution “Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture”). For 90 years of its existence, the Department of Architecture has passed a large and important path for the Academy and, in particular, for the Faculty of Architecture, the Faculty of Industrial and Civil Engineering and the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Ecology, the path of its formation and development. The scientific research of the Department of Architecture were used in the design, construction and reconstruction of residential, civil and industrial buildings on the territory of all functional zones of many cities of the former USSR and current Ukraine. The developments of the department staff were introduced into the master plans of Moscow, Riga, Tallinn, Vilnius, Liepaja, Chisinau, Baku, Nalchik, Dnipropetrovsk, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Uzhgorod, Lugansk, Sevastopol, Yalta, Kerch and many others. The research results were published in scientific collections, academic journals and in individual monographs, as well as discussed in conferences at various levels, held in countries around the world. The staff of the department took personal part in scientific conferences in Austria, Hungary, Spain, Sweden and the Czech Republic. More than 20 PhD theses have been defended under the guidance of the department staff. In the ranks of the department worked earlier and are currently working full and honorary members and corresponding members of such academies as: the International Academy of Life Safety, the Academy of Civil Engineering of Ukraine and the Academy of Engineering. At present, the staff of the Department of Architecture is spending a lot of efforts so that students and graduates of the Academy are proud of their Academy, and also performing competently and up-to-date work on reconstruction and new construction in any infrastructure facilities of modern cities.

Welcome to The 2020 International Conference on Science in Engineering and Technology (ICoSiET), online held 21-22 October, 2020. The 2020 International Conference on Science in Engineering and Technology (ICoSiET) is an international conference which covers Science and applied engineering and technology. ICoSiET 2020 will be held on October 21-22, 2020 in Palu, Indonesia. This conference hosted by Universias Tadulako and is jointly organized with Association for Scientific Computing Electronics and Engineering (ASCEE), Universitas Islam Alauddin Makassar, Universitas Negeri Malang, Universitas Mulawarman, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, and Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. This conference is IOP conference so that papers accepted and presented will be forwarding for consideration to be published in the IOP Material Science and Engineering. Thanks are due to Keynote Speakers, Prof. Dr. Zhen-jiang Shen (Faculty of Geosciences and civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering Kanazawa University, Japan), Prof. Dr. Richard Sliuzas (Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management Twente University, Netherland), Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo., Ph.D (Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia). Prof. Amar Akbar Ali (Department of Architecture Universitas Tadulako, Indonesia), and Dr. Diana Contrias Mojica, New Castle University, UK)This year, the ICOSIET conference received 110 papers submissions from 106 countries such as, Bangladesh, China, Colombia, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Jorda, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Viet Nam. But only 68 papers were accepted for presentations for online sessions (the acceptance ratio is 65%). We are very grateful for the extensive efforts of many individuals who worked diligently to ensure a successful and high quality conference. We would like to thank to IPO, ASCEE, TPC Committee and Faculty of Engineering Tadulako University for supporting this event.Once again we would like to say Welcome to ICOSIET 2020. Congratulations for your papers have been accepted. We invite all participants to actively participate in the conference activities to learn from one another. Thank you for choosing ICOSIET as your conference reference. We hope to have your pleasant supports and participations in the next year 2021 7th ICOSIET.List of ICoSIET 2020 Committee, ICoSIET 2020 Editors are available in this pdf.

