Product Data Management (PDM) for collaborative Manufacturing System Design

A Component Oriented software development method is proposed that uses collaboration diagrams for the definitions of dependencies among the Functional Requirements and Design Parameters according to Axiomatic Design Theory. COSEML is a component oriented graphical modeling language utilizing a single hierarchy diagram to construct systems. Axiomatic design theory provides a systematic approach to application design where developers can see all the determined dependencies among functional requirements and solutions (design parameters) in a matrix. However, axiomatic design has a shortcoming. There is no defined way to create relationships among functional requirements and design parameters. Axiomatic design theory provides basically two axioms that keep the design manageable and cost effective. Axiomatic design has been applied to component oriented software engineering in our previous studies. This research produces a foundation for a framework that combines COSEML and Axiomatic Design Theory, through added capabilities in defining dependencies.

Axiomatic Design (AD) provides a powerful thinking framework for solving complex engineering problems through the concept of design domains and diligent mapping and decomposition between functional and physical domains. Despite this utility, AD is yet to be implemented for widespread use by design practitioners solving real world problems in industry and exists primarily in the realm of academia. This is due, in part, to a high level of design expertise and familiarity with its methodology required to apply the AD approach effectively. It is difficult to correctly identify, extract, and abstract top-level functional requirements (FRs) based on early-stage design research. Furthermore, guiding early-stage design by striving to maintain functional independence, the first Axiom, is difficult at a systems level without explicit methods of quantifying the relationship between high-level FRs and design parameters (DPs). To address these challenges, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, specifically in deep learning (DL) assisted Natural Language Processing (NLP), have been applied to represent design knowledge for machines to understand, and, following AD principles, support the practice of human designers. NLP-based question-answering is demonstrated to automate early-stage identification of FRs and to assist design decomposition by recursively mapping and traversing down along the FR-DP hierarchical structure. Functional coupling analysis could then be conducted with vectorized FRs and DPs from NLP-based language embeddings. This paper presents a framework for how AI can be applied to design based on the principles of AD, which will enable a virtual design assistant system based on both human and machine intelligence.

This paper explores a novel approach to instructional planning using the axiomatic design theory to create an optimized curriculum. First, an existing piece of curriculum is analyzed by axiomatic design approach and design matrices are made to check whether the independence axiom is satisfied or not. Second, functional requirements (FRs) are derived from the FRs of the existing curriculums developed through conventional methods. Constraints (Cs) are defined considering the time and subject. Design parameters (DPs) are conceived in physical domain to satisfy these specified FRs and Cs, and two alternative DPs for one FR are proposed. One of these alternatives having the least information content is selected by defining FRs as the minimization of the irrelevant subjects/topics and time. Also feasibility is estimated by comparing the information content of the redesigned curriculum with that of other curriculums in consideration of costs-involved, time, and subjects-relevance.

The independence axiom in Axiomatic design(AD) states that the independence of functional requirements(FRs) must always be ensured.However,it does not provide corre- sponding methods to remove FRs' dependence.Based on sys- tematic inventive thinking(SIT),a new method is proposed to decouple the coupled design in AD.First,the relationship and consistency of AD and SIT are analyzed.Then a decoupling model is constructed based on SIT.According to the model,a structured approach is proposed to deal with the coupled FRs. This method first deals with the design problem using AD framework by zigzagging between the functional domain and physical domain,then rearranges the binary design matrix and identifies the coupled FRs and depicts the coupled FRs depicted using the SIT description mode.According to the reformulating problem,proper thinking strategies and idea provoking tech- niques are selected to obtain an inventive solution,which is described with simple sentences.Finally,new design parameters are selected to validate the solution,so the coupled FRs are decoupled.This method is very novel and available,which avoids measuring functional dependency,tuning parameter,or searching alternative technological concepts.An example of vibration and noise of flushing facility is demonstrated to vali- date the method.