14 December 2023 Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Library, UniMAP, Perlis https://civentech.unimap.edu.my/ The International Conference on Civil Engineering & Technology 2023 (CIVENTECH 2023) took place on December 14, 2023, at the Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Library of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP). The conference was organized by the Centre of Excellence for Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth (WAREG) and the Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology (FKTA), UniMAP as co-organizer. This event sponsored by Shan Poornam Metals Sdn Bhd, CIMA Berhad, XSD Paper International Sdn Bhd and Watertech Industrial Sdn Bhd. The conference aimed to provide a specialized platform for researchers, academicians, and industry practitioners to share their expertise and exchange ideas related to the latest developments in Civil and Environmental Engineering research. The conference was conducted in a hybrid mode, accommodating both face-to-face and virtual participation, which enabled broader engagement from local and international participants. There are 10 sessions CIVENTECH 2023 brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds, promoting knowledge enhancement and the establishment of sustainable research networks for future collaborations. Two esteemed keynote speakers were invited for the plenary sessions, i.e., Ir. Dr. Zuraida Zaini Rijal (Senior Engineer, Civil and Structural Engineering Branch, JKR Malaysia Headquarters) and Ts. Naidatul Maziah Latif (Senior General Manager in the Management Sector Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia). This event was also enlivened by the presence of an invited speaker i.e. Dr. An Hong Ki (Senior Lecturer, FKTA, UniMAP). In summary, the success of the conference is a team effort. We would like to thank all the organizing committee, keynote and invited speakers, sponsors and participants, for their invaluable contributions and support, which made this event a great success. We would also like to extend our gratitude to the reviewers for their positive contribution to maintaining the quality of the articles presented in this proceeding. List of Conference Committees are available in this Pdf.

PREFACE – SEPKA ISEED 2018SEPKA-ISEED is an annual international joint conference between the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and the National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kagoshima College, Japan. The conference focusing on various branches of civil engineering and technology, as well as other science fields. This joint conference has provided an exchange platform for the participants from different backgrounds to meet and share ideas, achievements as well as experiences through the presentations and discussion. These events are important to promote and encourage the application of new techniques to practitioners as well as enhancing the knowledge of participants with the current requirements of analysis, design and development of any science and technology project worldwide.This year, the Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM had organized SEPKA-ISEED 2018 in collaboration with National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kagoshima College, Japan with the theme of “A Spectrum of Opportunities”. The theme expresses a diversity of science and technology breakthrough in terms of approaches and methods, advanced technology, professionalization, experiences, and culture. This year, SEPKA-ISEED 2018 extends its interest into a broader range of science fields and aims to transverse engineering with other branches of science. Integration of branches in sciences knowledge could improve the scientific finding and research performance. Seminars and symposium are functioning as a platform to recommend any appropriate remedial action for the implementation and enforcement of policies related in science and technology to address yet innovatively solving problems. This joint conference serves as a medium for students, researchers, engineers and academicians to meet and share ideas, achievements as well as experiences through the presentations and discussion on the other hand, another importance of this program is it provides an opportunity for students to publish their research findings.List of editors are available in this pdf.

Sustainability represents a commonly agreed global development goal. It aims at ensuring the quality of life on Earth for current and future generations. Sustainability should thus become the fundamental overarching concept for the efficient/high-quality design and operation of any product or service throughout its lifecycle—focusing on all three pillars of sustainability—social, environmental, and economic. Among the different socioeconomic sectors, dealing with the impacts that the construction sector has is fundamental, as it strongly contributes to many of the pressing issues that need to be addressed. Not only do we need to improve the economic, environmental, and social performance of our built environment, but we also need to be better prepared for new conditions that are appearing as a cause of global challenges (e.g., climate change). The importance of this approach is all the more clear in light of an increasing number of man-made and natural disasters occurring globally. Thus, current developments and changes in the environment and socioeconomic situation require improvements in the technology of different processes that are involved in construction projects. In this context, concrete is a particularly interesting material, because it has a great potential for new technical solutions meeting new requirements, leading to the necessary reduction of environmental impacts and at the same time improvement of social and economic conditions, including safety and reliability during emergency situations. However, considering the huge volume of global concrete production and the negative impacts closely linked to its production, the overall environmental negative impact associated with the construction of concrete structures on a global scale is considerable. In view of the above global situation, it is of utmost importance to focus on the introduction of new production and construction technologies, advanced design techniques and efficient operation, maintenance, and recycling techniques of concrete structures. Concrete mixes, concrete products, and concrete structures should be designed to meet the requirements of sustainability—namely, to minimize their negative impacts and increase the positive impact on society, the environment, and the economy. This could be achieved by increasing the quality and durability of concrete structures throughout their life cycle, through (i) improvements in design methods, (ii) development of concrete mixtures, composite materials, and reinforcement methods, (iii) modernization of concrete technology, (iv) development of integrated design approaches, and (v) innovation in maintenance, repair, demolition, and recycling processes. This requires the involvement of all actors in the construction process, from material manufacturers, designers, and builders to users, and their conviction and initiative in the need to achieve better results in terms of sustainability requirements. This special theme of Structural Concrete journal: Sustainability of Concrete Structures collects a selection of contributions related to different aspects of sustainability showing potential of concrete structures to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations in 2015 as an action plan until 2030. The content of this special theme volume covers issues related to Life Cycle Assessment of concrete structures, carbon neutrality, use of recycled concrete and other recycled components, optimization of concrete structures, and many other issues bringing the contribution of concrete research and development to SDGs. We trust that the presented selection of articles is of interest to the concrete community focusing on the development of concrete structures toward a sustainable and resilient built environment as a contribution for future generations. Petr HajekDepartment of Architectural Engineering,Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic; Member of fib COM7, Convener of fib TG7.1: Sustainable Concrete—general framework; Member of fib COM10, TG10.1: Model Code 2020; Member of TG6.3:Sustainability of structures with precast elements and TG1.5:Structural sustainability. Albert de la Fuente AntequeraAssociate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Nikola TošićUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya—BarcelonaTECH (UPC), Barcelona, Spain. Irene JosaDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK. Petr Hajek, Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic; Member of fib COM7, Convener of fib TG7.1: Sustainable Concrete—general framework; Member of fib COM10, TG10.1: Model Code 2020; Member of TG6.3: Sustainability of structures with precast elements and TG1.5: Structural sustainability. Albert de la Fuente Antequera, Associate Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Nikola Tošić, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya—BarcelonaTECH (UPC), Jordi Girona 1–3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Irene Josa, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK.