Among the well-known enterprise application software modules, product data management (PDM) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) have played major roles in the design and production departments respectively. Among those, PDM helps design engineers to manage the product data and product development process, and ERP acts as the main tool for order, production and inventory related processes. There are a few duplicated functions among these systems such as BOM management. However, very few works addressed building a bridge among the systems. On the other hand, an agent-based approach has been applied in the collaboration of shop floor equipment for some time. Basically, each agent acts like a machine controller that can take charge of the respective equipment and communicate with other agents as well. This research applies similar concepts to bridge the gaps between PDM and ERP systems and to support the collaboration activities of the two systems. A three-stage framework was proposed to develop the agent-based collaboration system. In the concept stage, the modelling tools such as VAD and eEPC were used to capture collaboration requirements between PDM and ERP. In the design stage, a UML-based analysing method MaSE was used to develop the agent-based system. Also, an agent development tool ZEUS was used to generate agent code. Finally, in the implementation stage, a PDM/ERP collaboration system was developed to support the designer in making decisions about the replacement parts requirement analysis.

This paper presents an Axiomatic Design framework formanufacturing system design and illustrates how leancellular manufacturing can achieve volume flexibility. Axi-omatic Design creates a design framework by mappingthe functional requirements of a system to specific designparameters. Volume flexibility is often neglected as arequirement of manufacturing systems. Very few indus-tries are fortunate enough to experience stable or pre-dictable product demand. In reality, demand is oftenvolatile and uncertain. It is important that manufacturingsystem designers are aware of manufacturing systemtypes which can accommodate volume flexibility and fol-low a structured design methodology that assures that allrequirements are met by the system. INTRODUCTION Recent decades have led to the development and prolif-eration of many new paradigms in manufacturing. Withthe advent of Numerically Controlled (NC) and later Com-puter Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine tools androbotics, the complexity of manufacturing systems hasgrown considerably. In many instances, the advantagesand limitations of these new tools were not understood.This confusion led to many costly mistakes in manufac-turing system design. Many companies believed thatautomation was the wave of the future and invested inexpensive automated systems only to find that they werenot cost effective.There are two reasons why such mistakes have beenmade and continue to be made. First, the manufacturingfield as a whole does not fully understand the advantagesand disadvantages of different types of manufacturingsystems. Since the mid-1970's the variety of manufactur-ing system types has grown considerably. Since thattime, Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Agile ProductionSystems, and Lean Cellular Systems, have becomeaccepted types of manufacturing systems. Prior to that,the main types of systems were limited to Job Shops(jumbled flow systems), Disconnected Flow Lines(Batch Production), and Transfer Lines. The develop-ment of new system types complicates manufacturingsystem design considerably. Careful consideration of therequirements of the system is required to support aninformed system type selection.A major reason why highly automated manufacturing sys-tems may not be cost effective is that product demandcan be very unpredictable. Generally, the more auto-mated the system is, the less flexible it is in terms of vol-ume. An automated transfer line, for example may be themost cost effective type of system available at a particu-lar production rate. If demand increases or decreases,however, an automated system is either unable to meetthe demand or must take a variable cost increase (over-time, etc.) to do so. In many industries, demand is vola-tile and uncertain. As a result, the forecast of demand israrely accurate. Figure 1 illustrates that even with anaccurate forecast, demand will be normally distributedabout the forecast. If the forecast is skewed, the actualdistribution will be shifted either to the left or right.Figure 1. The uncertainty of the demand forecastThe problem of forecasting is magnified as the leadtimerequired to construct and validate a manufacturing sys-tem increases. As this leadtime increases, a longerrange forecast is required. The deviation ( ∆) between theforecast and the actual demand can be expected toincrease the farther into the future the forecast predicts.The second reason for ineffective manufacturing systemdesigns is that there has been no structured methodol-ogy to follow. Tools such as Quality Function Deployment(QFD) and Axiomatic Design have proven to be very

Automobile, aerospace, and other industrial manufacturers have evolved over the years to use a multitude of computer-aided design (CAD) and product data management (PDM) systems and have long depended on single-vendor solutions to support their enterprise-wide engineering activities. Increased product complexity, distributed authoring environments, and the need for tighter team integration with partners and suppliers have created challenges and new opportunities for information technology (IT) vendors to be able to integrate systems from multiple independent software vendors (ISVs) to form a coherent Enterprise PDM system. This paper will describe, in detail, a case study and solution of an IBM Research project called Hedwig. Hedwig investigates creating robust solutions for Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM). We focus on several research issues, including information federation, data mapping, synchronization, and web services connections. We describe a working system that allows access to several heterogeneous PDM systems that are used in the automotive and aerospace industries.