Algirdas Eduardas ČIžas is Professor of the Department of Strength of Materials, Director of the Lithuanian Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education. Prof A. Čižas was born on September 16, 1929 in a picturesque Lithuanian locality, Anykščiai. In 1952 he graduated from Kaunas Polytechnic Institute (Faculty of Civil Engineering). In 1953–57 editor and head of the Division of Technical Literature in a publishing house in Vilnius, in 1959–64 editor of Lithuanian encyclopedias. In 1967 a Doctoral student, then teacher, Associated Professor, since 1977 full Professor at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute (later Vilnius Technical University). In 1980–87 Dean of Civil Engineering Faculty, since 1995 Director of the Centre for Quality. More than 100 scientific publications on higher education problems and structural mechanics, optimisation methods. A. Čižas has introduced restrictions of stiffness, influence of a cross-sectional shape and a strain-hardening factor into optimisation theory of structural mechanics. The first paper “Application of mathematical programming methods for analysis of elastic-plastic structures with restricted deformation” (in Russian) was published in “Statybine mechanika” (Structural mechanics) issued by the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute in 1966. A. Čižas reported his research results at international conferences in Russia, Poland, Italy, United Kingdom, USA, etc. More than 25 years of publishing “Lithuanian Proceedings in Mechanics” (“Lietuvos mechanikos rinkinys)” (1968–94) are related to the development of Lithuanian research in mechanics. During the whole period A. Čižas was a managing editor of the journal. All the papers in volumes 1–32 of the LPM were published in Russian with Lithuanian and English summaries. After integration of the journals, results of research on mechanics are published in “Mechanika” (Mechanics) and “Statyba” (Civil Engineering). A. Čižas is a member of editorial boards of both journals, an author of the textbook “Strength of Materials. Mechanics of Structural Members” (1993, in Lithuanian), a co-author of the textbook “Problems on Strength of Materials with Comments” (1985). He has translated (from Russian into Lithuanian) more than ten books. Prof A. Čižas is a coordinator of drafting several legislative acts for higher education. Member of the Seimas of Sqjūdis (1988–90), member of the Lithuanian State Language Committee at the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, expert of Science Council of Lithuania.

1Department of Construction Technology and Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Alėja 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania 2Department of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Veveři Street 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic 3Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt 4Department of Labour Safety and Fire Protection, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Alėja 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania

This paper explains how the Delft University of Technology civil engineering faculty utilized the ABET 2000 criteria in a major curriculum revision process. The ABET 2000 criteria have been interpreted as three seemingly simple steps to be carried out by each engineering faculty: (1) define your product and thus its standard; (2) produce your product; and (3) assure the quality of your product. The product here is a graduate, not a curriculum! The author believes that much faculty insecurity with the third step above stems from a poor product definition in step 1; quality control is impossible without a good standard. This paper concentrates first, therefore, on defining the product or standard. It continues to describe how this better definition and the lessons learned while formulating it have been utilized in a major overhaul of the civil engineering B.Sc. curriculum at the Delft University of Technology. It concludes by reflecting on the overhaul process.

The 1984 CPEM—the world's leading international biennial conference for electromagnetic metrology and related fundamental constants—will be held on 20–24 August, 1984, at Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.Papers are requested for CPEM 84 which describe original work, not published or previously presented, covering the design, performance or application of electromagnetic measurements, techniques, instruments or systems.In cooperation with the relevant commission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) the Conference Committee has decided that topics on fundamental constants related to electromagnetic measurements will also be part of CPEM 84.All papers concerned with EM-measurements and related fundamental constants will be considered. Papers in the following fields are regarded as particularly appropriate for this conference: EM-based fundamental constants and standards direct current and low frequency time and frequency antennas and fields microwaves and millimeter waves (micro)computer-aided measurements infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation electro optics, fibre optics lasers cryo-electronics technical calibration services.The conference language will be English. Authors are requested to submit a summary (500–1000 words) along with an abstract (maximum 50 words) to facilitate paper selection by the programme committee. The summary must describe clearly what new and significant results have been obtained and why the results are important.Summaries must be received on or before 1 February, 1984 and must be sent to Prof. dr. H Postma, Technical Programme Chairman CPEM 84, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.Authors will be notified before 15 May, 1984 whether their papers are accepted and informed of the manner of presentation and possible publication in the IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. conference issue.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a practical approach that can manage the construction projects’ life cycle activities and be used by the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) to ensure the excellent quality of the projects, reduce cost and facilitate communication among contractor players. The development of the BIM uses in the construction industry has widely spread in many countries, unfortunately not in Malaysia even though it started in Malaysia since 2004. Several universities worldwide offer BIM courses in their program, while many others are under the process of integrating BIM into their curricula. Most of the universities lack the realization of the importance of BIM application, BIM teaching strategy, and plans to overcome the barriers to integration of BIM into the curriculum. This paper presents the current state of BIM education in the engineering program in the Faculty of Civil Engineering (FCE) as a case study. A detailed literature review and questionnaire survey performed for this purpose, followed by statistical analysis. The research presented the status of BIM education in FCE and formulated a framework that will provide guidelines for those universities which are not currently implementing BIM or just started developing BIM curriculum. More practical project-based class assignments that supported students with learning how to apply different formal project management methods to real-world project management problems will be adapt. The program in the universities will be able to produce graduates who are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills of modern tools such as BIM before they enter into their professional careers.