Design of Software System Based on Axiomatic Design

This paper presents the conceptual design of a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on an axiomatic design. In most aerial vehicle design approaches, design configurations are affected by past and current design tendencies as well as an engineer's preferences. In order to design a systematic design framework and provide fruitful design configurations for a new type of rotorcraft, the axiomatic design theory is applied to the conceptual design process. Axiomatic design is a design methodology of a system that uses two design axioms by applying matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of customer needs into functional requirements (FRs), design parameters (DPs), and process variables. This paper deals with two conceptual rotary wing UAV designs, and the evaluations of tri-rotor and quad-rotor UAVs with proposed axiomatic approach. In this design methodology, design configurations are mainly affected by the selection of FRs, constraints, and DPs.

An approach to the selection of design parameters based on conflict with constraints

The automobile seat must satisfy various safety regulations for the passenger’s safety. In many design practices, each component is independently designed by concentrating on a single regulation. However, since multiple regulations can be involved in a seat component, there may be a design confliction among the various safety regulations. Therefore, a new design methodology is required to effectively design an automobile seat. The axiomatic approach is employed to consider multiple regulations. The Independence Axiom is used to define the overall flow of the seat design. Functional requirements (FRs) are defined by safety regulations and components of the seat are classified into groups which yield design parameters (DPs). The classification is carried out to keep the independence in the FR-DP relationship. Components in the DP group are determined by using the orthogonal arrays of the design of experiments (DOE). Numerical analyses are utilized to evaluate the safety levels by using a commercial software system for nonlinear transient finite element analysis.

Humans are special creatures both physically and intellectually. Humans have the ability to adapt, but not everyone will be able to make good adjustments, especially people with disabilities. It is known that out of a total of 7 billion world population in 2021, 15% of them are persons with disabilities. Based on data on persons with disabilities released by the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, it is known that in the Riau Archipelago as many as 2733 residents are persons with disabilities. Physical illness or movement disorder is the most common disease among other diseases experienced by persons with disabilities in Indonesia. At present the accessibility needs of persons with disabilities in public buildings such as mosques should have met the needs of persons with disabilities but the reality on the ground shows that there are still minimal accessibility facilities in places of worship, especially mosques. Al-Azizi Mosque which is located in RT. 01 RW. 021 Tanjung Sengkuang Kec. Batu Ampar - Batam is currently still not paying attention to the accessibility of persons with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to design public facilities for Persons with Disabilities at the Al-Azizi Mosque in Batam City using the Axiomatic design (AD) method. The Axiomatic Design (AD) method is carried out by defining the basis for product development/design by providing a mapping technique between the function requirements and design parameters. This method can help so that the design and development of a product is more structured, logical, and focuses on a design that fits the function. It is hoped that with this research a public facility design can be formed that is able to accommodate the needs of disabled mosque users.

Axiomatic design gives a design map to designers in order to establish a scientific basic for design and to improve design activities. In the Axiomatic Approach, the relationship between functional requirements and design parameters has been defined by 0 or 1. This definition, sometimes, restrict designers under the situation that there are incomplete information or uncertainty. In this study, the use of the axiomatic design principles is discussed under fuzzy environment. New formulas are presented to calculate independence of the design. Moreover, the usability of the methodology is given by a numerical example in this study. Proposed methodology provides the designers to explain the relationship between FRs and DPs in linguistic form.

Design of Thinking Design Machine

The developer would find a tool very useful that systematically and reliably analyses customer taste in terms of functional requirements (FRs). Such a tool increases the reliability of the procedure the entrepreneur applies to chisel out a concrete project description based on a vision of the tastes of a specific group of customers. It also ensures that future agents do not distort the developer's specified FRs when design parameters are selected for the realization of the project. Axiomatic design is one method to support such a procedure. This tool was developed for the manufacturing industry but is applied here in the housing sector. Some hypothetical examples are presented.