INCREASE is an acronym, which stands for: International Conference on Renewable Energy Approaches for the Spatial Environment. The idea to convene these conferences originates in 2007 when the Province of Groningen was revising its regional spatial plan. Sustainable development has always been an important issue in consecutive spatial plans and in the process of gathering input for its new plan the province sought thorough contributions in the field of energy and spatial planning. External research has been commissioned to inform the Province of Groningen about the potential contribution renewable energy resources could make to its total energy use. Over the course of this research collaboration with different institutes, such as Energy Valley, Delft University of Technology and Nederlandse Gasunie has been developed. At the same time contacts developed via Energy Valley with MGIMO in Moscow, who offered to participate in a weeklong workshop to provide the knowledge to underpin a renewable energy supply for the region, under the condition that a sweet venue and food would be arranged. The INCREASE idea was born, bringing together experts in the field in a nice location for free of charge thinking in a design workshop. The first INCREASE conference took place in Amman, Jordan in 2008 and the second one in Beijing and Shanghai, China in 2009.KeywordsSpatial PlanMaturity LevelFossil ResourceSalt CavernRenewable Energy SystemThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Electromagnetic spectrum can be identified as a resource for the designer, as well as for the manufacturer, from two complementary points of view: first, because it is a good in great demand by many different kind of applications; second, because despite its scarce availability, it may be advantageous to use more spectrum than necessary. This is the case of Spread-Spectrum Systems, those systems in which the transmitted signal is spread over a wide frequency band, much wider, in fact, than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the information being sent. Part I of this dissertation deals with Spread-Spectrum Clock Generators (SSCG) aiming at reducing Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) of clock signals in integrated circuits (IC) design. In particular, the modulation of the clock and the consequent spreading of its spectrum are obtained through a random modulating signal outputted by a chaotic map, i.e. a discrete-time dynamical system showing chaotic behavior. The advantages offered by this kind of modulation are highlighted. Three different prototypes of chaos-based SSCG are presented in all their aspects: design, simulation, and post-fabrication measurements. The third one, operating at a frequency equal to 3GHz, aims at being applied to Serial ATA, standard de facto for fast data transmission to and from Hard Disk Drives. The most extreme example of spread-spectrum signalling is the emerging ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, which proposes the use of large sections of the radio spectrum at low amplitudes to transmit high-bandwidth digital data. In part II of the dissertation, two UWB applications are presented, both dealing with the advantages as well as with the challenges of a wide-band system, namely: a chaos-based sequence generation method for reducing Multiple Access Interference (MAI) in Direct Sequence UWB Wireless-Sensor-Networks (WSNs), and design and simulations of a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) for impulse radio UWB. This latter topic was studied during a study-abroad period in collaboration with Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.

In an attempt to reduce the cost of breakwaters, several elements have been developed. Examples are Accropodes, Tetrapods and concrete cubes. Previous tests were performed with armour layers consisting of a double layer of cubes. This study is based on a single layer of cubes. The great benefit of a single layer of cubes is that it reduces the total cost of concrete. Another benefit is that because of the shape, cubes are easy to prefabricate. Three important aspects considering the stability of a single armour layer of a breakwater consisting of concrete cubes are addressed: The influence of the wave steepness on the stqbility, the influence of the slope on the stability of the single armour layer, and the influence of the packing density on the stability of the single armour layer. This study is based on a literature study and the results from a test program including a small-scale physical model tests. All conclusions in this thesis have been based on model tests, in which the cubes were placed by hand and placed in a stretching bond (half-steensverband). In total eighteen tests were performed in the wave flume of the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Two different slopes were tested together with three different packing densities and three different wave steepness. It was found that the gentler slope did not contribute to the stability in this setting using a stretching bond. In fact the model failed earlier than the model with a steeper slope in most cases. The best results were found using a slope of cot? = 1.5. Secondly, the influence of the packing density showed varying failure mechanism. When applying a large packing density (np = 0.20) the damage occurred below SWL. Contrary to small packing densities (np = 0.35) where damage occurred higher than SWL. It was found that, from the tested packing densities, a packing density of 0.28 gives the best results for both slopes. This conclusion is conform the findings of previous tests [Van Gent et al, 1999]. During these tests an optimum packing density of np = 0.25 – 0.30 was found. Although the cubes were placed randomly in the tests of Van Gent. In this study the cubes were placed in a stretching bond. Finally it was found that a wave steepness of s0p = 0.04-0.05 causes minimum stability for the armour layer. The tests with a single armour layer of cubes placed in a stretching bond indicated that high sta-bility numbers (Hs/?Dn) can be reached before failure occurs (Nod > 0.2). the tests show that sta-bility numbers as high as 4.5 can be realized before Nod > 0.2 is reached. This study shows that the use of a single top layer of cubes is feasible. The top layer becomes very stable when placed in a stretching bond. In this configuration it is recommended to use a single top layer of cubes instead of a double top layer of cubes. The results during the tests seem to have a strong correlation with pitched stones. Therefore the black box model as well as the analytical method for pitched stones (6-xi-rule) is treated in an attempt to optimize the design rules for different configurations. Finally, in combination with an adjusted 6-xi-rule and the formulae from Van der Meer for loose rock, formulae were developed based on curve fitting.

Arnold Verruijt (1940‐2022)